Dr. SUNIL K SINGAL

Alternate Hydro Energy Centre,Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

email : sunilfah@iitr.ernet.in, sunilksingal@gmail.com

Sept 26, 2013 (New Delhi) 1

World Renewable Energy Technology Congress

SMALL HYDRO POWER - POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT & ISSUES

• Energy is important input for development• Energy consumption and economic development is

highly co-related• Energy is required for

- Trade and Commerce- Production- Transportation Sector- Agriculture- Domestic needs

ENERGY

• Conventional Sources of Energy- Thermal- Hydropower- Nuclear• Non-conventional Renewable Sources of Energy- Solar- Wind- Biomass- Tidal- Geothermal- Small Hydro

SOURCE OF ENERGY

• Small Hydropower is a proven renewable, mature,predictable, highest conversion efficiency and costcompetitive renewable energy source.

• Requires relatively high initial investment, but has theadvantage of very low operation costs and a longlifespan, Part of multipurpose river valley projects,Quick start & stop, picking up

• Life cycle analysis of hydropower shows as cleanestelectricity technology with a low carbon footprint

• Has the highest energy payback ratio..

SMALL HYDROPOWER

• By size (large, medium, small, mini, micro, pico)• By head (high or low)• By purpose (single or multipurpose)• By storage capacity (run-of-river, pond, seasonal,

multi-year)• By function (generation, pumping, reversible)• By service type (base load, peaking, intermittent)• By system design (Stand-alone or cascading)

HYDROPOWER PROJECTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY A NUMBER OF WAYS

• Worldwide Large well distributed undevelopedhydro potential provides opportunities.

• Small hydropower can be one of best option for ruraland remote area electrification as well as smallinvestors

• Substantial potential available at existing weirs,barrages, dams and canals

POTENTIAL AND OPPORTUNITY

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Africa Asia Australasia/Oceania

Europe North America

Latin America

Potential (GW)

Technical Potential (GW)

Installed Capacity (GW)2,037

For a systematic, time bound, duly shared betweenGovernment, Social and Private Sectors, masterplan with new resource assessment is required.• It is an inventory of all possible sites.• May provide priority or ranking for speedy

development.• May provide clusters.• May provide financial requirement.• May provide – grid network strengthening.

RESOURCE ASSESSMENT FOR SHP

• Existing irrigation dams and canals.• Run of river schemes• Sites for off grid rural electrification.• Sites at existing water supply, sewage

treatment, return channel of thermalplants

• Pump storage

RESOURCE ASSESSMENT TO COVER

TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF SMALL HYDROPOWER STATION

TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF CANAL FALL SMALL HYDROPOWER STATION

TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF DAM TOE SMALL HYDROPOWER STATION

PUMP STORAGE DEVELOPMENT

(Source: IEA)

PUMPED STORAGE

Fuel Installed Capacity (MW) %

Thermal

Coal  133188 58.6

Gas  20380 9.0

Oil 1200 0.5

154768 68.1

Hydro 39623 17.6

Nuclear 4780 2.1

Renewable 28184 12.2

Total 227355India: Fossil fuel 66% vs world 91%Hydro 17.6% vs world 9%

INDIAN ELECTRICITY SCENARIO –Aug 2013

Sector MW %age

State Sector 89167 39.2

Central Sector 65612 28.9

Private Sector 72576 31.9

Total 227355

SECTOR-WISE TOTAL INSTALLED POWER CAPACITY IN INDIA – Aug 2013

States Potential Utilised Potential to be Tapped

MW MW MW %

Arunachal 50328 3016 47313 94

Himachal Pradesh 18820 10022 8798 47

Uttarakhand 18175 4206 13969 77

Jammu & Kashmir 14146 2763 11383 81

Mizoram 2196 60 2136 97

Meghala 2394 269 2125 89Manipur 1784 195 1589 89

Nagaland 1574 99 1475 94

OPPORTUNITIES IN HYDROPOWER SECTOR IN HIMALAYAN STATES OF INDIA

Type Station CapacityPico/Watermill Upto 5 kW and belowMicro Upto 100 kWMini 101 kW to 2000 kWSmall 2001 to 25000 kW

Schemes

CEA (1997 June)Up to 15 MW

PFC/AHEC ( Mar 2003) Up to 15 MW

MNRE/AHEC Mar-2010 Up to 25 MW

No. of Schemes

Potential(MW)

No. of Schemes

Potential(MW)

No. of Schemes

Potential(MW)

Small streams (ROR)

977 6154 2396 6172 3484 11492

Dam Toe 99 64 175 599 379 1645Canal Falls 436 564 1407 1565 1952 2953

Total 1,512 6,782 3,978 8,337 5,815 16,090

SHP - CLASSIFICATION IN INDIA

POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT CHRONOLOGICAL

Potential - Over 19,700 MW

• Identified potential - 19,750 MW (6474sites)

• Installed Capacity - 3496 MW(939 projects)(21%)

• Under implementation- 1250 MW (327 projects)

SMALL HYDRO POWER PROGRAMME

Social Sector SHPs-• aims to supply electricity specially in stand alone mode,• characterized with poor load factor and of small capacity• often involved in distribution also• Often are fully supported by government• O&M is recovered through user charges collection

Commercial SHPs-• aims to sell electricity to power distributing or trading

companies or for captive use,• are grid connected and are relatively larger capacity• have high load factor• Financially sound

Both are required and different level of approach, subsidy, tariff etcare needed

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PURPOSE OF SHP

LEVELIZED COST WITH RESPECT TO PLANT LOAD FACTOR

Source : SRREN - IPCC

Information regarding the agency who carried out theinvestigations- Topographical surveys and investigations,- Hydrometric surveys and investigations,- Geological surveys and investigations,- Environmental impact assessment- Geo-technical investigations for Dam/ Barrage and

underground works such as desilting chamber, tunnel,surge tank etc including drill logs

ISSUES – SURVEY AND INVESTIGATIONS

Assessment of quantity of muck and identification ofsite for muck disposal areasConstruction material survey. The locations along withtheir distances for sources of different constructionmaterial from the project site should be indicated on amap.Details of power evacuation along with the alignmentof transmission line shown on the topographic surveymap.

ISSUES – SURVEY AND INVESTIGATIONS

ISSUES – ACCESS TO POTENTIAL SITESThe access to various components of HEP becomesdifficult due to;• rugged terrain,• thick vegetation cover,• poor and difficult motor able roads.

RUGGED TERRAIN

• Ruggedness of valley is evident from steep slopes andnarrow valley. Such a valley makes survey andinvestigation difficult and at places even makesapproach un-accessible.

THICK VEGETATION COVER

The climate is hotand humid in lowerreaches which favorsthe thick vegetationcover in valley.

Thick vegetationcover makes accessdifficult.

POOR ROAD NETWORK AND DIFFICULT MOTORABLE ROADS

• Environmental flows and flow management specially in tandemwith higher priority consumptive irrigation and drinking

• Site selection and design optimization• Construction and associated infrastructure impacts specially

tunnelling, waste disposal, blasting• Land management and rehabilitation• Aquatic biodiversity• Sedimentation, erosion and land slide• Extent and severity of environmental impacts• Greenhouse gas emissions, climate change risks• Social impact assessment and management planning• Community and stakeholder consultation and support• Dispute resolution / complaints mechanisms• Improved communications and call for a sustainability standard

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES

Sustainability

Economy Environment

Society

To keep a balance On sound policy, technology and implementation

ADOPTION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• Variable speed technology• Fish-friendly turbines• Hydrokinetic turbines• Abrasive resistant turbines• Tunnelling technology• Dam technology• Optimization of operation• Resource Assessment, Planning & Design• Good controls

PROSPECTS FOR TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENT AND INNOVATION

• Potential from very low head and hydrokinetic projects are usually notassessed in existing resource assessment for

• Generally head under 1 to 1.5 m are not viable with traditionaltechnology.

• New technologies are being developed to take advantage small waterelevation changes, but mostly rely on the kinetic energy of stream flowcompared to potential energy due to hydraulic head

• "Free Flow" or "hydrokinetic" generation captures energy frommoving water without requiring a dam or diversion

• While hydrokinetics includes generation from ocean tides, currentsand waves; hopefully practical application in the near future is likelyto be in rivers and streams

• The hydropower activities involve a large number of disciplinesand experts

• The disciplines required - policy formulation, PublicAdministration, Financial Management, Economic and Financialanalysis, Information, Education and Communication; RemoteSensing, topographical and geological surveys, hydrologicalsurvey, meteorology, mathematical modeling, socio-economic andenergy surveys, besides engineering subjects of civil, electricaland mechanical engineering.

• Hydropower may need personnel having fairly good backgroundin each of these fields.

• Regular programmes in civil, hydraulics, electrical, mechanicalengineering have limited contents of hydropower subject.

HUMAN RESOURCES IN HYDROPOWER SECTOR

• Set up initially by MNRE government of India in 1982• Exclusive academic center of IIT Roorkee working with focus on

SHP development and recognized as National Resource Centrefor Small Hydropower.

• Large national database and resource assessment for shpdevelopment and rural electrification.

• Preparing the National Standards/ Code of Practices for SHPdevelopment.

• Systematic state master plans for shp and remote villageelectrification

• Training and education in shp at all levels and related field as perrequirement. Two MTech and PhD programmes are offered

• Independent performance testing and evaluation of shp stations• International training and technical support.

AHEC, IIT ROORKEE

RTDS at Alternate Hydro Energy Centre IIT Roorkee

REAL-TIME DIGITAL SIMULATOR (RTDS)

FOR SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANT

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Hydraulic Turbine laboratory under construction