x86-session01.ppt

X86Session_01Introduction to Intel processors

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What is an Embedded SystemA combination of computer hardware and software with additional mechanical or other partsUsually designed to perform a specific functionFrequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger systems


Examples of embedded systemsElectronic devices in the kitchen

E.g.: bread machines,food processors, microwave ovens Living Rooms

E.g.: televisions, stereos,remote controlsWork places

E.g.: fax, pagers,laser printers,cash registers,credit card readers


Real-Time SystemsOne subclass of embedded systemsComputer system with timing constraintstwo types - Hard real time and soft real time


Embedded System Design Requirements

criterionLowMediumHighProcessor

Memory

Development cost

Production cost

Number of units

Expected lifetime

Reliability4 or 8 bit

< 16KB

< $100,000

< $10

< 100

days-months

may fail16 bit

64 KB to 1MB

$100,000-$1,000,000$10 -$1000

100- 10,000

years

should be reliable32 or 64 bit

>1MB

> $1000,000

>$1000

>10000

decades

fail proof


Why Use the x86 Family?Various memory models:16-bit for small embedded systems32-bit for embedded and desktop operating systemsCost is being driven down by competitionThe family originated from IntelBut it has been copied /enhanced by others too.(e.g. Cyrix, AMD)


Microprocessor EvolutionINTEL 4004 in 1971 - 4bitsINTEL 8008 -8bits when combined with 20 or more additional devices.In 1974 INTEL came out with 8080 - two additional devices required to form a CPU.Motorola comes out with the MC6800Along with 8080 and 6800 ,there were MOS Technology 6502 and Zilog Z80 in the market.


Microprocessor EvolutionThe then developments were in three major directions.

1. Dedicated or Embedded Controllers 2. Bit-Slice Processors 3. General purpose CPUs


Microprocessor EvolutionDedicated or Embedded Controllers

Devices used to control smart machines, just to name a few: microwave ovens, clothes washers, sewing machines, auto ignition systems , metal lathes. E.g.: Intel 8051, Motorola MC6801, Intel 8096 -also known as microcontrollers.


Bit Slice Processors

Used to build a custom CPU

E.g.: Advanced MicroDevices 2900 family has 4-bit ALUs, MUX, sequencers and other parts used to build a custom CPU These devices can be connected in parallel to work with 8-bit , 16-bit or 32 bit words


General Purpose CPUsIntel produced 8085 - an upgrade of 8080Motorola came up with MC6809 - an

8-bit processorIn 1978 , Intel came out with 8086 which is a complete 16 bit processor -- This could now be taken as the First generation microprocessors


GenerationsFirst Generation:80888086Second Generation:80286Third Generation:80386DX80386SX

Fourth Generation:80486DX80486SX80486DX280486DX4Fifth Generation:PentiumSixth Generation:Pentium ProPentium IIPentium III


8086 family8086 is a 16 bit processor having a 16 -bit data busIt has a 20 - bit address bus capable of addressing 2^20 memory locationsIntel 8088 similar to 8086 in all aspects but has only an 8 - bit data bus


8086 family8088 was actually used as the CPU in the original IBM Personal computer,the IBM PC/XT and several compatible personal computers


80186/80188The Intel 80186 / 80188 are the improved versions of 8086 / 8088They have programmable peripheral devices integrated in the same package


80186/80188They have a few additional instructionsThat is a program written for 8086 / 8088 is upward compatible to an 80186 or an 80188


80286The Intel 80286 is a 16 - bit advanced version of the 8086 ,used as the CPU in IBM PC / AT,is specifically designed for use as the CPU in a multi-user or multitasking environment


80286

It operates in two modes:

1. Real address mode --- it operates as a fast 80862. Virtual address mode --- used in the multi-user environment


80386The Intel 80386 is a 32 - bit processor that can directly address up to 4 gigabytes of memoryIt has more sophisticated features than 80286 for use in multi-user and multitasking microcomputer systems


80486The Intel 80486 ,similar to 80386 in most of the aspects , differ from 80386 in having a built-in 8KB code/data cache and a 32-bit floating point unit


8086 familyThen came Pentium and Pentium ProThey have 32 bits registers ;but 64 bits data busPentium has a 32 bits address bus whereas Pro has a 36 bits address bus


8086 familyPentium can address up to 4 GB & Pro has the address space as 64 GBThey have a clock frequency in the range 60 MHz - 200 MHz


The PentiumThird among Intels 32 bit processors following i386 & i486CISC processor implementing ILP (Instruction Level parallelism) Two issue superscalar It has dual integer processors executing 2 instructions,not dependent on each other, simultaneouslyPentium pro has 256 bytes of level 2 cache along with 16 Kbytes of level1 cache


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