SENSATION & PERCEPTION

Sensation refers to the process of sensing our environment through touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell.

SENSATION

Perception is the way we interpret these sensations and therefore make sense of everything around us.

PERCEPTION

It may be due to defect in our sense organs or defective functioning of the brain. Many times the prejudices in the individual, time of perception, unfavorable background, lack of clarity of stimulus, confusion, conflict in mind and such other factors are responsible for errors in perception.

ERRORS in PERCEPTION

TYPES OF ERRORS in PERCEPTION

ILLUSION

HALLUCINATION

ILLUSION

Illusion is a wrong perception where a person is mistaking a stimulus.eg. A person is being afraid of the rope mistaking that it is a snake.

HALLUCINATION

Here a person perceives some stimulus even when there is nothing.

Different Types Illusion

Physical Illusion

Auditory Illusion

Optical Illusion

Different Types Hallucinations

Visual Hallucination

Auditory Hallucination

Smell Hallucination

Taste hallucination

Concept Formation

Concept Formation Occurs as an

after effect of sensation and

perception

What is a Concept A concept is a mental image on a category of a thing, place or event which keep common elements and characteristics

What is a Concept A concept is a mental image on a category of a thing, place or event which keep common elements and characteristics

What is Concept Formation?

Concept Formation is the process of creating mental images on different categories of things, events or places by storing the common elements and characteristics.

Concept formation

occurs through two

processes

Abstraction Generalization

Abstraction

It is a process of concept formation in which irrelevant elements are eliminated for reducing complexity

Generalization

It is a process of concept formation in which more common elements or characteristics are

Memory

What is Memory? Memory is the cognitive or mental capacity to store perceived or learnt items to be used in the future when it is needed

What is Memorizing?

Memorizing is the process of storing the perceived or learnt items in the cognitive area which has the capacity to store.

Difference between Memory and remembering

Memory is the capacity to store newly perceived

items while remembering is the process of

recollecting the stored items when needed

Difference between Memorizing and

remembering

Memorizing is the process of storing newly

perceived items while remembering is the process

of recollecting the stored items when needed

Different Types of Memory

Sensory, Short & Long Term

Episodic & Semantic

Photographic & Visual

Rote & Meaningful

Active & Passive

What is Forgetting?

Forgetting is the inability to

recall an early perceived or

learnt item, experience,

promise, appointment etc.

when it is needed.

Causes behind forgetting

Faulty Memory Process

Interference Retrieval Problems Lack of readiness to

recall Physical Damages Genetic Factors Lack of Recollecting

Theories of forgetting

The Trace Decay

Theory

Theory of Inhibition

or Interference

The Repression

Theory

Theories of forgetting

1. The Trace Decay Theory

According to this theory, forgetting occurs because of the fading of the memory traces or engrams as a result of lack of using the stored item for a long period.

Theories of forgetting 2. Theory of Inhibition or

Interference

According to this theory, forgetting occurs because of the interference or inhibition of the memory traces of other stored or learnt items

Retroactive inhibition: Inhibition of new in the previous items.

Proactive inhibition: Inhibition of previous in the new items.

Theories of forgetting

3. The Repression Theory

It is a defensive mechanism that painful items are thrown into unconscious mind and the person does not wish to remember them.

Techniques for Effective memorization

Recitation & Repetition

Association

Using Acronyms

Chunking

SQ4R Technique

Using Mnemonics

Loci Mnemonic

Peg-Word Mnemonic

Narrative Chain Mnemonic

Initial Letter Mnemonic

Key Word Mnemonic

Image Mnemonic

Different Mnemonics

A Couple of Advanced Concepts in Psychology

Metacognition It is higher level of thinking

which facilitates complete

control over the cognitive

process with planning,

implementing, monitoring,

reviewing etc.

Precognition It is also called future sight or

second sight which is the

ability to see the future

events. It is a non-inferential

prediction of the future.