The Romantic Period

1785-1830

Monarchies and Empires

France: The House of Bourbon

France: The House of BourbonBourbon Dynasty

1643 - 1715   Louis XIV (the Sun King) 1715 - 1774   Louis XV (the Beloved)

1774 - 1792   Louis XVI

First Republic 1792-1804 [Louis XVII]Bonaparte Dynasty First Empire

1804-1815 Napoleon

Bourbon Dynasty Restored1815-1824 Louis XVIII

Spain: The House of Bourbon

http://www.answers.com/topic/spain-familytree-png-1

Russia: The Romanovs

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Romanov_family_tree.jpg

England: The House of Hanover

ROMANTIC REVOLUTIONS

American Revolution1775-1783

1763: Britain began to impose taxes upon the colonies which were viewed as illegal Broad intellectual and social shifts

republican ideals: liberty and rights as central values, makes the people as a whole sovereign, rejects aristocracy and inherited political power, expects citizens to be independent and calls on them to perform civic duties, and is strongly opposed to corruption.

liberal democracy: representative democracy (with free and fair elections) along with the protection of minorities, the rule of law, a separation of powers, and protection of liberties (thus the name liberal) of speech, assembly, religion, and property.

Colonies’ alliance with France 1776: Declaration of Independence 1787: Constitution and Bill of Rights

Tom Paine1737-1809

Quaker Met Ben Franklin in London –

who advised him to move to America

1776: Common Sense: attacked British monarchy and argued for American independence

1787: Returned to Britain 1791: The Rights of Man: proposed

universal male suffrage, progressive taxes, family allowances, old age pensions, maternity grants and abolition of House of Lords

1792: Became a French citizen and elected to National Convention – opposed execution of Louis XVI

1794: Age of Reason: questioned truth of Old Testament and Christianity

1802: returned to America Auguste Milliere, Thomas PaineNational Portrait Gallery, London

French Revolution and Napoleon1789-1815

1789: Fall of Bastille and Declaration of the Rights of Man 1792: September Massacres of imprisoned nobility 1793: The Reign of Terror

Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette France declared war against Britain

1794: Fall of Robespierre 1804: Napoleon crowned Emperor of France 1815: Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo

Jean-Pierre Louis Laurent Houel (1735-1813), Prise de la Bastille ("The storm of the Bastille").

Eugene DelacroixLiberty Leading the People

1812: Napoleon in his study

1800: Napoleon at St. Bernard 1804: The coronation

Images of NapoleonByJacques LouisDavid

1797:The Young General

Jacques Louis David, 1805-07 The coronation of the Emperor Napoleon I

Edmund Burke1729-97

Anglo-Irish statesman and philosopher

1756: A Vindication of Natural Society: A View of the Miseries and Evils Arising to Mankind: treatise on anarchy

1757: A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful: treatise on aesthetics

1765-94: Whig member of House of Commons

Opposed absolute monarchy and supported American colonies against the king

1790: Reflections on the Revolution in France: saw French Revolution as a violent rebellion against tradition which would end in disaster.

Joshua Reynolds, Edmund BurkeScottish National Portrait Gallery

Mary Wollstonecraft

1759-97

Professional writer, philosopher and feminist

1790: Vindication of the Rights of Men: response to Burke in defense of the ideals of the French Revolution

1792: A Vindication of the Rights of Women

1794: An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution

1796: Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark

1797: married William Godwin

Died of childbirth fever 1798: William Godwin

published Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Official British Reaction to the French Revolution

Curtailment of civil liberties and harsh repression suspension of the writ of habeus corpus advocates of political change charged with

treason 1791: Rejection of a bill to abolish the slave

trade 1793: declaration of war against France

Napoleonic Wars1805-1815

William Sadler, The Battle of Waterloo

Industrial Revolution

Power-driven machinery replaced hand labor 1765: James Watt – the steam engine

Industry moved from homes and workshops to factories

Population moved from agricultural countryside to industrial cities

Enclosure of “commons” into privately owned estates

Laissez faire economic policy – free operation of economic laws –governmental non-interference 1776: Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations

CLASSICISM vs. ROMANTICISM

Neo-Classicism vs Romanticism

Greek/Roman influence Emphasis on Society Age of Reason

Rationality Philosophy Deism

Euro-centric Cities Enlightenment

Science

Medieval/Oriental influence Emphasis on Individual Age of Passion

Emotion Imagination Spirituality

Interest in the Exotic Nature: pastoral and wild Revolution

Social Justice

NATURENeo-Classical Romantic

Universal Subject to human control Gardens Source of peace and

tranquillity Untamed nature:

dangerous/evil

Particular Beyond human control Mountains, oceans,

forests Source of inspiration and

spirituality Untamed nature:

exhilarating/sublime

Gainsborough, St James Park

Friedrich, Solitary Tree

LOVENeo-Classical Romantic

Universal Subject to human control Marriage

Social Contract Economic Contract Attraction between social

and intellectual equals Source of peace and

tranquillity

Particular Beyond human control Passion

Individual choice Search for soul-mate Forbidden attractions:

social, exotic, incestual Source of inspiration,

exhilaration and despair

Gaspar NetscherA Musical Evening

Caspar David Friedrich, Woman at Sunrise

William BlakeThe Enslavement of Experience

The Transcendance of Imagination

Neo-Classical

Artist Social Arbiter of Taste Elitist Moral Intellectual Critic

Louis Michel van Loo Portrait of Diderot

Romantic Artist

Loner Unconventional Amoral Genius Prophet

George Gordon Lord Byron

Lyric Poetry Search for an authentic language of feeling rather than

artifice Wordsworth: “the spontaneous overflow of powerful

feelings recollected in tranquility” 1st person voice of the poem – during this period usually

associated with the poet – sometimes biographical and confessional

Revived older poetic forms: blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter the sonnet the ballad the ode

The Poet as Rock Star

Keats Coleridge

WordsworthByron

Shelley

The Poet as Rock Star

Leopardi Heine

PushkinNovalis

Romantic Prose Genres

Literary criticism The Novel

Historical novels Novels of manners Novels of sensibility Gothic novels

Autobiography

Literary Criticism Literary critics became

the arbiters of taste Debate over the artistic

value as well as the utilitarian value of critical literature

1802: Edinburgh Review

1809: Quarterly Review

William Hazlitt

Charles Lamb

Thomas DeQuincy

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Historical Novels

Novels that reconstruct a past age, often when two cultures are in conflict

Fictional characters interact with with historical figures in actual events

Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) is considered the father of the historical novel: The Waverly Novels (1814-1819) and Ivanhoe (1819)

Jane Austen and the Novel of Manners

Novels dominated by the customs, manners, conventional behavior and habits of a particular social class

Often concerned with courtship and marriage

Realistic and sometimes satiric Focus on domestic society rather

than the larger world Other novelists of manners:

Anthony Trollope, Edith Wharton, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Margaret Drabble

Novels of Sentiment Novels in which the characters, and thus the

readers, have a heightened emotional response to events

Connected to emerging Romantic movement Laurence Sterne (1713-1768):

Tristam Shandy (1760-67) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832):

The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) Francois Rene de Chateaubriand (1768-1848):

Atala (1801) and Rene (1802) The Brontës: Anne Brontë Agnes Grey (1847)

Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights (1847), Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre (1847)

Laurence Sterne bySir Joshua Reynolds

The BrontësCharlotte (1816-55), Emily (1818-48), Anne

(1820-49) Wuthering Heights and Jane

Eyre transcend sentiment into myth-making

Wuthering Heights plumbs the psychic unconscious in a search for wholeness, while Jane Eyre narrates the female quest for individuation

Brontë.info: website of Brontë Society and Haworth Parsonage

The Victorian Webportrait by Branwell Brontë of his sisters,

Anne, Emily, and Charlotte (c. 1834)

Gothic Novels

Novels characterized by magic, mystery and horror

Exotic settings – medieval, Oriental, etc. Originated with Horace Walpole’s Castle

of Otranto (1764) William Beckford: Vathek, An Arabian

Tale (1786) Anne Radcliffe: 5 novels (1789-97)

including The Mysteries of Udolpho Widely popular genre throughout Europe

and America: Charles Brockden Brown’s Wieland (1798)

Contemporary Gothic novelists include Anne Rice and Stephen King

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley

1797-1851 Inspired by a dream in reaction to a

challenge to write a ghost story

Published in 1817 (rev. ed. 1831)

A Gothic novel influenced by Promethean myth

The first science fiction novel

Autobiography The term was first used by the poet Robert Southey

in 1809 in the English periodical Quarterly Review Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Confessions

(1781-88) Dorothy Wordsworth, The Grasmere Journals

(1799+) Thomas De Quincey, Confessions of an Opium

Eater, 1822 Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of rederick

Douglass, An American Slave, (1845)