Hitler’s Lightning War (32.1)Japan’s Pacific Campaign (32.2)

WWII

1939

Hitler wants land from Poland (access to sea granted in T. of Versailles)

Non-Agression Pact b/t USSR and Germany

Secret agreement~ To divide Poland between them and USSR could take over Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia

Hitler’s attack on Poland

Strategy~BLITZKRIEG (Lightning War)

Surprise attack

Tanks and trucks with aircraft and artillery with simultaneous, relentless bombing

Britain & France declared war, but couldn’t get there before Germany won Poland-

Sitzkrieg (sitting war) neither side did anything

1940

(Stalin invaded Finland in late 1939)

Hitler invades Denmark and Norway

Both fell quickly

Hitler planned to launch attacks on Britain from new bases on the coast

Hitler’s plan for France

Invades Netherland, Belgium and Luxembourg- Allied attention was on them

Moved through the forest in N. France to the coast in just 10 days

Surrounded the Allied forces and trapped them

1940 (CONTINUED)

Dunkirk

Where they were trapped

British sent 850 ships (all kinds) to rescue their soldiers

338,000 soldiers were carried to safety

France Surrenders

Divided in ½ (N. controlled by Germans, S. controlled by a “puppet government”)

Charles de Gaulle- French general set up a government in exile in London, organized the Free French Military- fought for liberation of France

STILL 1940…

German Luftwaffe (Airforce) bombs British Cities- hoped to destroy the Royal Air Force

Winston Churchill (British Prime Minister)

Battle of Britain

Tools helped~ RADAR and Enigma (stolen from Germans, allowed messages to be decoded)

Night Raids British resisted ~ taught Allies Germans could be beat!

Hitler gave-up and turned attention to Mediterranean region

1941

Italy had invaded N. Africa and S. France

Hitler sent support troops

Tobruk British forces were taken by surprise in Egypt and retreated to Tobruk

(Libya)

Allies pushed them back, but later they lost the city

Invasion of Russia

After Hitler won land in the Balkans Allies- Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania) & invasions (Greece and

Yugoslavia)

Invaded Russia- Scorched earth policy as they retreated (just like Napoleon had done)

Marched toward Moscow= ignored Napoleon’s woes and lost 500,000 due to the harsh winter

US ASSISTANCE FOR ALLIES

Neutrality Acts- illegal to sell arms or lend money to nations at war

1939 Roosevelt convinced congress to sell weapons to Allies (would pay cash and ship the arms themselves)

Lend-Lease Acts- US could lend or lease supplies to any nation vital to the US

US Navy was escorting British trade ships

Germany used submarines to sink them= Undeclared Naval War b/t US and Germany

Atlantic Charter

Agreement b/t US and Britain that upheld free trade and right for people to choose their own government.

JAPANESE AGGRESSION

War with China left their economy weak~ looked at European colonies as a source of wealth and expansion

US cracked their code and knew their plans~ feared losing Guam & Philippines

US Cut off oil supply to Japan & started helping China defend themselves

Day of Infamy- Dec. 7, 1941

Japan attacked European holdings in SE Asia and Pearl Harbor in Hawaii Over 3,000 Americans killed or wounded

JAPAN BUILDS AN EMPIRE

By February of 1942, Japan had conquered 1 million square miles and 150 million people

Before conquering won support as an end to colonization

After conquering, Japan treated the people with cruelty

Treated POWs even worse (Bataan Death March (70,000 prisoners- only 54,000 survived)

ALLIES STRIKE BACK

Attacks on Tokyo- Japanese were vulnerable Regained control of major air fields in the Pacific Battle at Midway (island 1500 miles from Hawaii)-

US won & turned the tide in the Pacific Allied Offensive (General MacArthur’s plan) to

avoid Japanese strongholds and “island-hop” to seize less protected islands and move closer to Japan

Guadalcanal- Japanese were constructing a huge airbase there. Marines secured the airfield, but the island was more difficult- 6 months of fighting Japan lost 24,000 soldiers and called the island “ the

island of death”

Chapter 32, Section 3

THE HOLOCAUST

DIRECTIONS FOR THIS ACTIVITY

You will be given an identification card. DO NOT READ AHEAD You will refer to the card only when instructed to by the teacher!

Divide your plain white paper into 4 sections

Label the sections like this and take notes as we go.

(Front) (Back)

Definition 1933-1939 Ghettos Camps

1940-1944 1945 Resistance Rescue

As we get to the “What you should know” pages make sure you have the details listed on your paper.

WHAT IS THE HOLOCAUST?

The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. "Holocaust" is a word of Greek origin meaning "sacrifice by fire." The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were "racially superior" and that the Jews, deemed "inferior," were "life unworthy of life." During the era of the Holocaust, the Nazis also targeted other groups because of their perceived "racial inferiority": Roma (Gypsies), the handicapped, and some of the Slavic peoples (Poles, Russians, and others). Other groups were persecuted on political and behavioral grounds, among them Communists, Socialists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and homosexuals.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_nm.php?ModuleId=10005143&MediaId=7827

A HOLOCAUST TIMELINE: 1938

It all started with the Kristallnacht, (Night of the Broken Glass)

This was a time of vandalism, arrests, an death for the Jews.

A HOLOCAUST TIMELINE: 1939

Jews are “consolidated” into Concentration Camps – place of detainment and harsh conditions

With the beginning of the war the concentration camps increasingly became sites where targeted groups of real or perceived enemies of Nazi Germany were either murdered outright or put to hard, meaningless labor. Those forced to labor were deliberately undernourished and mistreated with the intent that they be "annihilated by work."

A HOLOCAUST TIMELINE: 1939

Ghettos - ghettos were city districts (often enclosed) in which the Germans forced the Jewish population to live under miserable conditions. Ghettos isolated Jews by separating Jewish communities from the non-Jewish population and from neighboring Jewish communities. The Nazis established over 400 ghettos.

A HOLOCAUST TIMELINE: 1941

Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) were squads of German SS and police personnel. Under command of Security Police (Sipo) and Security Service (SD) officers, the Einsatzgruppen had among their tasks the murder of those perceived to be racial or political enemies found behind the front lines in the occupied Soviet Union.

The Einsatzgruppen also murdered thousands of residents of institutions for the mentally disabled. Many scholars believe that the systematic killing of Jews in the occupied Soviet Union by Einsatzgruppen and Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) battalions was the first step of the Nazi program to murder all of the European Jews

A HOLOCAUST TIMELINE: 1941-42

Extermination Camps - Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the singular function of mass murder. Unlike concentration camps, which served primarily as detention and labor centers, extermination camps were almost exclusively "death factories." Over three million Jews were murdered in extermination camps.

Almost all of the deportees who arrived at the camps were sent immediately to the gas chambers.

A HOLOCAUST TIMELINE: 1945

Death Marches - forced marches of prisoners over long distances under heavy guard and extremely harsh winter conditions. During these death marches, SS guards brutally mistreated the prisoners. Following explicit orders to shoot prisoners who could no longer walk, the SS guards shot hundreds of prisoners en route. Thousands of prisoners also died of exposure, starvation, and exhaustion. Death marches were especially common in late 1944 and 1945, as the Nazis attempted to transfer prisoners to camps deeper within Germany.

HOLOCAUST SUMMARY

Aryans – Master Race (according to Hitler)

KristallnachtNovember 1938Night of the

Broken GlassFirst organized

act against Jews

Ghettos Segregated areas

designated for Jews Terrible living conditions,

starvation, disease, death

Genocide Systematic killing of an

entire group of people

Types of Camps that Hitler had Organized Concentration Camps Extermination Camps Labor Camps

What you

need to

know

HOLOCAUST SUMMARY

“The Final Solution” Hitler’s plan to eradicate the Jews from planet Earth Not imprison them, but kill them (starvation and disease

were not killing them fast enough) Targets of Hitler

Jews Gypsies Homosexuals Handicapped Germans of African heritage Jehovah’s Witnesses

“For whoever destroys a single life destroys the entire world: whoever saves a single life saves the world entire.”

RESISTANCE AND RESCUE

RESISTANCE

First they came for the socialists,

And I did not speak out

Because I was not a socialist.

Then they came for the trade unionists,

And I did not speak out

Because I was not a trade unionist

Then they came for the Jews,

and I did not speak out

Because I was not a Jew

Then they came for me,

And there was no one left to speak for me.

Pastor Martin NiemollerArrested, confined to a prison camp,

liberated!

COMMON QUESTIONS

Why did so many people let this happen?

Why didn’t the Jews defend themselves?

Where were the Christians?

Where were the Allies and their governments?

JEWISH RESISTANCEHTTP: / /WWW.USHMM.ORG/WLC/EN/MEDIA_NM.PHP?MODULE ID=10005213&MEDIA ID=3543

WWII AND THE HOLOCAUST MAP

Those who resisted faced consequences Arrest

Camps

Death

BARRIERS TO RESISTANCE

Superior German Weapons Most civilians were unarmed

Remember how quickly the French and Poles were defeated

Collective Responsibility Retaliation against families and communities

Kristallnacht- A single Jewish assassin led to this

Lithuania- entire ghetto population killed when two boys escaped

Treblenka- 26 Jews shot when 4 escaped

Sobibor- 13 Jews attempted escape- 26 executed

For every German soldier killed, 50 – 100 were executed

MORE BARRIERS TO RESISTANCE

Isolation of Jews-

It was difficult for them to “blend-in”

Others in occupied areas were living under harsh occupation conditions

Everyone had to have identification papers

Secrecy & quickness of deportation

They didn’t know or have time to prepare

Deception- they “packed their belongings” or wrote post cards to family and friends

Many Jews did not believe the stories

RESISTANCE IN THE GHETTOS

Isolated from the outside & other ghettos

Smuggled goods were traded in some

Armed resistance took time

Unarmed resistance Underground newspapers & radios

Acts of sabotage- Jews forced to work for the Nazis damaged and undermined the war effort by stealing documents, slowing production, producing bad ammunition, setting fires, etc

ESCAPE!? HIDE!? COMPLY!?

For many the only hope was to escape

Kinder-transport

Far East (China)

USA- only allowed a certain number due to immigration laws

Denmark- only conquered nation to rescue most of its Jews

Others hid

False papers

Non-Jewish sympathizers

DID THE USA DO ENOUGH?

Immigration to the United States

(1936-1945)

1936 -- 36,329

1937 -- 50,244

1938 -- 67,895

1939 -- 82,998

1940 -- 70,756

1941 -- 51,776

1942 -- 28,781

1943 -- 23,725

1944 -- 28,551

1945 -- 38,119

The US military was close to many camps, but did not bomb them or rescue prisoners

The US would not lessen immigration requirements during the war- in fact they were more strictly enforced

BARRIERS TO ESCAPE

Paperwork! The Germans were a stickler for papers…. Without them Jews could not leave many were transported to camps before the proper papers arrived to save them.

RESISTANCE IN THE CAMPS

Secret political groups and meetings

Attempts to alleviate suffering by gathering food, medical supplies, and money or stealing from the victim’s belongings

Attempts to escape and inform the outside world

Revolts

Prisoners in Treblinka, Sobibor, and Auschwitz-Birkenau all escaped and revolted by killing Nazi guards- some survived the uprisings, most did not

SPIRITUAL AND CULTURAL RESISTANCE

Underground schools and libraries

Documenting the holocaust & cultural activities

* diaries * lectures

* art * concerts

* poetry * songs

Religious Activities

* secret prayers and ceremonies

* Jehovah’s witnesses and other did the same

OTHER FORMS OF RESISTANCE:

Forms of resistance by Jews in the Ghettos and Camps Sabotage Smuggling Keeping up religious traditions and ceremonies Underground publications Stealing and sharing resources with other victims Maintained art and creativity Underground schools, libraries, and social

gatherings Armed resistance groups Revolts and escape

RESISTANCE BY OTHER GROUPS

Communists and socialists

Outlawed in 1939

Published Anti-Nazi materials

Concentration Camps, A Book of Horrors: The Victims Accuse (1934)

Christians

Organized faiths did not oppose the regime

Individual clergy and groups did speak out

INDIVIDUALS WHO HELPED

Oskar Schindler (1908-1974), a Sudeten German industrialist, established an enamel works outside the Krakow ghetto and protected Jewish workers employed in the enamel works from deportation

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005787

Chiune Sugihara (1900 – 1986) a Japanese Diplomate sent to Russian/Polish border- issued visas to many seeking refuge through Russia and Japan. The Japanese government allowed him to route individuals through their nation

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005594

THE WHITE ROSE

The only German group that spoke out against Nazi policies- organized by a soldier (Hans Scholl), his sister and friends

Spread to include students throughout Germany Transported and mailed leaflets denouncing the

regime

Advocated for sabotage of armament factories

A janitor at Hans’ university discovered this and turned him in Hans, his sister and best friend were executed

FAMOUS LAST WORDS

The philosophy professor who helped the White Rose Movement was arrested and tried with treason

His final word of defense (from Philosopher Kant):

“And thou shall act as if

On thee and on thy deed

Depend the fate of all Germany,

And thou alone must answer for it.”

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW:

This happened because Germans and those the Nazis occupied had no power against the regime and its policies

Nazis used tools of deception, isolation, and timing to carry out their plans and to decieve their victims

Those who did resist faced arrest, camps, and/or death

Collective responsibility= Others would be held accountable for the deeds of individuals or groups

THE LAST THINGS TO KNOW…

Communists and socialists were the first group persecuted, but kept-up resistance

Resistance from other faiths was limited to individual clergy or groups

The White Rose was the only German group (philosophy students) who spoke out against Nazi policies

Denmark was the only national government to save most of its Jews

Immigration to the US slowed during the Holocaust Many accuse the US of knowing and doing nothing

(Requests for increased immigration were not met as were requests to bomb camps.)

The Allied VictoryCHAPTER 32SECTION 4

REVIEW

Who were the Allies?

Who were the Axis Powers?

When the US joined the war, it became a “two theater” event

The European Theater

The Pacific Theater

THE TIDE TURNS

When the US joined the European Theater things started to change

(just like in WW1)

North Africa – General Eisenhower beat the Germans in Africa

Italy – Britain and the US invaded Italy

This ousted Mussolini, and he tried to run (ask me about the Gas Station)

Russia – Hitler decided to attack Russia, this was a mistake Supply Lines too long Tough Winter Lots of Russians He was fighting in the West too

BATTLE OF STALINGRAD

When – August 1942 – February 1943 Where – Stalingrad, Russia Details –

Both leaders told their armies to “finish the job.” Uncommonly cold winter in Russia, Germans were prepared

for summer battle, not winter. Russians cut off the already strained German supply lines…

Germans began starving AND freezing Germany started with 330,000 and ended w/ 90,000 Stalingrad was 99% destroyed

THE HOME FRONT

The war spread from the battlefield into the towns and cities.

This lead to civilian casualties

Total War All people started contributing to the war effort (women

went to work en mass)

Factories started producing war “stuff” Car factories = Tanks

Typewriter companies = armor piercing bullets

VICTORY IN EUROPE

D-Day Invasion (Operation Overlord) Allies invaded Normandy Beach in France, began to

drive the Germans out of France

Largest land and sea attack in history

The Battle of the Bulge Last German offensive effort

Failed, no reinforcements available

V-E Day – May 9, 1945 Nearly 6 years of fighting

VICTORY IN THE PACIFIC

The island-hopping campaign lead the US closer to Japan

Kamikazes “Divine Wind” Suicide Pilots

Atomic Bomb dropped

Hiroshima – “Little Boy”

Nagasaki – “Fat Man”

V-J Day – September 2, 1945

THE ATOMIC BOMB

Research – Einstein /

Manhattan Project

Plane – Enola Gay (B-29)

Pilot – Paul Tibbets

Hiroshima 7,000° Ground Temperature

Winds – 980 mph

62,000 buildings destroyed

Deaths – 70,000 immediately / 200,000 eventually

Within 1 mile was considered a “direct hit”

Nagasaki – same thing…3 days laterClick for student produced video

NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS

Nagasaki, September, 1945. (Bernard Hoffman—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)

NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS

Two women pay respects at a ruined cemetery, Nagasaki, 1945. (Alfred Eisenstaedt—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)

NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS

A photo album. Shards of pottery. A pair of scissors. Of this scene in Nagasaki, photographer Bernard Hoffman wrote to LIFE's legendary photo editor, Wilson Hicks, on September 9, 1945: "Assume this had been a private dwelling. The album was water soaked and some of the pix stuck together ... However, since this album came through the blast intact, and remains the only evidence of what once had been a home and family

NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS

From notes by LIFE's Bernard Hoffman to the magazine's long-time picture editor, Wilson Hicks, in New York, September 1945. (Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)

NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS

Hiroshima, 1945, two months after the August 6 bombing. (Bernard Hoffman—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)

NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS

Nagasaki, 1945, a few months after an American B-29 dropped an atomic bomb, codenamed "Fat Man," on the city.

NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS

Nagasaki, 1945, a few months after an American B-29 dropped an atomic bomb, codenamed "Fat Man," on the city.

NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS

Hiroshima, 1945. (Bernard Hoffman—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)

NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS

Hiroshima streetcar, September, 1945

Chapter 32 Section 5

EUROPE AND JAPAN IN RUINS

DEVASTATION IN EUROPE

WWII caused more death and destruction than any other conflict in history

60 million deaths (1/3 in the Soviet Union)

50 million displaced persons

Property damage in the billions of dollars USA= 288 billion

Great Britain= 117 billion

Germany= 212 billion

Japan= 41.3 billion

DEVASTATION IN EUROPE

Cities

Some were relatively undamaged – Paris & Rome

Others were in ruins- London, Warsaw

Warsaw Pre war population=1.3 million, postwar population = 153,000

No water, electricity or food

Men were lost in the war and women focused on war production – food shortages, famine, disease, and suffering continued long after the war ended

POSTWAR GOVERNMENTS & POLITICS

Governments in some returned quickly Belgium Holland Denmark Norway

Others blamed their old governments France Italy Germany

* Many resistance fighters were communists

COMMUNISTS IN ITALY AND FRANCE

Promised change in policies

Millions joined the communist parties

Gains in the 1st elections

Staged violent strikes to speed takeover Voters were alarmed and did not vote for them

the next time

As economies recovered, the communists declined in both nations

NUREMBERG TRIALS

1945-1946 Military Tribunal made of 23 nations tried 22 Nazi leaders

Charges- waging a war of aggression and crimes against humanity

Many committed suicide before the trials began Others were sentenced to life imprisonment and

death Only one expressed remorse “A thousand years will

pass and still this guilt of Germany will not have been erased” Hans Frank AKA executioner of Poles

Sweet justice? Those executed were burned in the crematory at the concentration camp of Dachau

POSTWAR JAPAN

Nation was in ruins 2 million lives were lost Tokyo, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki were all destroyed- other

cities were damaged Stripped of their colonies US Occupation of Japan

General Mac Arthur War crime trials- 25 surviving, 6 (including their Premier) were

hanged Demilitarization- disbanding the armed forces Democratization- creating a government elected by the people-

constitutional monarchy Economics was not a mandate, but land was sold to the new

government and re-sold to tenant farmers , labor unions were also permitted

DEEP CHANGES- A NEW CONSTITUTION

Emperor- had to declare he was not divine- made him a figurehead with no real power

Real political power rested with the people Diet= 2 house parliament

All citizens over 20 years could vote

Bill of Rights Article 9- Japan could no longer make war, just defend itself

After the official peace treaty, the US remained in Japan (military defense) and they became Allies

Some old Allies became our enemies as their different political views tore apart the world