Transcript of World War II 1939-1945 Chapter 16. Chapter 16, Section 1 Hitler’s Lightening War.
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- World War II 1939-1945 Chapter 16
- Slide 2
- Chapter 16, Section 1 Hitlers Lightening War
- Slide 3
- Germany Sparks a New War in Europe In the 1930s, Hitler
continued to grab territory in Europe In 1939, Hitler demanded the
Polish corridor be returned to Germany Hitler and Stalin had signed
a nonaggression pact, and part of the pact was that Germany and the
Soviet Union would divide Poland between them
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- Germanys Lightening Attack On September 1, 1939, Hitler
launched a surprise attack to take Poland France and Great Britain
declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939, but Hitler had
already taken Poland This was the first test of Germanys military
strategy, blitzkrieg, or lightening war It involved taking enemies
quickly and by surprise
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- The Soviets Make Their Move On September 17, 1939, Stalin sent
troops to occupy the eastern half of Poland He then annexed
Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, but Finland resisted Stalin sent
one million Soviet troops to Finland The Soviets suffered heavy
losses, but finally won and by March 1940, Finland was under Soviet
control
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- The Phony War The French and British mobilized their armies and
stationed troops along the Maginot Line, along the France/German
border German soldiers were a few miles away at the Siegfried Line,
and both sides were bored waiting for action On April 9, 1940,
Hitler launched a surprise invasion of Denmark and Norway and
captured both
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- The Fall of France In May 1940, Hitler began to sweep through
the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, keeping the Allies
attention there He then sent a larger force of tanks and troops
through the Ardennes (a wooded area in northern France) Moving
through the forest, German troops fought their way around the
Maginot line
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- Rescue at Dunkirk By May 1940, the Germans had cornered the
Allies around the French city of Lille The Allies retreated to the
beaches of Dunkirk, but were trapped Britain sent a fleet of 850
ships across the channel along with many passenger boats and from
May 26 th to June 4 th, 338,000 soldiers were rescued and sailed
back to Britain under heavy fire
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- France Falls By June 14 th, 1940, Germany had captured Paris
French leaders surrendered on June 22 nd, 1940, and the Germans
took control of the northern part of the country After France fell,
Charles de Gaulle, a French general, set up a government-in-exile
in London and organized the Free French military forces
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- The Battle of Britain Great Britain now stood alone against the
Nazis Winston Churchill, the British prime minister, declared the
British would never give in Hitler planned an invasion of Great
Britain In Summer 1940, the Luftwaffe (Germanys air force) began
bombing Great Britain, eventually focusing on the cities such as
London to break morale
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- The Battle of Britain, Cont. The RAF (Britains Royal Air Force)
began to hit back hard With the help of radar and the ability to
intercept German codes, RAF fliers could quickly launch attacks on
Germany The Battle of Britain continued until May 10, 1941, when
Hitler called off his attacks stunned by British resistance
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- The Mediterranean and the Eastern Front The resistance of the
British in the Battle of Britain caused a shift in Hitlers strategy
in Europe Hitler decided to leave Great Britain for later, and
turned his attention east Hitler focused on the Mediterranean area,
the Balkans, and the Soviet Union
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- Axis Forces Attack North Africa Germanys first objective in the
Mediterranean was North Africa, mainly because of Hitlers ally,
Italy In September 1940, Mussolini ordered his army to attack
British-controlled Egypt Within a week, the Italians had pushed 60
miles inland, forcing British troops back
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- Britain Strikes Back In December, the British struck back at
the Italians in Egypt By February 1941, the British had pushed the
Italians back and taken 130,000 prisoners The Germans sent in
reinforcements in March 1941 under the command of General Erwin
Rommel, known as the Desert Fox By June 1942, Rommel and the
Germans pushed the British out of Egypt, a shattering loss for the
Allies
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- The War in the Balkans Hitler has begun planning to attack the
Soviet Union as early as the summer of 1940 To prepare for invasion
of the USSR, Hitler moved to expand his influence in the Balkans By
early 1941, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary joined the Axis powers
under threat In April 1941, Hitler invaded Yugoslavia and Greece
and took both
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- Hitler Invades the Soviet Union With the Balkans under his
control, Hitler could move forward with Operation Barbarossa, his
plan to invade the Soviet Union On June 22, 1941, Germany attacked,
and the Russians again used the scorched-earth policy By November,
Germans had taken Leningrad and planned to stave the city to force
a surrender
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- Hitler Invades the Soviet Union, Cont. Impatient with the lack
of progress in Leningrad, Hitler looked towards Moscow, the Soviet
capital By December 1941, the Germans were right outside the city
in summer uniforms Hitler ordered no retreat, and the Germans were
pushed back Germany gained nothing from invading the Soviet union,
but 500,000 German troops died in the campaign
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- The U.S. Aids Its Allies In September 1939, Roosevelt asked
Congress to allow the Allies to buy American arms Under the
Lend-Lease Act of 1941, the U.S. could lend or lease supplies to
the Allies Roosevelt and Churchill met secretly and issued the
Atlantic Charter, upholding free trade among nations Roosevelt
ordered navy commanders to shoot German U- boats on sight
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- Chapter 16, Section 2 Japans Pacific Campaign
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- Surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor To stop the Japanese advance in
the Pacific, the U.S. sent aid to strengthen Chinese resistance
When the Japanese overran French Indochina, Roosevelt cut off oil
shipments to Japan Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto called for an
attack on the American naval fleet in Hawaii
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- Day of Infamy Japan attacked the U.S. naval base of Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941 The next day, Roosevelt
addressed Congress and declared December 7, 1941, a date which will
live in infamy The United States declared war on Japan on December
8, 1941
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- Japanese Victories In January 1942, the Japanese invaded the
Philippines, and fought Allied troops over the Bataan Peninsula The
Japanese took the peninsula in April My mid-1942, Japan had control
of over 1 million square miles of Asia The Japanese were ruthless
with their new colonies and especially with captured POWs On the
Bataan Death March, a march of over 50 miles of the peninsula, the
Japanese killed over 16,000 prisoners
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- The Allies Strike Back In April 1942, 16 B-25 bombers under the
command of Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle bombed Tokyo in response to
Pearl Harbor In May, the Allies stopped Japans southward advance at
the Battle of the Coral Sea In June, the Allies won a huge victory
in the Battle of Midway, where they stopped Japan from taking
Midway island and turned the tide of the war
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- An Allied Offensive The war in the Pacific involved vast
distances and hundreds of islands General Douglas MacArthur,
commander of Allied land forces in the Pacific, decided to island
hop past Japanese strongholds and get closer to Japan In August
1942, the Allies landed at the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon
islands and won the Battle of Guadalcanal
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- Chapter 16, Section 3 The Holocaust
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- The Holocaust Begins The Nazis proposed a new racial order for
Europe They proclaimed the Germanic peoples, or Aryans, were a
master race, and non-Aryans (particularly Jews) were inferior They
passed the Nuremburg laws in 1935 to deprive Jews of their rights
This marked the beginning of the Holocaust, the systematic mass
slaughter of Jews and other groups judged inferior by the
Nazis
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- A Flood of Refugees After Kristallnacht, some Jews realized
that the violence was just beginning By the end of 1939, many
German Jews fled to other countries After admitting tens of
thousands of Jews, countries such as France, Britain, and the U.S.
abruptly closed their doors
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- Isolating the Jews Hitler ordered all Jews in countries under
his control to be put in designated cities The Nazis herded the
Jews into overcrowded ghettos, or segregated Jewish areas, and
sealed them in with barbed wire The Nazis hoped the Jews inside
would starve or die from disease, but many hung on and even formed
resistance movements
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- The Final Solution Hitler soon grew impatient and formed a new
plan called the Final Solution, a program of genocide to
systematically murder those he viewed as subhuman The Nazis
targeted Roma (gypsies), Poles, Russians, homosexuals, the insane,
the disabled, and the incurably ill, but especially Jews
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- The Mass Killings Begin In eastern Europe, SS units went from
town to town rounding up Jews and shooting them In Germany and
Poland, Jews were taken to concentration camps and worked 7 days a
week as slave labor Guards beat or killed prisoners, and many died
from starvation and rampant disease
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- The Final Stage Hitlers war on the Jews turned to the final
stage in 1942 The Nazis built extermination camps with huge gas
chambers When prisoners arrived, doctors would separate the strong
(mostly men) from the weak (mostly women, children, and elderly)
and would execute the latter Later, the Nazis installed
crematoriums to burn the bodies
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- Chapter 16, Section 4 The Allied Victory
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- The Tide Turns on Two Fronts In May 1943, Allied troops led by
General Dwight D. Eisenhower finally crushed Axis forces in North
Africa and re-took the region In summer 1942, Hitler ordered his
army to capture Stalingrad, and the Battle of Stalingrad began
August 23, 1942 The Luftwaffe began a bombing campaign and took
most of the city, but after the winter, German troops had suffered
over 240,000 casualties
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- The Invasion of Italy On July 10, 1943, Allied forces landed on
Sicily and captured it This toppled Mussolini from power, he was
arrested on July 25th, and Italy surrendered on September 3rd On
April 27, 1945 some Italian resistance fighters found Mussolini,
shot him, and hung his body on display in Milan
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- Victory in Europe On June 6, 1944, General Eisenhower led over
3 million Allied troops on an invasion of Normandy, known as D-day
By September, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg had been liberated
Allied troops began heading for Germany, and Hitler ordered an
attack called the Battle of the Bulge, but the Allies eventually
pushed the Germans back
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- Germanys Surrender In March 1945, the Allies entered Germany
and by mid-April, they were approaching Berlin On April 29, 1945,
Hitler married his girlfriend Eva Braun and they committed suicide
together the next day On May 9, 1945, Germany signed a surrender,
and it became known as V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day)
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- Victory in the Pacific By fall of 1944, the Allies were moving
toward Japan With their navy destroyed, the Japanese relied heavily
on their kamikazes, or suicide pilots, to sink Allied ships In
March 1945, Allied troops took Iwo Jima, a Japanese island On June
21, 1945, Allied troops took the island of Okinawa
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- The Japanese Surrender President Truman had to decide whether
to invade Japan and risk 500,000 troops, or use the atomic bomb On
August 6, 1945, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima,
killing more than 70,000 On August 9, 1945, a second bomb was
dropped on Nagasaki The Japanese surrendered on September 2, 1945,
making the day V-J Day (Victory over Japan Day)
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- Chapter 16, Section 5 Europe and Japan in Ruins
- Slide 40
- Devastation in Europe World War II caused more deaths than any
other conflict in history- 60 million About one-third of these
deaths occurred in the Soviet Union Another 50 million people were
displaced from their homes and became homeless Property damage ran
into billions of dollars Thousands died after the war as a result
of famine and cold
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- The Nuremberg Trials During 1945 and 1946, an international
tribunal from 23 countries put Nazi war criminals on trial in
Nuremberg, Germany 22 Nazi leaders were charged with waging a war
of aggression and committing crimes against humanity for the
Holocaust 10 Nazi leaders were hanged on October 16, 1946 and their
bodies cremated at Dachau concentration camp
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- Postwar Japan Gen. Douglas MacArthur took control of the
occupation of Japan He began the process of demilitarization, or
disbanding the Japanese armed forces He also started
democratization, or the process of creating a government elected by
the people In May 1947, Japan got a new constitution and became a
constitutional monarchy