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www.pascack.k12.nj.usPascack Hills HSFacultyWhitfield, JamesEnv. Bio. Period #2
Basic Tissue Types
The Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp - Rembrandt (1632)The Cadaver belongs to Aris Kindt 1/16/1632 Hanged for burglary
Sushruthra – The Father of Indian Medicine approximately 1000 BCE Note he is examining the Radial Pulse
Ayurveda – “The Science of Medicine” Pre-dates the Christian Era by 4000 years!
Basic Tissue Types
• There are four basic tissue types– Epithelium– Muscle– Bone– Connective Tissue
• Today we will discuss the First type – Epithelium
Epithelial tissue consists of cells arranged in continuous
sheets in either single or multiple layers. They are closely packed with little
intracellular space
Epithelial Cells
• Provide an excellent protective barrier
• Separate and isolate substances within the body
• They have a very high rate of cell division, due to high rate of physical stress and injury
Epithelial cells have specialized areas
• Apical (free) surface - Faces the body surface, lines a body cavity or the open space of an internal organ
Epithelial cells have specialized areas
• Apical (free) surface - Faces the body surface, lines a body cavity or the open space of an internal organ
• Lateral surface - faces adjacent cells on either side and may contain gap junctions for communication
Gap Junction - used for communication
Epithelial cells have specialized areas
• Apical (free) surface - Faces the body surface, lines a body cavity or the open space of an internal organ
• Lateral surface - faces adjacent cells on either side and may contain gap junctions for communication
• Basal surface - opposite the apical end and adheres to the matrix
Epithelial tissue has a nerve supply but has no blood
vessels going to it (avascular) these cells get all
their nutrition through the process of diffusion
Epithelial cells are classified according to two
characteristics: Layers and Shapes
Layer Classification
• Simple Epithelium - Single layer that functions in diffusion, filtration, secretion and absorption - These cells are found in the blood vessels, heart, air sacs and parts of the kidney
Simple Epithelium
Layer Classification
• Stratified Epithelium - Contains two or more layers of cells, found in locations with considerable wear and tear. These cells are found in the tongue, esophagus, mouth and vagina
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Layer Classification
• Pseudostratified Epithelium - Multiple layers of cells with nuclei appearing at different levels. Not all cells reach the apical end, however all cells reach the matrix. These cell are found in the respiratory tract, glands and the male reproductive tract
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Cilia
Shape Classification
• Squamous Epithelium - Flat cells, arranged like tiles, very thin and allow for the rapid movement of substances
• These cells may or may not have a keratinized surface (keratin protein) depending on location
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Keratin
Shape Classification
• Cuboidal Epithelium - These cells are as tall as they are wide. They are shaped like cubes or hexagons. These cells often have microvilli on their apical surface
• Cuboidal Epithelium – these cells are often found in the kidney and salivary glands where they provide mechanical support
Cuboidal Epithelium
Shape Classification
• Columnar Epithelium - These cells are much taller than they are wide. Many of these cells have cilia, they are specialized for secretion and absorption
• Columnar Epithelium – helps to facilitate movement across membranes such as in the digestive tract
Shape Classification
• Columnar Epithelium – May also contain hair-like projections called Cilia. These hair-like projections help to propel material along such as mucous in the trachea. This is called the muco-ciliary elevator it moves mucous from the lungs, to the mouth where we swallow it (often without knowing it!)
Columnar Epithelium
Shape Classification
• Transitional Epithelium - These cells can change shape from cuboidal to flat (simple) in such organs as the bladder which need to distend when urine is present
Transitional Epithelium
CuboidalSquamous
Practice Quiz
The Anatomist - Gabriel Von Max (1869)
What Am I?
What Am I?
What Am I?
What Am I?
What Am I?
What Am I?
What Am I?
Connective Tissue
The most abundant and widely diverse of all the basic tissue
types
Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions including:
Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions including:
• - Binding tissue together
Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions including:
• - Binding tissue together
• - Support and strengthens other tissues
Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions including:
• - Binding tissue together
• - Support and strengthens other tissues• - Protects and insulates internal organs
Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions including:
• - Binding tissue together
• - Support and strengthens other tissues• - Protects and insulates internal organs• - Compartmentalizes structures
Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions including:
• - Binding tissue together
• - Support and strengthens other tissues• - Protects and insulates internal organs• - Compartmentalizes structures• - Transport system for blood
Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions including:
• - Binding tissue together
• - Support and strengthens other tissues• - Protects and insulates internal organs• - Compartmentalizes structures• - Transport system for blood• - Stores energy (fat or adipose tissue)
Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions including:
• - Binding tissue together
• - Support and strengthens other tissues• - Protects and insulates internal organs• - Compartmentalizes structures• - Transport system for blood• - Stores energy (fat or adipose tissue)• - Immune system responses
Connective Tissue
• The cells of connective tissue are loosely spaced and embedded in an extracellular matrix
Connective Tissue
• The cells of connective tissue are loosely spaced and embedded in an extracellular matrix
• The matrix may be jelly-like (Fat), fluid (plasma), dense (cartilage), rigid (bone) – The nature of the matrix is determined by the function of the particular type of connective tissue
Connective Tissue - Blood
• Blood has a fluid matrix called plasma in which red and white blood cells and platelets are suspended.
• The plasma contains salt and hormones
• As the blood flows gases are transported, hormones and waste materials are moved throughout the body
Connective Tissue - Bone
• Bone forms the framework that support the body
• Its provides a framework to anchor muscle (Remember, tendons connect muscle to bone and ligaments connect bone to bone – both are types of connective tissue)
Connective Tissue - Bone
• Bone supports the main organs of the body
• Bone is strong and non-flexible• Bone cells (osteocytes) are
embedded in a hard matrix composed of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P)
Connective Tissue - Bone
• Have you ever soaked a chicken bone or an egg in vinegar? What happens?
Connective tissue – Tendons and Ligaments
• Tendons and ligaments contain very little matrix
• Both are composed of fibrous tissue and are very strong
• Ligaments have much more flexibility than tendons
Connective tissue – Tendons and Ligaments
Ruptured Biceps and Achilles Tendon
Connective tissue – Tendons and Ligaments
Left Leg
Medial collateralligament
Lateral collateralligament
Anterior cruciateligament Posterior cruciate
ligament
Femur
Tibia
PatellaPatellar tendon
Connective Tissue - Cartilage
• Cartilage is another type of connective tissue with widely spaced cells
Connective Tissue - Cartilage
• Cartilage is another type of connective tissue with widely spaced cells
• The matrix is composed of sugars and proteins - proteoglycans
Connective Tissue - Cartilage
• Cartilage is another type of connective tissue with widely spaced cells
• The matrix is composed of sugars and proteins – proteoglycans
• Cartilage smooth the surface of bone and acts as a shock absorber between joints
Connective Tissue - Cartilage
• In addition to being found at the end of joints cartilage is found in the rings of the trachea (Why do we have cartilage here?), in the larynx, in the nose, and in the tips of the ears (What purpose does this serve?)
• Consider how all these cartilage types differ
Connective Tissue - Cartilage
• Are you developing arthritis now?
Connective Tissue – Areolar Tissue
• Areolar connective tissue is found between the skin and muscle, around blood vessels, and around nerves
• It fills the space inside of organs and helps to support and repair tissue
Connective Tissue – Areolar Tissue
Connective Tissue – Adipose (Fat)
• Provide Energy
Connective Tissue – Adipose (Fat)
• Provide Energy – Carbohydrates are the chief source of energy for the body. When carbohydrates are not available fat can be burned for energy
Connective Tissue – Adipose (Fat)
• Provide energy• Absorb Vitamins (ADEK)• Maintain body temperature• Protection• Involved with forming cell
membranes and regulating the production of sex-hormones especially Estrogen
Images of different types of connective tissue
Abdominal Fat – Adipose Tissue
Adipose Connective Tissue
Collagen
Elastic Fibers found in artery
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue - Skin
Areolar ConnectiveTissue – BronchioleTissue
Hyaline Cartilage
Trachea
Articular
Fibrocartilage – Pubic Symphysis
Elastic – “Auricular” Cartilage of the Ear
Normal Bone Osteoporosis Bone
Muscle the Third Basic Tissue Type
Muscle
• Muscle tissue consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers
Muscle
• Muscle tissue consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers
• Muscle (in association with bone) is responsible for moving our body
Muscle
• Muscle tissue consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers
• Muscle (in association with bone) is responsible for moving our body
• Muscle contains specialized proteins (Actin and Myosin) called contractile proteins which when they contract and relax cause movement
Muscle
• Some muscles are capable of being consciously controlled
Muscle
• Some muscles are capable of being consciously controlled – These muscle are called voluntary muscles
• What muscles are these?
Muscle
• Some muscles are capable of being consciously controlled – these muscles are called voluntary muscles
• What muscles are these?• These are the muscles that move
your skeleton - so they are also called skeletal muscle
Skeletal Muscle
• Under a microscope these muscle show alternating light and dark bands or striations of proteins – hence they are also called striated muscle (voluntary, skeletal, striated)
Skeletal Muscle
• Under a microscope these muscle show alternating light and dark bands or striations of proteins – hence they are also called striated muscle (voluntary, skeletal, striated)
• The cells of this tissue are long, cylindrical, unbranched and multi-nucleate
Striated Muscle
Smooth Muscle
• Some muscle cannot be controlled voluntarily. This is called involuntary muscle
Smooth Muscle
• Some muscle cannot be controlled voluntarily. This is called involuntary muscle
• Think about your digestive tract – you cannot really speed up or slow down the movement of food through the system
Smooth Muscle
• Therefore, involuntary muscle is also called smooth muscle
Smooth Muscle
• Therefore, involuntary muscle is also called smooth muscle
• Smooth muscle is also found in the eyes, the lungs, the ureter (part of the kidney apparatus) and parts of the reproductive tract
Smooth Muscle
• Therefore, involuntary muscle is also called smooth muscle
• Smooth muscle is also found in the eyes, the lungs, the ureter (part of the kidney apparatus) and parts of the reproductive tract
• The cells are long and pointed, they have a single nucleus and are unbranched
Muscle - Cardiac
• Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart
Muscle - Cardiac
• Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart
• Heart muscle cannot be consciously controlled so it acts like smooth muscle, but it looks very much like skeletal muscle
Muscle - Cardiac
• Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart
• Heart muscle cannot be consciously controlled so it acts like smooth muscle, but it looks very much like skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle cells contain a single nucleus are cylindrical and branched
Muscle - Cardiac
• Cardiac muscle have additional bands of protein called intercollated discs. These discs provide additional strength to this muscle. Remember your heart has to beat from before you are born up until the day you die.
Muscle - Cardiac
• Your heart will typically beat between 60 – 100 times per minute. More if you are under stress or exercising.
• Your heart will beat more than 3 billion times in your lifetime!
Heart AttackLack of blood flow / oxygenTo the heart
The Fourth Basic Tissue Type is Nervous Tissue
Nervous Tissue
• All cells are capable of responding to stimuli (this is what keeps us alive!)
Nervous Tissue
• All cells are capable of responding to stimuli (this is what keeps us alive!)
• However, nerve cells are highly specialized cells that when stimulated are capable of transmitting information to another part of the body
Nervous Tissue
• The Brain, spinal cord (the central nervous system, CNS) and the nerves entering and exiting the spinal cord (the peripheral nervous system, PNS) are all composed of nervous tissue
Typical Nerve Cell
Synapse between the terminal end ofone nerve cell and the dendrite of the next nerve cell
Nerve Cells
Cell BodyAxon
Dendrite
Afferent nerves are sensory nervesthat carry signals from the bodyto the brainEfferent nerves are motor nervesthat carry signals from the brain backto the bodyInterneurons connect the two types ofnerves in the brain
Simple Reflex Arc