www.pascack.k12.nj.usPascack Hills HSFacultyWhitfield, JamesEnv. Bio. Period #2

Basic Tissue Types

The Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp - Rembrandt (1632)The Cadaver belongs to Aris Kindt 1/16/1632 Hanged for burglary

Sushruthra – The Father of Indian Medicine approximately 1000 BCE Note he is examining the Radial Pulse

Ayurveda – “The Science of Medicine” Pre-dates the Christian Era by 4000 years!

Basic Tissue Types

• There are four basic tissue types– Epithelium– Muscle– Bone– Connective Tissue

• Today we will discuss the First type – Epithelium

Epithelial tissue consists of cells arranged in continuous

sheets in either single or multiple layers. They are closely packed with little

intracellular space

Epithelial Cells

• Provide an excellent protective barrier

• Separate and isolate substances within the body

• They have a very high rate of cell division, due to high rate of physical stress and injury

Epithelial cells have specialized areas

• Apical (free) surface - Faces the body surface, lines a body cavity or the open space of an internal organ

Epithelial cells have specialized areas

• Apical (free) surface - Faces the body surface, lines a body cavity or the open space of an internal organ

• Lateral surface - faces adjacent cells on either side and may contain gap junctions for communication

Gap Junction - used for communication

Epithelial cells have specialized areas

• Apical (free) surface - Faces the body surface, lines a body cavity or the open space of an internal organ

• Lateral surface - faces adjacent cells on either side and may contain gap junctions for communication

• Basal surface - opposite the apical end and adheres to the matrix

Epithelial tissue has a nerve supply but has no blood

vessels going to it (avascular) these cells get all

their nutrition through the process of diffusion

Epithelial cells are classified according to two

characteristics: Layers and Shapes

Layer Classification

• Simple Epithelium - Single layer that functions in diffusion, filtration, secretion and absorption - These cells are found in the blood vessels, heart, air sacs and parts of the kidney

Simple Epithelium

Layer Classification

• Stratified Epithelium - Contains two or more layers of cells, found in locations with considerable wear and tear. These cells are found in the tongue, esophagus, mouth and vagina

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Layer Classification

• Pseudostratified Epithelium - Multiple layers of cells with nuclei appearing at different levels. Not all cells reach the apical end, however all cells reach the matrix. These cell are found in the respiratory tract, glands and the male reproductive tract

Pseudostratified Epithelium

Cilia

Shape Classification

• Squamous Epithelium - Flat cells, arranged like tiles, very thin and allow for the rapid movement of substances

• These cells may or may not have a keratinized surface (keratin protein) depending on location

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Keratin

Shape Classification

• Cuboidal Epithelium - These cells are as tall as they are wide. They are shaped like cubes or hexagons. These cells often have microvilli on their apical surface

• Cuboidal Epithelium – these cells are often found in the kidney and salivary glands where they provide mechanical support

Cuboidal Epithelium

Shape Classification

• Columnar Epithelium - These cells are much taller than they are wide. Many of these cells have cilia, they are specialized for secretion and absorption

• Columnar Epithelium – helps to facilitate movement across membranes such as in the digestive tract

Shape Classification

• Columnar Epithelium – May also contain hair-like projections called Cilia. These hair-like projections help to propel material along such as mucous in the trachea. This is called the muco-ciliary elevator it moves mucous from the lungs, to the mouth where we swallow it (often without knowing it!)

Columnar Epithelium

Shape Classification

• Transitional Epithelium - These cells can change shape from cuboidal to flat (simple) in such organs as the bladder which need to distend when urine is present

Transitional Epithelium

CuboidalSquamous

Practice Quiz

The Anatomist - Gabriel Von Max (1869)

What Am I?

What Am I?

What Am I?

What Am I?

What Am I?

What Am I?

What Am I?

Connective Tissue

The most abundant and widely diverse of all the basic tissue

types

Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions including:

Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions including:

• - Binding tissue together

Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions including:

• - Binding tissue together

• - Support and strengthens other tissues

Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions including:

• - Binding tissue together

• - Support and strengthens other tissues• - Protects and insulates internal organs

Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions including:

• - Binding tissue together

• - Support and strengthens other tissues• - Protects and insulates internal organs• - Compartmentalizes structures

Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions including:

• - Binding tissue together

• - Support and strengthens other tissues• - Protects and insulates internal organs• - Compartmentalizes structures• - Transport system for blood

Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions including:

• - Binding tissue together

• - Support and strengthens other tissues• - Protects and insulates internal organs• - Compartmentalizes structures• - Transport system for blood• - Stores energy (fat or adipose tissue)

Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions including:

• - Binding tissue together

• - Support and strengthens other tissues• - Protects and insulates internal organs• - Compartmentalizes structures• - Transport system for blood• - Stores energy (fat or adipose tissue)• - Immune system responses

Connective Tissue

• The cells of connective tissue are loosely spaced and embedded in an extracellular matrix

Connective Tissue

• The cells of connective tissue are loosely spaced and embedded in an extracellular matrix

• The matrix may be jelly-like (Fat), fluid (plasma), dense (cartilage), rigid (bone) – The nature of the matrix is determined by the function of the particular type of connective tissue

Connective Tissue - Blood

• Blood has a fluid matrix called plasma in which red and white blood cells and platelets are suspended.

• The plasma contains salt and hormones

• As the blood flows gases are transported, hormones and waste materials are moved throughout the body

Connective Tissue - Bone

• Bone forms the framework that support the body

• Its provides a framework to anchor muscle (Remember, tendons connect muscle to bone and ligaments connect bone to bone – both are types of connective tissue)

Connective Tissue - Bone

• Bone supports the main organs of the body

• Bone is strong and non-flexible• Bone cells (osteocytes) are

embedded in a hard matrix composed of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P)

Connective Tissue - Bone

• Have you ever soaked a chicken bone or an egg in vinegar? What happens?

Connective tissue – Tendons and Ligaments

• Tendons and ligaments contain very little matrix

• Both are composed of fibrous tissue and are very strong

• Ligaments have much more flexibility than tendons

Connective tissue – Tendons and Ligaments

Ruptured Biceps and Achilles Tendon

Connective tissue – Tendons and Ligaments

Left Leg

Medial collateralligament

Lateral collateralligament

Anterior cruciateligament Posterior cruciate

ligament

Femur

Tibia

PatellaPatellar tendon

Connective Tissue - Cartilage

• Cartilage is another type of connective tissue with widely spaced cells

Connective Tissue - Cartilage

• Cartilage is another type of connective tissue with widely spaced cells

• The matrix is composed of sugars and proteins - proteoglycans

Connective Tissue - Cartilage

• Cartilage is another type of connective tissue with widely spaced cells

• The matrix is composed of sugars and proteins – proteoglycans

• Cartilage smooth the surface of bone and acts as a shock absorber between joints

Connective Tissue - Cartilage

• In addition to being found at the end of joints cartilage is found in the rings of the trachea (Why do we have cartilage here?), in the larynx, in the nose, and in the tips of the ears (What purpose does this serve?)

• Consider how all these cartilage types differ

Connective Tissue - Cartilage

• Are you developing arthritis now?

Connective Tissue – Areolar Tissue

• Areolar connective tissue is found between the skin and muscle, around blood vessels, and around nerves

• It fills the space inside of organs and helps to support and repair tissue

Connective Tissue – Areolar Tissue

Connective Tissue – Adipose (Fat)

• Provide Energy

Connective Tissue – Adipose (Fat)

• Provide Energy – Carbohydrates are the chief source of energy for the body. When carbohydrates are not available fat can be burned for energy

Connective Tissue – Adipose (Fat)

• Provide energy• Absorb Vitamins (ADEK)• Maintain body temperature• Protection• Involved with forming cell

membranes and regulating the production of sex-hormones especially Estrogen

Images of different types of connective tissue

Abdominal Fat – Adipose Tissue

Adipose Connective Tissue

Collagen

Elastic Fibers found in artery

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue - Skin

Areolar ConnectiveTissue – BronchioleTissue

Hyaline Cartilage

Trachea

Articular

Fibrocartilage – Pubic Symphysis

Elastic – “Auricular” Cartilage of the Ear

Normal Bone Osteoporosis Bone

Muscle the Third Basic Tissue Type

Muscle

• Muscle tissue consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers

Muscle

• Muscle tissue consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers

• Muscle (in association with bone) is responsible for moving our body

Muscle

• Muscle tissue consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers

• Muscle (in association with bone) is responsible for moving our body

• Muscle contains specialized proteins (Actin and Myosin) called contractile proteins which when they contract and relax cause movement

Muscle

• Some muscles are capable of being consciously controlled

Muscle

• Some muscles are capable of being consciously controlled – These muscle are called voluntary muscles

• What muscles are these?

Muscle

• Some muscles are capable of being consciously controlled – these muscles are called voluntary muscles

• What muscles are these?• These are the muscles that move

your skeleton - so they are also called skeletal muscle

Skeletal Muscle

• Under a microscope these muscle show alternating light and dark bands or striations of proteins – hence they are also called striated muscle (voluntary, skeletal, striated)

Skeletal Muscle

• Under a microscope these muscle show alternating light and dark bands or striations of proteins – hence they are also called striated muscle (voluntary, skeletal, striated)

• The cells of this tissue are long, cylindrical, unbranched and multi-nucleate

Striated Muscle

Smooth Muscle

• Some muscle cannot be controlled voluntarily. This is called involuntary muscle

Smooth Muscle

• Some muscle cannot be controlled voluntarily. This is called involuntary muscle

• Think about your digestive tract – you cannot really speed up or slow down the movement of food through the system

Smooth Muscle

• Therefore, involuntary muscle is also called smooth muscle

Smooth Muscle

• Therefore, involuntary muscle is also called smooth muscle

• Smooth muscle is also found in the eyes, the lungs, the ureter (part of the kidney apparatus) and parts of the reproductive tract

Smooth Muscle

• Therefore, involuntary muscle is also called smooth muscle

• Smooth muscle is also found in the eyes, the lungs, the ureter (part of the kidney apparatus) and parts of the reproductive tract

• The cells are long and pointed, they have a single nucleus and are unbranched

Muscle - Cardiac

• Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart

Muscle - Cardiac

• Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart

• Heart muscle cannot be consciously controlled so it acts like smooth muscle, but it looks very much like skeletal muscle

Muscle - Cardiac

• Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart

• Heart muscle cannot be consciously controlled so it acts like smooth muscle, but it looks very much like skeletal muscle

• Cardiac muscle cells contain a single nucleus are cylindrical and branched

Muscle - Cardiac

• Cardiac muscle have additional bands of protein called intercollated discs. These discs provide additional strength to this muscle. Remember your heart has to beat from before you are born up until the day you die.

Muscle - Cardiac

• Your heart will typically beat between 60 – 100 times per minute. More if you are under stress or exercising.

• Your heart will beat more than 3 billion times in your lifetime!

Heart AttackLack of blood flow / oxygenTo the heart

The Fourth Basic Tissue Type is Nervous Tissue

Nervous Tissue

• All cells are capable of responding to stimuli (this is what keeps us alive!)

Nervous Tissue

• All cells are capable of responding to stimuli (this is what keeps us alive!)

• However, nerve cells are highly specialized cells that when stimulated are capable of transmitting information to another part of the body

Nervous Tissue

• The Brain, spinal cord (the central nervous system, CNS) and the nerves entering and exiting the spinal cord (the peripheral nervous system, PNS) are all composed of nervous tissue

Typical Nerve Cell

Synapse between the terminal end ofone nerve cell and the dendrite of the next nerve cell

Nerve Cells

Cell BodyAxon

Dendrite

Afferent nerves are sensory nervesthat carry signals from the bodyto the brainEfferent nerves are motor nervesthat carry signals from the brain backto the bodyInterneurons connect the two types ofnerves in the brain

Simple Reflex Arc