Post on 18-Dec-2015
16th and 17th Centuries: feudalism was being erased by powerful monarchies
Powerful kingdoms were created by these monarchs
Most monarchs ruled by absolutismThe people believed in divine right of kings
Controlled by a very powerful family—the Hapsburgsthe Hapsburgs held power in most of Western Europe
The Spanish Hapsburgs were cousins to the Hapsburgs that controlled the Holy Roman Empire
The family controlled:SpainNetherlandsMilan (in Italy)BurgundyParts of PortugalNew World
I. Spain
Philip II (1556-1598):Philip: most powerful Spanish monarchVERY CatholicSaw himself as the defender of the Catholic faithTried to end Protestantism faiths while he was
kingSupported the Inquisition to rid Europe of all non-
CatholicsAttempted to increase Hapsburg power in Europe
by getting into many warsThese wars were NOT good for Spain
Very hard working kingDid NOT trust people/suspicious of everyoneNOT a good decision maker
Philip had a large empire to controlAlthough Spain was unified, the different
territories of Spain still had some independence
Philip favored one Spanish territory—CastileAll of his advisors came from CastilePhilip placed his capital (Madrid) in the
territory of CastileThis favoritism made the territory of Aragon
angry1590s: Aragon revolted—unsuccessfully—
against Philip
Philip tried to force the Netherlands to become Catholic
The people of the Netherlands (Protestants) resisted
A bloody war erupted between the Netherlands and Spain
1581: Netherlands claimed their independence from Spain
England gave the Netherlands some assistance
The Netherlands will gain their independenceEngland’s aid to the Netherlands angered
Philip
Philip was angry because he was heart broken
He had wanted to make Queen Elizabeth his wife
He had defended her on many occasions—even defying the Pope to protect her
******TELL STORY******Philip vowed to remove Elizabeth from the
English throne1586: Philip begins a plan to invade EnglandPhilip took 2 years to amass the money,
forces, and resources he neededElizabeth’s spies kept her aware of Philip’s
plans
May 30, 1588: Philip sent 130 ships and 33,000 men to invade England (Spanish Armada)
Elizabeth and England were waiting for the Spanish
England had better and faster ships with cannon that shoot further than the Spanish cannon
*****TELL STORY******The English were able to defeat the Spanish
Armada with the “help of God”
After their loss to England, Spain began to fall in power
Spain had lost lots of money in warsLittle $ left to run the kingdomSpain had to borrow money from foreign
banksSpain’s economy was in declineAgriculture and industry were in declinePhilip had to declare bankruptcy 3 times
Philip II died leaving his nation’s problems to his successors
Philip III (Philip’s II son) was weakPhilip IV (Philip’s III son) was also weak1640s: Spain experienced a food shortage1647: the plague came back to SpainThe Spanish people were scaredMany began to rebel
Charles II—Last of the Spanish Hapsburgs:
1665: Philip IV died His son, Charles II, took the Spanish throneCharles was only 4-years oldCharles’ mom ruled in his placeCharles was physically and mentally weak—
not a good kingCharles had no heir to his throneUpon his death, the different monarchs of
Europe argued over who would be the next monarch of Spain
II. EnglandTudor Dynasty developed a strong monarchy
in EnglandTudors controlled England from 1485-1603Tudor monarchs improved their power and
allowed for orderTudor monarchs also allowed Parliament to
gain more power in England
Henry VII:1st Tudor MonarchMade England prosperousExpanded foreign tradeImproved tax collectionAvoided major wars
Henry VII
Henry VIII:2nd Tudor monarchThe most powerful Tudor monarchEntangled England into many warsTurned England into a naval powerMost famous for his numerous marriages—6
in allHe did work with Parliament to break
England away from the Catholic ChurchDied in 1547, leaving his 9-year old son
Edward as kingEdward died in 1553 at the age of 16
Mary (“Bloody Mary”):Attempted to return England to the Catholic
faith1554: she married Philip II of Spain1555: re-instated Catholicism in EnglandShe burned over 300 ProtestantsShe died before having any kidsUpon her death, the throne passed to her ½
sister
Elizabeth (the Fairy Queen):1558: assumes the throne at age 25Shrewd, educated, and stubbornWould visit her people and stay in their
homesEngland entered the English Renaissance
under her reignMany wanted her to take a husband and
allow him to rule the kingdomShe never eagerly search out for a husbandUsed a council of 19 nobles to help her ruleParliament controlled $ under her reign
Created laws and policies to regulated the lives of her peopleStatute of Apprentices of 1563: said work
was a social and moral dutyPoor laws of 1597 & 1601: made local areas
responsible for their homeless and unemployed
England was in severe debt under ElizabethShe carefully spent the nation’s money—
garnering the nickname “pinchpenny”To raise $ for England, she:
Sold royal landSold royal officesSold licensesAllowed for monopoliesCollected custom taxes
Most of her attempts to get $ were not enough
She was forced to turn to Parliament to get $ through taxation
Elizabeth’s foreign policy:The greatest threats to England were France
and SpainElizabeth knew she could defeat each
individually, but not a combined/unified France and Spain
She came up with a plan to keep her kingdom safe
Her balance of power was simple:If Spain became too powerful, she (England)
would side with FranceIf France became too powerful, she (England)
would side with SpainEngland acted like the balancer
Elizabeth also had to worry about problems closer to home—Scotland and IrelandElizabeth did not want Ireland or Scotland to
ally with France or Spain1550s: Scotland was Catholic and hostile to
England1560s: Elizabeth helped Scotland become
Protestant and an English allyPart of Ireland was controlled by England and
resisted English rule1560s: She allied with Ireland
1603: Elizabeth dies childlessThe Tudor dynasty died with herKing James VI of Scotland becomes King
James I of England James created a new English Dynasty--Stuart
Dynasty
III. FranceHenry IV (Henry Navarre) (1589-1610):Started the Bourbon Dynasty in FranceStarted life as a Huguenot (French Protestant)Converted to Catholicism before becoming kingIssued the Edict of Nantes to end the religious
feuds in France in 1598Allowed Protestant to worship their ideas in areas
that were mainly ProtestantIn Catholic areas, Protestants could not worshipProtestants started creating their own citiesAllowed Protestants to create fortified towns/cities
Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu:1610: Henry IV died leaving the throne to his
son Louis XIIILouis was only 9-years oldLouis’ mom (Marie de Medici) served as
regent for 7 years1617: @ the age of 16, Louis overthrew his
mom and took the French throneMarie convinced her son to take Cardinal
Richelieu as his main advisor
Louis will turn over ALL government control to Cardinal Richelieu
Richelieu attempted to create an absolute monarchy in FranceHe needed to take power away from the noblesHe needed to take power away from the
ProtestantsHe destroyed nobles’ castles until they
relinquished their powerHe kept the Edict of Nantes allowing
religious freedom, but took away the Protestants rights to fortified townsProtestants had to tear down their city/town
walls
Richelieu then set out to make France into a powerful nation
He made the army powerfulHe strengthened the economy of FranceHe created the French Academy to teach
people French Culture
Louis XIV (1643-1715):1643: Louis XIII died leaving his son, Louis
XIVLouis XIV was only 5-years oldLouis had 2 regents
His mom—Anne of AustriaCardinal Mazarin (he took over when Richelieu
died)1661: Louis XIV took over the throne for real
at the age of 23
Louis ruled over France for 72 yearsNicknamed the “Sun King”
He believed that everything in France revolved around him
He was very powerfulLived a lavish, kingly life
He did not live in Paris, but built a new palace at VersaillesThe palace was a symbol of his power, wealth,
and glory
Louis XIV had a tax system that brought in little $The Poor paid heavy taxesNobles, clergy, and government officials did
NOT have to pay taxes
Louis also made changes in religionHe feared the Huguenots would try to remove
him as king1685: he repealed the Edict of Nantes
The Huguenots and other Protestants in France were not allowed to practice their faith
Protestants were forced to send their kids to Catholic school
Many Protestants left France
War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713):Louis XIV wanted to expand FranceLouis saw his opportunity in Spain with the weak
King Charles IILouis had convinced Charles to leave the Spanish
throne to one of Louis’ grandsons--Philip of AnjouRemember, Charles was weak in mind
Charles’ will stated that Philip of Anjou would take over Spain when Charles died
A Frenchman taking over Spain angered Charles’ Hapsburg cousins in Austria
Other nations did not want France to have influence in Spain—offset of the balance of power
Charles died, the Spanish throne passed to Philip of Anjou—he became Philip V of Spain
Most of Europe was against having Louis’ XIV grandson as the Spanish king—war erupts
The War of Spanish Succession lasted from 1701-1713
The two sides in the war:England, the Dutch, Austria vs. France and
Spain1713: the war ended with the Treaty of
UtrechtBoth England and the Dutch accepted Philip V
as king of SpainFrance and Spain could NOT be united under
one kingFrance lost some land in the New World
The war left France financially weakWhen Louis XIV died in 1715, France was in
financial ruinBy the end of the 1700s, France would be in
revolution
The Hapsburg family remained strong in the German states—especially Austria
German Hapsburgs were attempting to create their own absolute monarchy
This attempt caused problems between Catholics and Protestants—the Thirty Years’ War
All nations of Europe fought in the Thirty Years’ War except England
IV. German States:
Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648):After 1555: Tensions were growing between
Catholic and Protestants in the HRECalvinism was spreading rapidly in the HREHRE (Germany) was NOT unified—divided
into 300 little states with their own rulers (princes)
Many of these princes resisted Hapsburg rule
1618: the Thirty Years’ War started in the German state of Bohemia
Ferdinand of Styria became the new ruler of Bohemia
Ferdinand was a devout Catholic and wanted to help the Hapsburgs create an absolute monarchy in the HRE
Ferdinand went after the Protestant Czechs living in BohemiaHe took away the Protestant Czechs ability to
worship freely in BohemiaThe Czechs rebelled, starting a war1620: Ferdinand had put down the rebellion, but
the war did not stop—other parts of the HRE and other European nations had joined the war
Denmark—Protestant—joined the war against the Catholic HapsburgsDenmark wanted to gain some German landDenmark was defeated
Sweden—Protestant—joined the war against the Catholic HapsburgsSweden wanted to gain some German land
1635: France—Catholic—joined the war AGAINST the Catholic HapsburgsCardinal Richelieu was afraid to have a
powerful nation on France’s bordersThe war had become more about politics than
religion
Treaty of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years’ WarAdded the Calvinist religion as a recognized
religion in the HREThe HRE remained divided into 300 states—
Hapsburgs did NOT create their absolute monarchy
State of Austria—Maria Theresa:1648: Hapsburgs created a strong Monarchy
in the state of AustriaAustria became the most powerful German
state in the HRE1740: Maria Theresa became the new
ruler of AustriaShe was just 23 years oldShe was a very good leaderClever and resourcefulCreated a strong Austrian government
Just one problem, it was illegal for a female to rule Austria
Charles VI—Maria’s father—had created the Pragmatic Sanction in 1713 in case he had no sonsThe document said that all of Europe’s rulers
would promise NOT to divide up Hapsburg lands
Would also allow a female to rule Austria
Prussia—Frederick II (“Frederick the Great”):
1740: Frederick II became ruler over the state of Prussia
Prussia was gaining lots of power in the HREFrederick wanted to expand Prussia
He began seized Austrian land--SilesiaHis seizing of Silesia broke the Pragmatic
SanctionWar will erupt between the states of Austria
and Prussia—The War of Austrian Succession
War of Austrian Succession (1741-1748):Prussia had a powerful militaryMaria Theresa did NOT want to go to war, but was
forced to—she did not want to lose her land***Austria received help from England and the
Netherlands******Prussia received aid from France and Spain***The war ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Frederick would keep SilesiaMaria Theresa was allowed to continue her rule of
the rest of AustriaMaria Theresa was angry at the treaty, resulting in a
2nd war
Seven Years’ War (1756-1763):Maria Theresa changed her alliances
Austria allied with France and RussiaPrussia and Austria continued to fight over SilesiaThe war was also fought in the New World—The
French and Indian WarFrance and England were fighting over land in the
New WorldEngland will win the French and Indian War
Both wars ended with the Treaty of Paris Frederick kept SilesiaMaria kept the rest of AustriaEngland received Canada and all land East of the
Mississippi RiverEngland became the leading power in India
Russia had remained isolated from the rest of Europe
Developed its own civilization based onEastern Orthodox ChurchByzantine Empire
The monarchy in Russia was absoluteThe monarchy was able to crush anyone in its
path
V. Russia
Ivan IV (1533-1584):One of the most powerful early czars (tsars)Nicknames “Ivan the Terrible”Became czar at age 3While growing up, he witnessed lots of fighting
between rival noble groupsAs an adult, he did not trust the noblesHe increased Russian trade and contact with
Western EuropeDeveloped a strong army
Attempted to expand with this armyWanted to gain a warm water seaport for Russia,
but failed
Peter the Great (Peter I):An impressive sized man—nearly 7-feet tallVery powerfulWanted to turn Russia into a modern nationRealized that Russia had a limited knowledge
of the worldDiscovered that most Russians were illiterateStudied England and the NetherlandsForced the Russian people to adopt and use
Western European ways
Sent people to study in Western European schoolsShipbuildingLanguagesmath
Expanded Russia1689: he claimed Siberia1721: defeated the Swedes and gained control
of the Baltic coastlineHe built himself a new capital on the Baltic—
St. Petersburg
Peter created the dvorianie in Russia—a new class of nobilityTheses nobles were loyal to the czar for lifeIn return, the nobles received landThe dvorianie controlled Russia’s peasants
Peter tried to copy France’s style of government
He copied the French tax system—bad ideaThe nobles paid NO taxesThe poor were heavily taxed
Peter created the Holy SynodThese were bishops controlled by Peter
Peter’s reforms made Russian stronger in foreign affairs
Inside Russia, Russian culture was nearly destroyed
Catherine the Great (1762-1796):Born in Germany—not RussianFormer wife to Czar Peter IIISeized power from her husband in 1762Heavily influenced by western ideasRussian commoners lost lots of rights under
her ruleHad great foreign policy—why she is called
GreatExpanded Russia’s bordersSecured a warm water seaport on the Black
SeaRussia’s last true absolute monarch