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Bryce K. Peterson, MS4
The Ohio State University
College of Medicine
6 March 2010
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Introduction
Background to Harveys storyWm Harvey
Other medical discoveries
Conclusion
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Map of Mars
with canalsdiscovered by
early telescope
Current
photographof Mars
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Galen
VesaliusColombo
Fabricius
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Galen of Pergamum, 2nd C. A.D.
Originally studied philosophy
Anatomic studies unsurpassed until Vesalius (16th C)
Suggested muscles controlled via nerves after his
experiments with nerve ligation
Endorsed Hippocrates (5th C. B.C.)ideas of 4 humors
Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile, Black Bile
However, experimentation led Galen to reject
Hippocrates idea that arteries contained pneuma only Arteries from heart drew air through pores of skin,
blood from liver in veins during diastole, combininginto sooty vapor
Sooty vapor crossed septum to LV, to be exhaled
This interpretation lasted until the 15th C.
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Medical Renaissance of the 16th C.
Return to original Greek writing
Discard Latin/Arabic interpretations
of past 12 C.
Greek Galenic Codex published 1525 (600 titles!)
Vesalius
Trained by conservative Galenic physician at Padua
Studied anatomy via human dissection
De humani corporis fabrica, 1543
Rejected Galens assumptions
Explicitly showed ventricular septum was not permeable
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Vesaliuss successor at Padua
Tried to establish himself through
public schism with mentor De re anatomica (1559) suggested thatGalenic model of Air/Blood mixing in RVwas baseless
Logical analysis of components, and their size RV, pulm. artery, lungs
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Father of Embryology, Padua
1603 - Discovered valves in
veins Assumed to retard flow, allowing
symmetric distribution regulating volume, not flow
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Background
Experiments & Conclusions
Publish
De motu cordis
Impact
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Cambridge man (Caius College) Aristotelian, archaic education
Padua
Famed medical school of Europe
know I tread but the steps of other menwho have lighted me the way, and (so farre as
is fit) I make use of their notions. But in chief,of all the Ancients, I follow Aristotle; and of thelater Writers, [Fabricius], Him as my General,and this as my Guide.
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I do not profess either to learn or to teachanatomy from books or from the maxims of
philosophers but from dissections and fromthe fabric of nature
Harvey repeated Colombos experiments
Same results
Different conclusion
Argued that venous valves do not prevent pooling
Jugular valves are backwards, if this is the case
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Logical analysis
Calculation:
Heart rate, heart size
3.5 lbs of blood in 30 minutes
Inspection:4 lbs of blood in human body
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Original experiments on vasculature vialigatures
Blood could not be forced distal to heart past avenous valve
Impossible to draw blood at venous valve
Observed pulse remained, veins distended
further in arm when ligated Surmised connection b/n arterial/venous
systems
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Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis etsanguinis in animalibus, 1628
1. The heart continuously pumps largevolumes of blood
Far more than could be explained by conversionfrom food
2.The Vena Cava sees more blood than thebody contains
3. The veins unceasingly return blood to heart
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De motu cordis
Presented the mechanical model of
closed circulation with pulmonary andsystemic components
Clung to his Aristotlean physiology
Heart distributed heat throughout the body
The heart envivified the blood, allowingit to carry some component to tissue, afterwhich it coagulated
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Debated heatedly
Primrose, Descartes, Bartholin
New Scientific Method? No.
Did not abandon Aristotlean magical physiology
Generally accepted by ~1650
His own clinic suffered
New ideas frightened off patients
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The major influence of Harveys work:
Attack on Galenic physiology
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Is progress always progress?
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Phalacrophobia
Peladophobia
fear of becoming bald
fear of bald people
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Prophylaxis of Baldness JAMA1903
If anyone had insisted 25 years ago that
tuberculosis was only slightly hereditary,but distinctly communicable, they wouldhave been laughed at. The germ theoryhas now become a doctrine of ever
widening scope, and we realize thatmany affections aredirectlycommunicable and only a fewhereditary. . .
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Premature baldness is practicallyalways associated with the presence
of certain bacteria.
Relative ischemia caused by
hatbands likely contributes tocondition by decreased immuneresponse
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Clinical prophylaxis:
Greater care should be taken with
regard to brushes and combs, especiallyin families in which early baldness is therule.
The hair brush should be dipped inantiseptic
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These precautions may seem a highprice to pay for the prophylaxis of
premature baldness, and many willprefer to take the chance ofbecoming bald, but some have such
a horror of the affliction that theywill willingly put themselves to suchtrouble to prevent it.
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Described accurately by Brinton, 1857
Etiological scope as broad as a good DDx
old age
privation
fatigue
mental anxiety
intemperance
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ACIDIFICATION
Due to focal infection
Lead to many procedures Extractions
Appendectomies
Colectomies
Colostomies
Fell out of favor in 1930s
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Psychological Factors
shell shock
the increasing demands of the industrialized world
Racial factors
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Progress is viewed through a human filter
Physician vs. Surgeon
Current paradigms
Ideology
to point this out is not in any way to denigratebiomedical science . . . it is merely to remindpractitioners that it would be wise to recognize
the contingent nature of etiologicalexplanations and therapies.
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I do not profess to learn or to teachanatomy from books or from the
maxims of philosophers but fromdissections and from the fabric ofnature. Wm Harvey
Skepticism vs. Acceptance
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1. Conrad, Lawrence, Michael Neve, Vivian Nutton, et. al. The WesternMedical Tradition. Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press,
1995.2. French, Roger. William Harvey's Natural Philosophy. Cambridge,
England, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
3. Harvey, William, Gweneth Whitteridge, ed., De Motv Locali Animalivm.Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press, 1959.
4. Harvey, William, Gweneth Whitteridge, ed., The Movement of the Heart
& Blood. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, England, 1976.5. Harvey, William, Kenneth Franklin, ed. The Circulation of the Blood and
Other Writings. J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., London, England, 1979.
6. Magner, Lois. A History of Medicine. New York City, New York, MarcelDekker, Inc., 1992.
7. Porter, Roy. Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, England, 2001.
8. Porter, Roy. The Greatest Benefit of Mankind. Harper Collins Publishers,Ltd., NYC, USA, 1997.
9. Whitteridge, Gweneth. William Harvey and the Circulation of the Blood.MacDonald, London, England, 1971.