Post on 29-May-2018
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The Tudor and Stuart MonarchsThe Tudor and Stuart Monarchs
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Henry VIIHenry VIIHenry Tudor marriedHenry Tudor married
Elizabeth of YorkElizabeth of York(daughter of(daughter of
Edward IV).Edward IV).
Henry had defeated Richard IIIHenry had defeated Richard IIIat theat the Battle of Bosworth Field,Battle of Bosworth Field,
ending theending the Wars of the RosesWars of the Roses..
Henry VII went on to forgeHenry VII went on to forge
international relationshipsinternational relationshipsthrough the marriages of histhrough the marriages of his
children.children.
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Henry VIIIHenry VIII Second son ofHenry VIISecond son ofHenry VII After his elder brotherAfter his elder brother ArthurArthur died, Henrydied, Henry
became heir to the throne.became heir to the throne.
Spain and England wanted to keep theirSpain and England wanted to keep their
alliance, even w/ Arthurs deathalliance, even w/ Arthurs death
So Henry married Catherine of Aragon,So Henry married Catherine of Aragon,
Arthurs widowArthurs widow -- no papal dispensation wasno papal dispensation was
given, and the marriage was even done bygiven, and the marriage was even done byproxy;Henry was only permitted to consentproxy;Henry was only permitted to consent
at canonical age (which he never did)at canonical age (which he never did)
Later he tried to annul this marriage so heLater he tried to annul this marriage so he
could marrycould marry Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn..Henry claimed that God punished him byHenry claimed that God punished him by
denying him a legitimatedenying him a legitimate malemale heirheir inin
LeviticusLeviticus, God does threaten childlessness if a, God does threaten childlessness if a
man marries his brothers widowsoHenryman marries his brothers widowsoHenry
came to see this marriage as cursedcame to see this marriage as cursed
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I need a son. I have
been married for 20
years and my wife,
Catherine of Aragonis too old to have any
more children. Who
will inherit my throne
when I die?
I spy an attractive lady
in-waiting called Anne
Boleyn. If only I could
marry her instead. Will
the Pope give me a
divorce?
The Church is very rich.
I need money for my
luxurious court. If only I
could get my hands on it.
The new Protestant
ideas are spreading
in Germany.
Princes there are
reforming their
churches andthrowing out the
Catholic Church.
Some people in England like the new
Protestant ideas. They believe that the
Bible should be in English not Latin.
The Church takes
money out my
country in taxes to
help build StPeters in Rome.
What do I get in
return?
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CatherineCatherine
of Aragonof Aragon
Catherine was the daughter ofCatherine was the daughter ofIsabella andIsabella andFerdinand of Spain.Ferdinand of Spain.
She was married to Arthur, Henry VIIs heir,She was married to Arthur, Henry VIIs heir,but he died, apparently before the marriage wasbut he died, apparently before the marriage was
consummated.consummated.Later she marriedHenry VIII, but they onlyLater she marriedHenry VIII, but they only
had one living child,had one living child, MaryMary. (They had a son who. (They had a son whodied in infancy).died in infancy).
Henry wanted to find a husband for Mary, soHenry wanted to find a husband for Mary, so
that she would be unchallenged as his heiressthat she would be unchallenged as his heiress(women were not banned from the throne, but it(women were not banned from the throne, but itwas untraditional).was untraditional).
Some suitors worried that Mary could not be aSome suitors worried that Mary could not be alegitimate queen as Henry had married hislegitimate queen as Henry had married his
brothers widowbrothers widow
All of these issues reached the boiling pointAll of these issues reached the boiling pointafter 20 yrs. b/c of constant succession worries,after 20 yrs. b/c of constant succession worries,
Catharines diminishing looks, and theCatharines diminishing looks, and theappearance of Anne Boleynappearance of Anne Boleyn
Catharines later years were ones of persecutionCatharines later years were ones of persecution
whereHenry tried to make her sign annulmentwhereHenry tried to make her sign annulmenta ers.a ers.
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Henry VIIIHenry VIII
When he wanted to marryWhen he wanted to marry Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn,,
Henry created the Church of England andHenry created the Church of England and
banned the Catholic Church from hisbanned the Catholic Church from his
nation.He also seized all of the property ofnation.He also seized all of the property of
the Catholic Church, thereby increasing thethe Catholic Church, thereby increasing the
wealth of England.wealth of England.
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Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn
Anne becameH
enry VIIIsAnne becameH
enry VIIIssecond wife. But since his first,second wife. But since his first,Catharine of Aragon, was stillCatharine of Aragon, was still
living, many Catholics, felt thatliving, many Catholics, felt thather childher child ElizabethElizabeth waswas
illegitimate.illegitimate.When she failed to produce aWhen she failed to produce amale heir, there were rumoursmale heir, there were rumoursthat she was infertileand bythat she was infertileand bythat time Henry had metthat time Henry had met JaneJane
SeymourSeymour..Anne tried to woo Henry back,Anne tried to woo Henry back,
but he had her charged withbut he had her charged withadultery and incest andadultery and incest and
beheadedbeheaded
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Elizabeth and Mary were raisedElizabeth and Mary were raisedtogethertogether
Queen Jane Seymour showed favour toQueen Jane Seymour showed favour to
Mary but treated Elizabeth wellMary but treated Elizabeth well
And the Queen did finally have thatAnd the Queen did finally have thatmale heir,male heir, Edward VIEdward VI; this ended the; this ended thesisters succession argumentsisters succession argument
When Jane Seymour died (a fever), theWhen Jane Seymour died (a fever), the3 siblings were raised together3 siblings were raised together
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Henry VIII went on to marryHenry VIII went on to marry
Anne of ClevesAnne of Cleves it only lasted 6it only lasted 6
months, and Henry got out of itmonths, and Henry got out of it
by saying he was impotent on theby saying he was impotent on the
wedding nightwedding night
Henry then marriedHenry then married CatherineCatherine
HowardHoward, a 17 year old, who was, a 17 year old, who was
soon beheaded for adulterysoon beheaded for adultery So Henry married for the finalSo Henry married for the final
time, totime, to Catherine ParrCatherine Parr she gotshe got
along well with all the childrenalong well with all the children
Elizabeth stayed the 3Elizabeth stayed the 3rdrd
lady oflady ofthe courtthe court only the Habsburgsonly the Habsburgs
still called the whoresstill called the whores
daughterdaughter
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Edward VIEdward VIHe was the son ofHenry VIII andHe was the son ofHenry VIII and JaneJane
SeymourSeymour -- a Protestant who became king ata Protestant who became king at
the age of 9.the age of 9.
The Church of England expanded while heThe Church of England expanded while he
was king.was king.
But he was sickly and died at the age of 16.But he was sickly and died at the age of 16.
During his kingship, England was largelyDuring his kingship, England was largely
under the rule of Edwards council, whichunder the rule of Edwards council, whichincludedincluded Thomas Seymour (the Duke ofThomas Seymour (the Duke of
Somerset)Somerset)
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Elizabeth fell in love with Thomas Seymour,Elizabeth fell in love with Thomas Seymour,
and he wanted to marry either Elizabeth orand he wanted to marry either Elizabeth orMary (but they could only marry w/ theMary (but they could only marry w/ the
permission of the entire council), sopermission of the entire council), so
Seymour instead married Catherine ParrSeymour instead married Catherine Parr(Henrys widow)(Henrys widow) as Elizabeth lived w/as Elizabeth lived w/
Parr, this made Seymour her stepfather andParr, this made Seymour her stepfather and
guardian (and it is likely that he abused herguardian (and it is likely that he abused her
during this time)during this time)
When Parr died in childbirth, she had leftWhen Parr died in childbirth, she had left
all to Seymour in an oral willall to Seymour in an oral will
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Jane GreyJane GreyIn need of a lady of the household, heIn need of a lady of the household, he
brought inbrought in Lady Jane GreyLady Jane Grey (Henry VIIIs(Henry VIIIsgrandgrand--niece), saying he would marry her offniece), saying he would marry her off
to Edward VIto Edward VI
Seymour wanted Lady Jane Grey as theSeymour wanted Lady Jane Grey as thenext queen, as opposed to Edwards sisternext queen, as opposed to Edwards sisterMary, who was Catholic. (Seymours sonMary, who was Catholic. (Seymours son
had married Jane Grey.)had married Jane Grey.)
in 1549, Edward passed the Act ofin 1549, Edward passed the Act ofUniformity, introducing the ProtestantUniformity, introducing the ProtestantPrayer BookPrayer Book Mary looked to CatholicMary looked to Catholic
Spain and her cousin Charles V forSpain and her cousin Charles V forassistanceassistance basically, she disobeyed herbasically, she disobeyed herbrother and fatherbrother and father
So all the fundamental 16So all the fundamental 16thth century valuescentury valuescame into conflictcame into conflict religion, patriotism, thereligion, patriotism, the
law, dynastic successionlaw, dynastic succession
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Edward opted for religion and plotted to get rid of MaryEdward opted for religion and plotted to get rid of Mary(and Elizabeth, as he thought she would not go along w/(and Elizabeth, as he thought she would not go along w/
him)him) Edward thought succession would go to the maleEdward thought succession would go to the male
descendants ofdescendants ofMary TudorMary Tudor (Henry VIIIs sister)(Henry VIIIs sister)
There were no male heirs at that time, but it was assumedThere were no male heirs at that time, but it was assumedsomeone would have a son eventuallybut then Edwardssomeone would have a son eventuallybut then Edwardshealth went into rapid decline, and time was running outhealth went into rapid decline, and time was running out
On his deathbed, Edward changed his will to indicate thatOn his deathbed, Edward changed his will to indicate thatLady Jane Grey (and not her male heirs) should succeedLady Jane Grey (and not her male heirs) should succeedhimhim
When Edward died, Jane became the queen, but Mary alsoWhen Edward died, Jane became the queen, but Mary alsoproclaimed herself the queenproclaimed herself the queen when Janes army faltered,when Janes army faltered,the council abandoned herthe council abandoned her
When Mary recaptured the throne she had Seymour andWhen Mary recaptured the throne she had Seymour andJane executed (Jane was queen for 9 days)...Jane executed (Jane was queen for 9 days)...
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Mary I (Bloody Mary)Mary I (Bloody Mary)Mary was the daughter ofHenryMary was the daughter ofHenry
VIII andVIII and Catharine of AragonCatharine of Aragon..During her childhood, Mary wasDuring her childhood, Mary was
persecuted by Henry when hepersecuted by Henry when hewanted to annul his marriage to herwanted to annul his marriage to her
mother.mother.
As Queen she attempted to restoreAs Queen she attempted to restoreCatholicism, and she married theCatholicism, and she married the
youngyoung PhilipPhilip from Spain.from Spain.
She also had more than 300She also had more than 300Protestants killed.Protestants killed.
None of these actions was popularNone of these actions was popularwith the now firmly entrenchedwith the now firmly entrenched
Protestant EnglandProtestant England
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Mary pressured Elizabeth to convert to CatholicismMary pressured Elizabeth to convert to Catholicism sheshe
learned to go thru the motionslearned to go thru the motions
Mary turned against Eliz. anywayMary turned against Eliz. anyway saw her as a threatsaw her as a threat
She wanted a husband to play the necessary chivalric role;She wanted a husband to play the necessary chivalric role;
at this time Charles V offered his handsome 26 yr old sonat this time Charles V offered his handsome 26 yr old son
Philip (she was 37 and less attractive)Philip (she was 37 and less attractive)
Spain was looking for an alliance w/ Eng. against FranceSpain was looking for an alliance w/ Eng. against France
and hoped a reand hoped a re--Catholicized Eng. would help Spain againstCatholicized Eng. would help Spain against
the revolt in the Netherlandsthe revolt in the Netherlands
Many in Eng. never accepted her marriage to Philip =Many in Eng. never accepted her marriage to Philip =
xenophobia!xenophobia!
A rebellion erupted against Mary (=Wyatts rebellion)A rebellion erupted against Mary (=Wyatts rebellion) Eliz. was connected to it, and ended up in the TowerEliz. was connected to it, and ended up in the Tower
But she admitted nothing and was spared, finding herselfBut she admitted nothing and was spared, finding herself
instead under house arrestinstead under house arrest
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But Mary and Philip had trouble conceiving aBut Mary and Philip had trouble conceiving a
childPhilip decided to leave and pursue other kingdomschildPhilip decided to leave and pursue other kingdomsinsteadand he came to favour Elizabeth over Mary as heinsteadand he came to favour Elizabeth over Mary as he
thought it was better for the Habsburgs (w/o Eliz., thethought it was better for the Habsburgs (w/o Eliz., the
other successor was Mary, Queen of Scots, who would haveother successor was Mary, Queen of Scots, who would have
allied with France)allied with France)
Philip had managed to take Eng. into a war w/ Fr., and thePhilip had managed to take Eng. into a war w/ Fr., and theEng. lost the fortress of CalaisEng. lost the fortress of Calais
Marys regime had failed, and was unpopular anyway withMarys regime had failed, and was unpopular anyway with
the 100s of burningsthe 100s of burnings
When Mary died peacefully, Elizabeth acceded to theWhen Mary died peacefully, Elizabeth acceded to thethrone peacefullythrone peacefully she was proclaimed in only 6 hrs. asshe was proclaimed in only 6 hrs. as
having the lawful right and title to the crownhaving the lawful right and title to the crown
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Elizabeth IElizabeth IThe redThe red--haired daughter ofhaired daughter of
Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn,Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn,
she became Englands greatestshe became Englands greatest
leader. She kept control ofleader. She kept control of
England by refusing to marryEngland by refusing to marry
anyone and playing one nobleanyone and playing one nobleagainst anotheragainst another many hopingmany hoping
to marry the Queen. She keptto marry the Queen. She kept
religious wars down, advancedreligious wars down, advanced
exploration, became a patronexploration, became a patron
of the arts, and broughtof the arts, and broughtEngland to the position ofEngland to the position of
world power with the defeat ofworld power with the defeat of
the Spanish Armadathe Spanish Armada
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Elizabeth worked hard to avoid religious conflictElizabeth worked hard to avoid religious conflict whenwhen
theHouse of Lords blocked some of her religious bills, shetheHouse of Lords blocked some of her religious bills, she
prorogued Parliament and went to the Chapel Royale,prorogued Parliament and went to the Chapel Royale,
where a wooden table had replaced the stone altar andwhere a wooden table had replaced the stone altar and
mass was in English (not Latin)mass was in English (not Latin)
She also organized public debates on religion, where theShe also organized public debates on religion, where the
Protestants were given every advantageProtestants were given every advantage
And in future H. of L. votes, she made sure certain LordsAnd in future H. of L. votes, she made sure certain Lordswere absentwere absent
w/ that, the Church of England was again entrenchedw/ that, the Church of England was again entrenched
oaths were required, and any nonoaths were required, and any non--compliant bishops werecompliant bishops were
dismisseddismissed but she kept the punishments for heresybut she kept the punishments for heresylightCatholics went into hiding, but she largely turned alightCatholics went into hiding, but she largely turned a
blind eye as long as public demonstrations didnt occurblind eye as long as public demonstrations didnt occur
She also kept a certain degree of church ceremony; as aShe also kept a certain degree of church ceremony; as a
monarch, she saw the advantage of ritualmonarch, she saw the advantage of ritual
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Mary (Stuart), Queen of ScotsMary (Stuart), Queen of Scots
Mary was the daughter of James VMary was the daughter of James Vand destined to be the Queen ofand destined to be the Queen ofFrance.France.
When Francois II died, she cameWhen Francois II died, she cameback to be Queen of Scotland.back to be Queen of Scotland.
English Catholics believed that sheEnglish Catholics believed that shewas the only legitimate heir afterwas the only legitimate heir afterMary Is deathMary Is death they rallied aroundthey rallied around
her.her.
Given the threat, Mary was broughtGiven the threat, Mary was broughtto Eng. as a guest (prisoner)to Eng. as a guest (prisoner)
This again raised the successionThis again raised the successionissuethe Protestant Elizabeth had aissuethe Protestant Elizabeth had a
Catholic successorand Mary becameCatholic successorand Mary becamemore Catholicmore Catholic
w/ Mary as a symbol, rebellion beganw/ Mary as a symbol, rebellion began
in the countrysidein the countryside
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The Pope entered into things, saying Elizabeth was aThe Pope entered into things, saying Elizabeth was a
hereticso Elizabeth became a more hardhereticso Elizabeth became a more hard--line Protestantline Protestant
At this pt, English Catholics turned to Spain for help (andAt this pt, English Catholics turned to Spain for help (and
Spain was antiSpain was anti--Elizabeth as she supported piracy in theElizabeth as she supported piracy in the
New World and had aided the Dutch Revolt)New World and had aided the Dutch Revolt)
When proof of Marys treachery came to light, Elizabeth IWhen proof of Marys treachery came to light, Elizabeth I
had her executedSpain attacked, but the Armadahad her executedSpain attacked, but the Armadafailedfailed
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JAMES IJAMES I James I of England wasJames I of England was
James VI of Scotland.James VI of Scotland.His mother wasHis mother was MaryMaryQueen of Scots,Queen of Scots, and atand atElizabeth Is death,Elizabeth Is death,
James was named herJames was named herheir.heir.
A Catholic, he wasA Catholic, he wasknown for theknown for the
authorization of theauthorization of theKing James Version ofKing James Version ofthe Bible, as well as forthe Bible, as well as forbeing the Wisest Fool inbeing the Wisest Fool inChristendom.Christendom.