Post on 12-Mar-2020
Wildlife Conservation Plan
For Proposed Treated Waste Water
Discharge Pipeline Through Marine
Sanctuary Area Near Mithapur in
Gulf of Kutch, Devbhumi Dwarika
District, Gujarat State
Dr. Bharat JethvaNABET Accredited,
Functional Area Expert, Ecology &
Biodiversity
Gandhinagar, Gujarat
April-2015
Prepared by
Wildlife Conservation Plan
For Proposed Treated Waste Water
Discharge Pipeline Through Marine
Sanctuary Area Near Mithapur in
Gulf of Kutch, Devbhumi Dwarika
District, Gujarat State
Study Prepared by
Dr. Bharat Jethva NABET Accredited,
Functional Area Expert, Ecology & Biodiversity Gandhinagar, Gujarat
August-2015
CONTENT Sr. No
Page No
1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………. 1
1.1. Background …………………………………..…………………………………………… 1
1.2. Legal Framework ………………………………………………………………………… 2
1.3. Scope of Work…………………………………………………….……………………… 5
1.4. Objectives of the study ……………………………………………...…………………… 6
2 Study Area ………………………………..……………………………………………… 7
2.1. Project Location ………………….……………………………………………………… 7
2.2. Study Area ……….…………………………………………..…………………………… 8
2.3. Project activities ……….…………………………………………….…………………… 10
3 Methodology……………………………………………….…………………………….. 12
3.1. Basic frame work of data collection ………………………….………………………… 12
3.2. Field Surveys …………………..……………………….……...………………………… 12
3.3. Study of Flora …………………………..…………………………………………...…… 12
3.4. Study of Fauna …….…………………..…………………………………………...…… 13
3.5. Important wildlife habitats ….…………….…………………………………….……… 14
3.6. Rare, endangered and endemic wildlife species and their corridors ….…………… 14
3.7. Literature Review ………………..…………………………………….…….…………… 15
3.8. Analysis to evaluate the potential impacts ……………………………….…………… 15
3.9. Preparation of Wildlife Conservation Action Plan: ……………………….…………… 15
3.10. Limitations of the study …………………………………………………………………. 15
4 Ecological Assessment …………………………………….…………….…………… 17
4.1. General Ecological Assessment ……………..….………………………………..…… 17
4.2. Protected areas & sensitive ecosystems in the study area ………………………... 18
4.3. Protected Areas ………………………………..….………………………………..…… 20
4.4. Flora ……………..….……………………………….………………..…………………… 20
4.5. Fauna …………..….……………………………….………………..…………………… 23
4.6. Wildlife corridors and breeding habitats ……………………….……………………… 31
4.7. Seaturtle nesting sites ………………………………………………………………….. 31
4.8. Coral reef ……………………………….………………………………..….…………… 32
5 Potential Impacts & Mitigations……………………………………..………. 35
5.1. Impacts on flora …………………………………………………….………………..…… 36
5.2. Impacts on mangroves ……………………….………………………..….…………… 36
5.3. Impacts on fauna ……………………….………………………………..….…………… 37
5.4. Impact on coral reef ……………………….……………………………..….…………… 39
5.5. Impact mitigation matrix……………………….………………………..….…………… 40
5.6. Proposed conservation actions………………………………………………………… 43
5.7. Financial layout for conservation activities ……………………………………….….. 44
6 Conclusions ………………………….………………………………..………. 45
7 References ……………………………………………………………..………………. 47
Annexure ……………………………………….…………...………………..…………… 48
List of Maps, Plates and Tables
No. Maps No.
2.1 Project location in Gujarat 7
2.2 Location of the proposed effluent discharge pipeline in Gulf of Kutch 10
4.1 Marine National Park & Sanctuary in Gulf of Kachchh and proposed pipeline corridor 19
4.2 Status of Coral Reef in Mitapur Bay 34
No Plates No.
4.1 Bird congregation near present effluent release point 29
5.1 Sparse mangrove cover on the proposed route of pipeline in intertidal area. 36
No. Tables No.
2.1 Details of the proposed effluent pipeline in Gulf of Kutchh 9
4.1 Protected areas and sensitive eco-systems in the study area 18
4.2 Checklist of reptiles reported from the study area 24
4.3 Inventory of birds reported from the study area with their conservation status 25
4.4 Inventory and conservation status of mammals reported from study area 30
6.1 General Impact vs mitigation matrix.
41
6.2 Proposed financial layout for wildlife conservation plan 44
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1. Introduction
1.1. Background
Tata Chemicals Limited (TCL), world‟s second largest producer of soda ash
has one of its chemical manufacturing plants located at Mithapur, Gujarat,
India. The Mithapur plant was established in the year 1939. The TCL
Mithapur facility produces soda ash, salt, marine chemicals and cement as
their main products. TCL Mithapur plant utilizes sea water for various
applications inside the Plant including for cooling applications. Concentrated
brine is the raw material for production of various chemicals in the Plant. The
plant generates treated waste water from its various processes which has to
be disposed off safely to avert the adverse effect on environment.
The chemical plant discharges the spent sea water after utilizing it for cooling
purposes in the plant. The soda ash and other chemical manufacturing
processes produces waste water which is currently discharged into the Gulf
of Kutch, through an open channel after treatment/settlement and dilution
with spent seawater released from plant cooling water system. The present
environmental regulations mandate the discharge of the diluted treated waste
water at selected outfall point through a closed conduit; instead of an open
channel.
With above background, TCL entrusted a study to National Institute of
Oceanography (NIO) to identify a suitable location for releasing the treated
effluents (2,40,000m3/d) in Gulf of Kutchh. NIO has also conducted
Environmental Impact Assessment Study and identified a suitable location in
the Gulf of Kutch for discharge of treated waste water through pipeline and
diffuser system. This location is Lat. 22° 24‟ 36” N, Long. 69° 04‟ 50”E. This is
in conformance to the requirement of MoEF notification G.S.R. 424(E)
Dated01.06.2011, regarding Soda Ash effluent standards. TATA Consulting
Engineers Limited (TCE) has carried out the feasibility study of the outfall
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system for disposal of diluted treated waste water at location suggested by
NIO in Gulf of Kutch.
To meet the above requirements, TCL propose to discharge the treated
waste water through pipeline and diffuser system. The proposed pipeline
corridor and marine outfall location is shown in map- 2.2.The proposed
pipeline would pass through Marine Sanctuary and its eco-sensitive zone.
Details of proposed treated waste water pipeline corridor within Marine
Sanctuary and Eco-sensitive zones are given in Table 2.1.
TCL has submitted proposal to Forest Department in prescribed Performa as
per MoEF Guidelines F. No. 6-10/2011 WL dated 19.12.2012 for taking up
non forestry activities in wildlife habitats. Following documents have been
submitted to State Forest Department along with said proposal:
1. Duly filled Part-I and Part-II of the Performa as per Annexure-1 of
MoEF Guidelines
2. Map showing the proposed project location within Marine sanctuary
area, Eco-sensitive zone and survey no. details towards terrestrial
area
3. Project Feasibility Study Report
4. Marine Environmental Impact Assessment Study Report
Forest Department has asked to submit Wildlife conservation plan for
proposed project activities. TCL engaged Green Support Services to carry
out detailed studies of wildlife & ecology and prepare a wildlife conservation
plan. Present study especially conducted for assessing the impacts of the
proposed project activities on the wildlife and flora fauna of the core and
buffer area of the project site and Marine Sanctuary area. The study also
carried out to suggest conservation and mitigation measures for Rare,
Endemic, Endangered and Threatened flora and fauna species if present in
the study area. This detailed study and wildlife conservation action plan shall
be submitted to Forest Authorities for approval of proposed project as per
MoEF Guidelines F. No. 6-10/2011 WL dated 19.12.2012 for taking up non
Wildlife conservation plan for proposed treated waste water discharge pipeline through Marine Sanctuary area and Eco-sensitive zone in Gulf of Kutch by Tata Chemicals Limited
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forestry activities in wildlife habitats (Marine Sanctuary and its Eco-sensitive
Zone)
1.2. Legal Framework
India as a matter of policy supports and encourages electricity, energy and
other developmental projects only if they are compatible with its biological,
physical, chemical and social environment. India as one of the centres of
mega diversity and as a signatory to various international conventions and
treaties, cares to conserve its biodiversity, natural habitats, and protect
migratory species in accordance with a strong legal framework of acts, laws,
rules and regulations. Any unmanageable and adverse impacts and activities
that are detrimental to its flora, fauna and biodiversity are prohibited by the
following acts/regulatory authorities:
1.2.1. Environment (Protection) Act (1986)
The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) is responsible for the
implementation and enforcement of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986,
and Rules issued under the Act under sections 3 and 5 of the EP Act, 1986.
The Ministry retains enormous powers to issue directions in the interests of
environment protection. The specific functions of MoEF are as follows:
Environmental policy planning; Effective implementation of legislation;
Monitoring and control of pollution; Environmental Clearances for industrial
and development projects covered under EIA notification; Promotion of
environmental education, training and awareness; and Forest conservation,
development, and wildlife protection.
1.2.2. Central Pollution Control Board
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) was established in September
1974, for the purpose of implementing provisions of the Water (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. The executive responsibilities for the
industrial pollution prevention and control are primarily executed by the
CPCB at the Central level, which is a statutory body, attached to the MoEF.
CPCB works towards control of water, air and noise pollution, land
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degradation and hazardous substances and waste management. The
specific functions of CPCB are as follows:-
Prevent pollution of streams and wells;
Advise the Central Government on matters concerning prevention,
control and abatement of water and air pollution;
Co-ordinate the activities of SPCB‟s and provide them with technical
and research assistance;
Establish and keep under review quality standards for surface and
groundwater and for air quality; Planning and execution of national
programme for the prevention, control and abatement of pollution
through the Water and Air Acts; and
The CPCB is responsible for the overall implementation and
monitoring of air and water pollution control under the Water Act,
1974, and the Air Act, 1981.
1.2.3. Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB)
Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) implements various environmental
legislations in the state of Gujarat, mainly including Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981, Water (Cess) Act, 1977 and some of the provisions under
Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 and the rules framed there under like,
Biomedical Waste Rules, 1998, Hazardous Waste Rules, 2000, Municipal
Solid Waste Rules, 2000 etc. GPCB is functioning under the administrative
control of Forest &Environment Department of Government ofGujarat. Some
of the important functions of GPCB are:-
To plan comprehensive program for the prevention, control or
abatement of pollution and secure executions thereof;
To collect and disseminate information relating to pollution and the
prevention;
Control or abatement thereof;
To inspect sewage or trade effluent treatment and disposal facilities,
and air pollution control systems and to review plans;
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Specification or any other data relating to the treatment plants;
Disposal systems and air pollution control systems in connection with
the consent granted;
Supporting and encouraging the developments in the fields of pollution
control;
Waste recycle reuse, eco-friendly practices etc.; to educate and guide
the entrepreneurs in improving environment by suggesting appropriate
pollution control technologies and techniques;
Creation of public awareness about the clean and healthy environment
and attending the public complaints regarding pollution.
1.2.4. Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972
The Government of India enacted Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 with the
objective of effectively protecting the wildlife of this country and to control
poaching, smuggling and illegal trade in wildlife and its derivatives. The Act
was amended in January 2003 and punishment and penalty for offences
under the Act have been made more stringent. The Ministry has proposed
further amendments in the law by introducing more rigid measures to
strengthen the Act. The objective is to provide protection to the listed
endangered flora and fauna and ecologically important protected areas.
1.2.5. The Biological Diversity Act 2002
This act was born out of India‟s attempt to realize the objectives enshrined in
the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992 which
recognizes the sovereign rights of states to use their own Biological
Resources. The Act aims at the conservation of biological resources and
associated knowledge as well as facilitating access to them in a sustainable
manner and through a just process for purposes of implementing the objects
of the Act it establishes the National Biodiversity Authority in Chennai.
1.3. Scope of Work
Scope of work for this study includes identification of ecologically sensitive
receptors based on literature survey and field investigations and their
mitigation with conservation action plan. The study was carried out
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particularly for proposed outfall/diffuser location and surrounding area that
does not fall within Marine Sanctuary area. The study was carried out
systematically and scientifically using primary and secondary data in order to
bring out factual information on the ecological conditions of the project site
and its surroundings.
The study involved assessment of general habitat type, vegetation pattern,
preparation of inventory flora and fauna of terrestrial ecosystem in 10 km
radius from the boundary of project site. Biological assessment of the site
was done to identify whether there are any rare or endangered or endemic or
threatened (REET) species of flora or fauna in the project site or core area as
well its buffer zone and to identify whether there are any ecologically
sensitive area within the area that is likely to be impacted (buffer zone). The
study also designed to suggest suitable mitigation measures if necessary for
protection of wildlife habitats and conservation of REET species if any.
1.4. Objectives of the Study
The present study was undertaken with the following objectives:
Inventerization of the present status of flora and fauna in the core and buffer
(10 km radius) zone.
To carryout primary survey of flora and fauna and ecologically sensitive
natural habitats in the study area.
Assessment of any impacts of the project activities on natural habitats and
species.
Preparation of Wildlife conservation plan for proposed treated waste water
pipeline passing through Marine Sanctuary and its Eco-sensitive zone in
Gulf of Kutchh.
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2. Study Area
2.1. Project Location
Tata Chemicals Limited (TCL) was founded in 1939 and is operating a soda
ash plant since 1943. The site is located close to the Arabian Sea (3 km from
the western boundary) as well as the Gulf (4 km from the eastern boundary)
on the western coast of Gujarat (Map-2.1). The industrial township of
Mithapur is situated 20 km north of Dwarka and 9 km south of Port of Okha
on State Highway 25 A and the Western Railway„s broad-gauge line from
Mumbai to Okha. The flat land is arid and saline. The wind velocities are high
throughout the year. The area is thinly populated and agricultural activities
are poor. The area is ideally situated to produce solar salt, a vital raw
material to the soda ash and marine chemicals.
Map- 2.1: Project location in Gujarat.
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2.2. Study Area:
TCL at Mithapur is located about 10 km from the Okha Port in the semi- arid
coastal belt of Saurashtra. Mithapur region has the Arabian Sea to its west
and the Gulf to its north. Mithapur Bay, the integral and extended part of
Positra Bay is located between waters of Okha- Bet Dwarka waters in the
west and main Positra Bay in the east. The region sustains sparse and
scattered vegetation of tropical dry mixed deciduous scrub and desert thorn
type belonging to the xerophytic group. The Mithapur Bay being an integral
part of the Gulf, its dynamics and ecology are controlled by the processes in
the Gulf. The coastal configuration is very irregular with numerous islands,
creeks and bays. Besides, there are a number of eroded shallow banks like
Pirotan, Dide, Dhani, Bet Shankhodhar, Paga, Adatra and Boria reefs along
the southern shore, many of which harbour living corals. The intertidal
region is sandy and muddy or rocky. The Mithapur Bay area of the Gulf
harbours a variety of ecosystems and habitats, in areas such as creeks;
mangroves; intertidal foreshore-rocky, sandy and muddy zones; coastal
lagoons; coral reefs; sea grass beds and islands.
Tidal waters enter Okha Port through the inlet between Bet Shankodhar and
Okha main land. The north-eastern part of the island is composed chiefly of
sandhills. The south-western part of the island towards eastern side of the
port is a rocky table land of about 9 m high. Bet Shankodhar or Bet Dwarka
is a busy pilgrimage centre devoted to Lord Krishna. The southwest point,
Shankholia Point is the highest point (18.3 m) of the island.
Okha Port is situated at the tip of the horse shoe shaped land formation. It
handles cargo such as minerals, cement, chemicals, coal, iron, steel,
timber, food grains etc. Further south of Okha Port, a passenger jetty is
operational transporting devotees to Bet Dwarka and Bican, a fish landing
centre for small and medium type crafts are located. Further south, a
shallow creek divides Okha from the mainland of Mithapur and Arambhada.
The waters leading to the Mithapur Bay are very shallow with an intricate
path between the rocks that are exposed during low tide. The semi-circular
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Mithapur Bay has vast intertidal span penetrating up to Padli. Rajpura
Bandar, once a busy passenger jetty now in ruins is further east adjoining
Kyu Point, which separates the Mithapur Bay from Positra Bay situated
eastward. Kyu Hills, the prominent landmark (19.5 m high) consists of rock
covered with cactus scrub. At high water spring, the adjacent land gets
flooded isolating these hills.
Tata Chemicals Mithapur (TCL)Mithapur chemical plant discharges the
treated waste water in to the Gulf of Kutch through an open channel. The
present environmental regulations mandate the discharge of the treated
waste water through a diffuser system. In this connection, TCL had
commissioned National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) which studied and
identified a suitable location in the Gulf of Kutch.
This location is Lat. 22 24 36 N, Long. 69 04 50 E. This is in conformance to
the requirement of MoEF notification G.S.R. 424(E) Dated01.06.2011,
regarding Soda Ash effluent Standards to meet the above requirements,
TCL propose to discharge the treated waste water through pipeline and
diffuser system. The proposed pipeline corridor and marine outfall location
is shown in Table-2.1 & Map-2.2.
Table-2.1: Details of the proposed effluent pipeline in Gulf of Kutchh.
S. No.
Activity/ Area Length in
meter Width in
meter Area in Hectare
1 Pipeline Corridor inside Marine Sanctuary Area
2504 45 11.2680
2 Pipeline Corridor inside Eco sensitive zone (Land ward side)
158 45 0.7110
3 Pipeline Corridor in Eco sensitive zone (Marine side)
204 45 0.9180
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Map-2.2: Location of the proposed effluent discharge pipeline in Gulf of Kutch.
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2.3. Project activities
The Tata chemical plant discharges the spent sea water after utilizing it for
cooling purposes in the plant. The soda ash and other chemical
manufacturing processes produces waste water which is currently
discharged into the Gulf of Kutch, through an open channel after
treatment/settlement and dilution with spent seawater released from plant
cooling water system. The present environmental regulations mandate the
discharge of the diluted treated waste water at selected outfall point through
a closed conduit; instead of an open channel.
Proposed treated waste water disposal system
The proposed system envisages disposal of treated waste water generated
by the TCL‟s chemical process plant to Gulf of Kutch. A pump station is to be
constructed to convey the treated waste water by a 3.5 km long pipeline - to
be laid on a trestle up to the disposal point (by a diffuser) selected by NIO
The treated waste water has a scaling tendency and replacement of pipe
section would be easier on the trestle than in a submarine pipeline..
Location of release
The NIO report recommends the treated waste water should be released with
a minimum initial jet velocity of 3 m/s through a diffuser. The diffuser should
be placed at 5 m above the bed level. The length of the diffuser will be 48 m.
The location co-ordinates are 22° 24' 36" North and 69° 04' 50" East. This is
in line with MoEF notification SO E 424 dated 1 June 2011 laying out the
effluent release standards applicable to the Soda ash industry.
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3. Methodology
3.1. Basic frame work of data collection
The prediction of impacts on flora, fauna and wildlife depends on
understanding of the proposed activities, its magnitude/extent, scale and
ecological conditions in the surrounding area. Collection of comprehensive
baseline information on flora and fauna is therefore a pre-requisite for
assessment of impacts of development activities. It would also help in
advance planning and mitigate the impacts and ultimately managing the
natural habitats and resources. The approach to achieve the stated
objectives within defined scope of work, include field surveys, interviews,
reviews of literature and consultation with experts. We utilized specific
secondary data on Marine life from the study carried out for the project
activities by National Institute of Oceanography in the form of EIA. Following
was the basic frame work of the data collection and analysis for the present
study.
3.2. Field surveys
Field visits were carried out in the month of March-April 2015 to understand
and assess the impacts of proposed project activities on flora and fauna and
natural habitats. We evaluated the distribution and abundance of flora and
fauna in the study area through primary and secondary data sources.
3.3. Study of flora
In order to study the flora we made several field visits in the peripheral area
of the project site and prepared qualitative checklist of the plants species
found in the region. Since majority of the project activities are restricted to
marine area, study of terrestrial plants was not required to be studied. Details
of the marine plant species found in the study area were obtained from the
secondary sources such as previous biodiversity studies, EIAs and
consultation with the local people and experts.
During field visits we made observations on the mangrove areas near the
project site. We also gathered information on their species through direct and
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secondary sources. The information gathered on mangroves, involves,
species, distribution, utilization and threats to mangroves in the study area.
We utilized „Mangrove Atlas‟ a document published by Gujarat Ecology
Commission for obtaining information on mangroves in the study area.
3.4. Study of Fauna
The study of fauna was restricted to birds, mammals and marine life. We
carried out primary surveys in the study area to study the terrestrial reptiles,
birds and mammals found in the peripheral areas of the proposed project
site.
Marine life: Due to lack of time and requisite permissions, we relied on
secondary information present in the public domain as well as with project
proponent in the form of study reports, EIAs etc. There are numerous
documents available in the public domain on marine life near the study area.
We referred „Coral Atlas‟ a document published by Gujarat Ecology
Commission for obtaining information on coral reef distribution and species
present in the study area. We also measured distances of different coral
reefs from the project site using GIS, GPS and Google Earth.
Fishery: Data on fishery were obtained from secondary sources for the study
area. Previous studies and reports were referred to gather information on the
fisheries activities in of the study area.
Reptiles: Majority of the reptile species are fossorial on land and marine
reptiles include Seaturtles. Since the proposed project activities are offshore,
assessment of marine reptiles and their diversity etc. holds special
significance for propose project. It is difficult to conduct quantitative study on
marine reptiles therefore we relied on qualitative observations only. We
carried out study based on interview survey, secondary literature as well as
direct field visits. We randomly looked for various reptiles and their presence
in the study area. Therefore, only a check list based on secondary sources
was prepared for the project site.
Birds: Birds, occupying higher trophic levels in the ecosystems, respond
quickly to the changes in the habitats and therefore serve as one of the best
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indicators for evaluating the status of the area. Therefore, we created
baseline data on birds by systematically and scientifically collected data on
occurrence in the study area. For creating baseline data on birds we relied on
direct observation method. During our field visits we made observations and
photographed birds present in and around the project site. Majority of the
birds observed or photographed were identified to make a checklist of the
species. Apart from field visits, interview surveys and expert consultation
methods in order to improve the inventory of the bird species of the project
area.
Mammals: Like birds, mammals are also occupying higher trophic levels in
many ecosystems and respond quickly to the changes in their habitats
therefore, serves as best indicators of the ecosystem health. Since the
presence of mammalian species is low affecting probability of their sightings,
in the study area, it was difficult to estimate their population using any
sampling methods. More importantly, it was difficult to accommodate the
sightings of marine mammals in the study. Therefore, we prepared a
qualitative check list of mammals based on their presences and absence
using indirect evidences, consultation with local fishermen, local villagers and
experts in the study area.
3.5. Important wildlife habitats
We assessed the presence and distances of important wildlife habitats and
protected areas, mangroves, breeding and nesting habitats of fauna, coastal
habitats, important wetlands, etc. from the project site. These important areas
such as Protected areas (National Park, Wildlife Sanctuaries etc., Wetlands
of national importance, Ramsar sites, Important Bird Areas (IBAs), classified
by the Bombay Natural History Society etc.
3.6. Rare, endangered and endemic wildlife species and their corridors
We also assessed the presence of rare, endangered, endemic wildlife
species in the study area. Special search efforts were made during the field
visits to identify any such sensitive species or their corridors etc. in the study
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area. Apart from field visits we relied on interview surveys of local people,
consultation with local biologists and naturalists as well as forest officials.
3.7. Literature Review
The study also relied on existing knowledge about the ecology and
biodiversity of the region. Various relevant literatures were surveyed during
the study for collection of baseline information. Documents surveyed include,
biodiversity study report by GEER Foundation, Coastal zone Management
documents, Coral reef atlas, Mangrove atlas etc. by GEC. EIA done for the
project by NIO and other relevant maps, reports, documents collected from
the project proponent were also reviewed and used in the present study.
Books on flora, fauna and wildlife were also studied in order to understand
the biology of several species.
3.8. Analysis to evaluate the potential impacts
The information collected on status of marine life, flora and fauna and, their
spatio-temporal distributions, hotspots, and potential impacts of proposed
project development were logically analyzed and conclusions were extracted
for preparation of conservation plan for the company to implement.
3.9. Preparation of Wildlife Conservation Action Plan
After identification of key impacts of the project, on flora, fauna or any key
habitats of important species or their corridors, a comprehensive wildlife
conservation action plan was prepared with monitoring mechanism and
financial projections.
3.10. Limitations of the Study
The study undertaken is structured around the project information as
provided by the project proponent including EIA documents, any change in
the proposed activities may result in variation of outcome. The study is based
on field visits, literature survey, consultation with local people& experts etc.
Professional judgment and subjective interpretation of facts has been applied
for this study. All information‟s and inferences presented herein are based on
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the specifics currently available within the limits of the scope of work,
information provided by the client or its representative, existing secondary
data and schedule.
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4. Ecological Assessment
4.1. General Ecological Assessment:
The observations and assessment of overall ecological scenario presented in
this chapter include details of flora, fauna, natural habitats, protected areas,
wildlife species and their migration corridors etc. Such information provides
better understanding of the situation and overall ecological importance of the
area. This information viewed against project activities help in predicting their
impacts on the wildlife and their habitats in the region.
4.1.1. Biogeographic Zone:
As per global classification defined by WWF, the region falls in Indo-Malay
Realm (IM 1303), Arabian Sea and Deserts and Xeric Shrublands Biome.
The North-western Thorn Scrub Forests [IM1303] ecoregion represents a
large expanse of degraded dry forest surrounding the Thar Desert. Neither
exceptionally species-rich nor high in endemism, the ecoregion nevertheless
harbours viable populations of antelopes.
As per classification of Indian Biogeographic zones by Rodgers et al. (2000),
the coastal region of Saurashtra belongs to Biogeographic zone-8, whereas,
Saurashtra region falls under Biogeographic Zone 4 - the Semi Arid with the
Biotic Province 4-B, Gujarat Rajawarah. Adjoining the desert are the semi-
arid areas, a transitional zone between the desert and the denser forests of
the Western Ghats. The natural vegetation is thorn forest. This region is
characterized by discontinuous vegetation cover with open areas of bare soil
and soil-water deficit throughout the year.
4.1.2. Forest type:
As per the forest classification of Champian and Seth (1968), forest of
Jamnagar/Devbhumi Dwarka district classified as “Tropical Dry Deciduous
Forest” type 5A. These forests thrive in the region having the rainfall between
600 mm to 1200 mm.
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4.2 Protected areas sensitive ecosystems in study area:
Data collected and information gathered from secondary literature on flora,
fauna, protected area, natural habitats, wildlife species etc., were analyzed
and results are presented in Table-4.1.
Table-4.1: Protected areas and sensitive eco-systems in the study area (10
Km).
Habitat Description/Distance/Direction from proposed
disposal point
Marine National Park
Adatra Reef located @3.8 Km North of Proposed pipeline. Map-4.2.
Marine Sanctuary Pipeline passes through Marine Sanctuary area of Gulf of Kutchh
Eco-sensitive Zone Pipeline passes through Marine Sanctuary- Eco-sensitive zone of Gulf of Kutchh
Wildlife Corridors & Routes
Not present
Breeding/nesting/feeding roosting sites important fauna
Shallow sea coast near current treated waste water discharge point on coast of Gulf of Kutch provides feeding and roosting ground to thousands of migratory and resident waterbirds including, 2 species of flamingos, waders, ducks and seagulls, terns, pelicans, herons, egrets etc.
Mangroves Mangroves are present in close vicinity of the proposed pipeline and also exist near present effluent discharge channel.
Coral Reef
Coral reef of Marine National Park located at
Adatra Reef- 3.8 Km North (Map-4.2)
Mithapur Reef on Arabian Sea coast-8.5 km North-West
Beyt Dwarka reef-8 Km North
Seaturtle nesting ground
Okha-Mithapur and Mithapur- Mojap stretch towards Arabian Sea within 10 km
# Sea Turtle Nesting: As per GEC Report titled “Evaluation of Sea Turtle”, stretches of Sea Coast “Okha- Mithapur” and “Mithapur- Mojap” identified as turtle nesting grounds in Jamnagar District.
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Map-4.1: Marine National Park& Sanctuary in Gulf of Kachchh and proposed pipeline corridor.
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4.3 Protected Areas
There are two marine protected areas located near the proposed project site
i.e. Marine National Park and Marine Sanctuary. Marine National Park and
Sanctuary are located in the intertidal zone along the coastal area of
Devbhumi Dwarka, Jamnagar and Rajkot extending to 150 km in the Gulf of
Kachchh (Map-4.1). The marine Sanctuary was declared in 1980 and the
Marine National Park was declared in 1982. Total 457.92 km2 is under
Marine Sanctuary and 162.89km2 is under Marine National Park. Gulf of
Kutch is located in bio-geographical zone, “The coasts of Indo-Malayan
Realm” and can be considered as International Union for Conservation of
Nature Protected Area Category-I
Flora of Marine National Park mainly consists of mangroves and array of
marine algae, including some commercially important species of Agarophytes
and the coastal line of the Gulf is fringed with luxuriant growth of Avicennia,
Rhizophora and Ceriops species of mangroves and Salvadora, Ziziypus, and
Prosopis species are some of the terrestrial species found in that area.
Sanctuary has more than 70 sponge species, 37 species of hard coral and
24 species of soft coral, 150-200 species of fish, 27 species of prawn, 30
species of crab, 200 species of mollusc, 3 species of sea turtle, 3 species of
sea mammal, 94 species of aquatic bird and 78 species of terrestrial bird.
The high density and diversity in the Gulf of Kutch is due to the availability of
different types of habitats like sandy, muddy, rocky calcareous sea bed and
coral beds and mangroves in the relatively sheltered waters of the Gulf. The
Gulf is defined as “portion of sea partially enclosed by sweep of coast and
usually narrower at mouth than bay.” Gulf of Kutch is located in bio-
geographical zone “The coasts of Indo-Malayan Realm”.
4.4 Flora
Majority of the data on the vegetation is obtained from the EIA study carried
out by the National Institute of Oceanography. However, primary
observations were also made in the intertidal area and in the study area to
observe the general vegetation and the habitat types. Since the study is
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carried out for proposed construction of effluent pipeline through the marine
sanctuary area in Gulf of Kutchh, a detailed study of terrestrial vegetation
was not carried out.
4.4.1 Terrestrial vegetation:
According to the EIA study carried out by NIO, the marine flora is highly
varied and includes sand dune vegetation, mangroves, seagrasses,
macrophytes and phytoplankton. In all 29 species of Chlorophyceae, 30
species of Phaeophyceae and 49 species of Rhodophyceae have been
identified with the dominance of Phaeophyceae. The dominant species of
sanddune flora are Euphorbia caducifolia, E. neriifolia, Aloeverasp, Ephedra
foliata, Urochodra setulosa, Sporobolus maderaspatenus, Eragrostis
unioloides, Calotropis procera, Fimbristy lissp, Indigofera sp and Ipomoea
pescaprae. The common seagrasses found growing on the mudflats are
Halophila ovata, H. Beccarii and Zostrea marina.
4.4.2 Marine vegetation:
The most common marine algal species are Ulva fasciata, U. reticulata,
Enteromorpha intenstinalis, Dictyotasp, Hypnea musciformis, Sargassum
tennerimum, S. ilicifolium, Gracilaria corticata, Cystocera sp, Padinatetra
stomatica, Corallina sp, Laurencia sp, Caulerpara cemosa, Bryopsis sp,
Turbinaria sp, Ectocarpus sp, Acanthophora sp,Chondria sp, and Codium sp.
4.4.3 Phytoplankton:
The primary production of the water column as assessed from chlorophylla
concentration is generally high and comparable with different segments o f
the G u l f regions. Phytoplankton represents about 31 genera and 41species.
The major phytoplankton genera are Rhizosolenia, Synedra, Chaetoceros,
Navicula, Nitzschia, Pleurosigma, Thalassiothrix, Biddulphia, Stauroneis,
Coscinodiscus and Skeletonema. The Gulf also sustains good and variable
zooplankton and benthic standing stock with diversity. The primary and
secondary tropic levels offer congenial feeding grounds for prawns and
fishes in the Gulf.
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4.4.4 Mangroves:
The vast inter tidal zone of the Gulf is rich in biota. Sheltered bays, creeks
and mudflats provide ideal sites for mangrove vegetation over an estimated
area of about 1036km2. Majority of the vegetation in the intertidal area is
represented by the mangrove species. As per our information and survey
majority of the mangrove area is dominated by the Avicennia marina.
However, there are Rhizophora and Ceriops species also present in the area
that area planted by the local forest department. These species are brought
from other places and planted in the Gulf of Kutch. No major mangrove
associates except Suaeda nudiflora is seen in the area.
Mono-species stands of Avicennia marina occur in degraded patches and
fringe along the eastern shore of the Gulf of Kutchh. The width of the
mangrove belt varies from 25 to 200 m.. Unlike in the past, several mangrove
plants occur between mid tide and low tide levels on the east of the
discharge channel mainly represented by Avicennia marina.
Sparse to dense mangrove patches are also present in the inter-tidal zone
near the proposed pipeline route and also the existing disposal point.
Gujarat State Forest Department has taken up mangrove plantation
activities at Arambhada, Padli, Hamusar and Samlasar village coasts.
4.4.5 Dominant plant species
Based on our observations during the survey we found that Avicenna marina,
Prosopis juliflora, Acasia nilotica in trees, Zizyphus numularia and Euphorbia
neriifolia in shrubs and Sporolobus maderaspatensiss & Apluda mutica in
grasses and Urochloa reptans and Metanuse marginatus in herbs are the
most dominant species in the region.
4.4.6 Invader or exotic species
Our study showed that the Prosopis juliflora is one of the most dominant
terrestrial species and wide spread in the buffer areas of the project site. Our
observation during field visits suggests Prosopis juliflora is fast growing in the
area.
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Prosopis juliflora is an evergreen tree native to South America, Central
America and the Caribbean. In the United States, it is well known as
mesquite. It is fast growing, nitrogen-fixing and tolerant to arid conditions
and saline soils. Prosopis juliflora is an exotic and invasive widespread, multi-
branched shrub/tree species in the India. It has been invading grasslands,
native scrubland and forests of Gujarat and India.
4.4.7 Endangered/Threatened/protected species
Our field survey in the project area suggests that there are no endangered,
endemic, rare plants species present in and around the proposed route of the
pipeline. Mangroves being inter-tidal area species, it is found to be on the
coast near proposed pipeline route.
4.5 Fauna
Since the present project is for construction of pipeline through intertidal zone
and marine sanctuary area, assessment of marine fauna is one of the prime
requirements. However, the marine EIA carried out by NIO has brought out
detailed account of marine fauna and impacts of proposed project activities
on marine fauna.
In the present study, we prepared a detailed account of terrestrial faunal
groups (birds, reptiles and mammals) as well as significant marine faunal
groups such as coral reef, Seaturtle, Marine mammals through direct
observations and secondary sources i.e. survey of published literature.
Details of the each faunal group are given as follow.
4.5.1 Reptiles
Majority of the reptile species are fossorial in habit, therefore the assessment
of reptiles and their diversity etc. holds special significance for any
development project. In the present study we identified a total of 7 species of
reptiles in the study area (Table-4.2).
Of the reported reptiles species, 2 species are marine i.e. Green Seaturtle
and Olive Ridely Seaturtle, rest all are terrestrial reptile species. Except
marine turtles, majority of the reptiles are common throughout country.
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Seaturtles are also listed as Schedule-I in WPA 1972. However, total 4
species belong Schedule-IV (Common Skink, Fan Throated Lizard, Garden
Lizard and Saw scaled Viper) However, Indian Monitor Lizard belongs to
Schedule-II of WPA. Majority of the terrestrial reptile species reported from
the study area fall in „Least Concerned‟ category of IUCN. No endangered,
rare, threatened or endemic species of reptiles was reported from the project
site. However, some of the species are found in the study area, i.e. away
from the proposed pipeline route are Green Seaturtle which is considered as
Endangered by IUCN, where as Olive Ridely Seaturtle is listed as Vulnerable
and Saw-scale Viper is listed as Near Threatened by IUCN.
Table-4.2: Checklist of reptiles reported from the study area.
S. No.
Name of Species Conservation Status as per
IWPA-1972 (Schedule I
to VI)
Conservation Status as per
IUCN Common Name Scientific Name
1 Common Skink Mubuya carinata Schedule-IV LC
2 Fan Throated Lizard Sitana ponticeriana Schedule-IV LC
3 Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor Schedule-IV LC
4 Green Seaturtle Chelonia mydas Schedule-I EN
5 Indian monitor lizard Varanus
bengalensis Schedule-II LC
6 Olive Readily
Seaturtle
Lepidochelys
olivacea Schedule-I VU
7 Saw scaled Viper Echis carinatus Schedule-IV NT
CR=Critically Endangered, EN=Endangered, NT=Near Threatened, LC=Least Concerned, Vu=Vulnerable
4.5.2 Birds species recorded during the survey
During the study we observed a total of 103bird species in the study area.
Majority of the species (71) are resident species where as only 32 species
were found to be migratory (Table-4.3). These migratory bird species are
mostly waders, cranes and ducks. Of these recorded 103 species, 98 belong
to„ Least Concerned‟ category rated by IUCN where as only 5 species i.e.
Painted Stork, Oriental White Ibis, Eurasian Curlew, Oriental Darter and
Black tailed Godwit belong to Near Threatened Species (Table-4.3).
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Majority of the birds reported from the study area belong to the Schedule-IV
of Wildlife Protection Act 1972 (WPA 1972) (Table-4.3), whereas only House
crow belong to Schedule-V. The birds were recorded mainly from, coastal
intertidal zone, mangrove areas, degraded/saline affected areas and in the
surrounding agriculture landscape interspersed with scattered small
waterbodies and ponds. The bird species groups observed in the study area
were represented by species of waders on coastline, open scrubland such as
Passerines, Shrikes etc. and waterbodies birds such as Egrets, Herons,
ducks and cranes etc. Majority of the birds observed in the study area
represent birds of shorelines and the semi arid non-forested landscapes.
Moreover, majority of the bird species reported in the present study are
abundant and common throughout coastline of India and terrestrial birds are
common in human dominated landscapes such as urban cities, lakes and
ponds etc. Majority of the resident species reported in the study area are
known to breed in this region as well as in entire Gujarat. No rare,
endangered, endemic bird species were found to breed in the study area.
It is noteworthy that the current water discharge point, where TCL releases
treated water into Gulf of Kutchh supports a very large congregation of
migratory and resident waterbirds. During our visit we observed more than
5000 migratory and local birds (Plate-4.1). These birds include, 2 species of
flamingos (Lesser Flamingo & Greater Flamingo), Black tailed Godwit, Oyster
catchers, Gulls, Pelicans, Reef Herons etc. This large concentration proves
that the treated water released by TCL do not affect the presence of birds
due to its content, temperature and solids etc.
Table-4.3: Inventory of birds reported from the study area with their conservation status.
S. No.
Name of Species
Conservation Status as per IWPA-1972 (Schedule I
to VI)
Conservation Status as per
IUCN
Common Name Scientific Name
1 Ashy Prinia Priniasocialis IV LC
2 Ashy-crowned Finch-lark Eremopterixgrisea IV LC
3 Black drongo Dicrurusmacrocercus IV LC
4 Black Ibis Pseudibispapillosa IV LC
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S. No.
Name of Species
Conservation Status as per IWPA-1972 (Schedule I
to VI)
Conservation Status as per
IUCN
5 Black Kite Milvusmigrans IV LC
6 Black shoulder kite Elanuscaeruleus IV LC
7 Black winged stilt Himantopushimantopus IV LC
8 Black-tailed Godwit Limosalimosa IV NT
9 Blue rock pigeon Columba livia IV LC
10 Brahminy Starling Sturnuspagodarum IV LC
11 Cattle egret Bulbulcus ibis IV LC
12 Common babbler Turdoidescaudatus IV LC
13 Common Coot Fulicaatra IV LC
14 Common Crane Grus grus IV LC
15 Common Crested Lark Galeridacristata IV LC
16
Common Greenshank Tringanebularia IV LC
17 Common Hoopoe Upupaepopsepops IV LC
18 Common Moorhen Gallinulachloropus IV LC
19 Common myna Acridotherestristis IV LC
20 Common Redshank Tringatotanus IV LC
21 Common Sandpiper Actitishypoleucos IV LC
22 Common Stonechat Saxicolatorquata IV LC
23 Common Swift Apus apus IV LC
24
Common Teal Anascrecca IV LC
25 Common Whitethroat Sylviacommunis IV LC
26 Darter Anhinga melanogaster IV NT
27 Demoiselle Crane Grus virgo IV LC
28 Desert Wheatear Oenanthedesertideserti IV LC
29 Eurasian collared dove Streptopeliadecaocto IV LC
30 Eurasian Curlew Numeniusarquata IV NT
31 Eurasian Stone-Curlew Burhinusoedicenemus IV LC
32 European Roller Coraciasgarrulus IV LC
33 Franklin's Prinia Priniahodgsonii IV LC
34 Great Cormorant Phalacrocoraxcarbo IV LC
35 Great Crested Grebe Podicepscristatus IV LC
36 Great Egret Casmerodiusalbus IV LC
37 Great White Pelican Pelecanusonocrotalus IV LC
38 Greater couckal Centropussinensis IV LC
39
Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterusruber IV LC
40 Greater Sand Plover Charadriusleschenaultii IV LC
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S. No.
Name of Species
Conservation Status as per IWPA-1972 (Schedule I
to VI)
Conservation Status as per
IUCN
41 Greater Short-toed Lark Calandrellabrachydactyla IV LC
42 Green bee eater Meropsorientalis IV LC
43 Green Sandpiper Tringaochropus IV LC
44 Grey francolin Francolinuspondicerianus IV LC
45 Grey heron Ardeacinerea IV LC
46 Grey Wagtail Motacillacinerea IV LC
47 Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica IV LC
48 House crow Corvussplendens V LC
49 House sparrow Passer domesticus IV LC
50 Indian Baya Weaver Ploceusphilippinus IV LC
51 Indian Peafowl Pavocristatus I LC
52 Indian pond heron Ardeolagrayii IV LC
53 Indian robin Saxicoloidesfulicata IV LC
54 Indian Roller Coraciasbenghalensis IV LC
55 Indian silverbill Lonchuramalabarica IV LC
56
Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia IV LC
57 Jungle babbler Turdoidesstriatus IV LC
58 Jungle Crow Corvusmacrorhynchos IV LC
59 Jungle Prinia Priniasylvatica IV LC
60 Kentish Plover Charadriusalexandrinus IV LC
61
Large Grey Babbler Turdoidesmalcolmi IV LC
62 Laughing dove Streptopeliasenegalensis IV LC
63
Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor IV LC
64 Lesser Sand Plover Charadriusmongolus IV LC
65 Lesser Whistling-duck Dendrocygnajavanica IV LC
66 Little cormorant Phalacrocoraxniger IV LC
67 Little egret Egrettagarzetta IV LC
68 Little grebe Tachybaptusruficollis IV LC
69 Little Ringed Plover Charadriusdubius IV LC
70 Little Stint Calidrisminuta IV LC
71 Little Tern Sterna albifrons IV LC
72 Long tailed shrike Laniusschach IV LC
73 Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus IV LC
74 Marsh Sandpiper Tringastagnatilis IV LC
75 Northern Shoveller Anasclypeata IV LC
76 Oriental magpie robin Copsychussaularis IV LC
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S. No.
Name of Species
Conservation Status as per IWPA-1972 (Schedule I
to VI)
Conservation Status as per
IUCN
77 Oriental White Ibis Threskiornismelanocephalus IV NT
78 Painted Stork Mycterialeucocephala IV NT
79 Purple sunbird Nectariniaasiatica IV LC
80 Red Collared-dove Streptopeliatranquebarica IV LC
81 Red vented bulbul Pycnonotuscafer IV LC
82 Red wattled lapwing Vanellusindicus IV LC
83 River Tern Sterna aurantia IV LC
84 Rose ringed parakeet Psittaculakrameri IV LC
85 Rosy Starling Sturnusroseus IV LC
86 Ruff Philomachuspugnax IV LC
87 Rufous-tailed Shrike Laniusisabellinus IV LC
88 Rufus tailed lark Ammomanesphoenicurus IV LC
89 Shikra Accipiter badius IV LC
90 Short-toed Eagle Circaetusgallicus IV LC
91 Southern Grey Shrike Laniusmeridionalis IV LC
92 Spot-billed Duck Anaspoecilorhyncha IV LC
93 Heuglin's Gull Larusheuglini IV LC
94 Palla's Gull Larus ichthyaetus IV LC
95 Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus IV LC
96 Brown-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus IV LC
97 Slender-billed Gull Larus genei IV LC
98 Western Reef-Heron Egrettagularis IV LC
99 Whimbrel Numeniusphaeopus IV LC
100 Whiskered Tern Chlidoniashybridus IV LC
101 Wood Sandpiper Tringaglareola IV LC
102 Yellow wattled lapwing Vanellusmalarbaricus IV LC
103 Eurasian Oyster catcher Haematopus ostralegus IV LC
CR=Critically Endangered, EN=Endangered, NT=Near Threatened, LC=Least Concerned
4.5.3 Mammals species recorded during the survey
We reported a total of 9 mammal species in the study area, of which 7 are terrestrial
and 2 are marine mammals (Table- 4.4). The common mammalian species that
were directly observed in the core area include Nilgai, Wild Pig, Grey Mongoose,
Indian Hare and Five Striped Squirrel etc. No endangered or Schedule-I species
reported from the project site (Table-4.4). Majority of the terrestrial mammals are
reported through direct sightings and only 2 marine mammals are reported through
indirect sightings i.e. literature survey.
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Plate-4.1: Bird congregation near present effluent release point.
Water Discharge Channel
Migratory Bird Flock
Flamingoes near Water Discharge Channel
Migratory Bird Flocks
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Table-4.4: Inventory and conservation status of mammals reported from study area.
S.
No.
Name of Species Conservation
Status as per
IWPA-1972
(Schedule I to
VI)
Conservation
Status as per
IUCN
Record
type Scientific Name Common Name
1 Indian Jackal Canis aureus Schedule-II LC Direct
2 Jungle cat Felis chaus Schedule-II LC Direct
3 Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus
Schedule-III LC Direct
4 Indian Hare Lepus nigricollis Schedule-IV LC Direct
5 Wild Pig Sus scrofa Schedule-III LC Direct
6 Common mongoose
Herpestes edwardsi
Schedule-II LC Direct
7 Palm squirrel Funambulus pennanti
Schedule-IV LC Direct
8 Dugong Dugong dugon Schedule-I VU Indirect
9 Common dolphin
Delphinus delphis NA LC Indirect
VU=Vulnerable, LC=Least Concerned
Except Dugong, majority of the mammals belongs to Schedule-II, III & IV.
Dugong reported by a detailed study by GEER Foundation belongs to
Schedule-I of WPA 1972 and reported as Vulnerable by IUCN was reported
to be present in the study area through indirect evidences. Indian Jackal,
Jungle cat, Common Mongoose belong to Schedule-II of WPA 1972.
Whereas Nilgai, Wildpig belong to Schedule-III. Rest Indian Hare belong to
Schedule-IV of WPA-1972.
Majority of the mammalian species recorded during the survey in the study
area are present throughout semiarid, non-forested and non-protected
landscape of Saurashtra and Gujarat. However, Dugong and Dolphin are
found in the marine water. Common Dolphin is common throughout Indian
marine waters. However, Dugong has only been reported through stranded
(dead bodies/carcasses) records around Beyt, Gulf of Kutch and Poshitra
Bay. Last stranding record of Dugong was in 2010 from Beyt Dwarka (GEER
2010). Dugongs are large shy marine mammals, popularly known as 'sea
cows' since their diet primarily consists of sea grass. Existing information
suggests that the dugong population in India is restricted to the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, Gulf of Mannar and Gulf of Kutch. The carcass was
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sighted about 500 meters off the Mithapur coast by S Goutham, WTI, during
routine work of the Mithapur Coral Reef Recovery Project
4.5.4 Dominant fauna species in the core & buffer area
Based on our observations, interview survey of local people, forest officials
and NGOs working in nature conservation activities in Saurashtra region, we
found that among the terrestrial fauna, Nilgai, Wild Pig are most common and
dominant mammal wildlife species present in the study area. Whereas
several birds species belong to Passerine were most common and dominant
group of birds present in the core and buffer area of the project site. Among
reptiles, common garden lizard, monitor lizard etc. were most common
species present in the study area. There were no exotic or invasive species
of mammals, reptiles or birds present in the project site.
4.6 Wildlife corridors and breeding habitats
Our observations and literature review suggested that there are no rare,
endangered, conservation concern species of terrestrial fauna present within
the proposed project area. Moreover proposed pipeline route and
surrounding area do not form part of any special habitat (breeding, feeding,
roosting etc.) for any of the important terrestrial fauna and does not provide
any contiguity of habitats between two important habitats or any other
protected areas. However, the proposed pipeline would cross the marine
sanctuary and its eco-sensitive zone. The proposed pipeline construction is
less likely to affect the movement of any important faunal species of this
sanctuary as it falls in a very small part in the Gulf of Kutchh.
4.7 Seaturtle nesting sites
Four species of sea turtles, Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), Green turtle
(Chelonia mydas), Letherback Sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) and
Hawksbill turtle (Eromochelys imbricate) have been recorded on Gujarat
coast. However four turtle species are believed to occur in the state, only the
breeding of Olive Ridley and Green turtle is established in Gujarat coast
(Bhaskar, 1978; Kar and Bhaskar, 1982 and Bhaskar 1984) and other two
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were occasionally sighted by local fishermen. Frazier (1980) discussed about
the threats to marine turtles of Gujarat in terms of egg and animal poaching.
During our survey, we did not report nesting of the Seaturtles on Arabian Sea
coast off Mithapur, Okha. This could be due to the season and sporadic
nesting activity of Seaturtles on this coast. We therefore, relied on a recent
study by Sunderraj et al (2013) who also has reported sporadic nesting of
Seaturtles on Okha-Mithapur and Mithapur-Mojap sandy coast facing Arabian
Sea. These important Seaturtle sandy coast facing Arabian Sea lies within 10
km periphery of the proposed project site in Gulf of Kutch.
The coast of Mithapur Bay i.e. Arambhda, Padli etc. have mudflats and rocky
coasts which are not suitable for Seaturtle nesting. These areas are more
suitable for mangrove regeneration and birds. During field studies as well as
based on local interviews/forest officials consultation, no nesting sites were
observed nearby the project site. Mudflats and rocky formation found on the
slope of shore which does not favour turtle nesting.
Closest Seaturtle nesting is reported by Sunderraj et al 2013 is Okha-
Mithapur and Mithapur-Mojap coastal stretch on the Arabian Sea. This site
lies totally opposite to the proposed pipeline route and maintains 5.0 km
distance from the proposed pipeline route. The studies have reported
sporadic nesting of 2 species of Seaturtle from Mithapur coast on Arabian
Sea (Sunderraj et al 2002, 2013).
4.8 Coral Reef
One of the most interesting biotic features of the Gulf is the presence of living
corals, thriving as patches, rather than reefs, either on the intertidal sand
stones or on the surface of wave-cut, eroded shallow banks along the
southern shore of the Gulf. The southern coast of the Gulf is known for its
coral reefs with associated reef dependent flora and fauna which are the
northern most in the Indian Ocean. Many of the islands in the Gulf support
fringing reefs and coral patches are found in between the islands. The Gulf
has 42islands, 34 of which have live corals. Siltation is the main cause
affecting the coral growth. The species diversity however is poor with
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identification of 36 species of Scleractinian and 12 species of soft coral (Pillai
& Patel 1988). There are many islands adjoining the Okha coast and the Gulf
of Kutchh. The major reef systems are Paga, Boria, Gora, Chandri, Bet
Shankhodhar, Dholio Gugar, Dona, Mangunda and Savaj. The status of
corals of these areas is given in Map-4.2, which is based on study
undertaken by NIO. It is evident that forms like Pacillopora and Acropora are
absent which is also cause for their low diversity. The intertidal area of the
Gulf of Kutchh is muddy and devoid of live corals.
According to and EIA study carried out by NIO for the proposed route of
pipeline through Marine Sanctuary and its eco-sensitive zone do not have
presence of coral reef or coral establishment. We also referred to the Coral
Atlas of Gujarat published by Gujarat Ecology Commission which clearly
suggests that the coral reef do not exist near the proposed route of the
pipeline through Marine Sanctuary and its Eco-sensitive zone in Gulf of
Kutchh.
The closest coral reef is situated 3.8 km north of proposed pipeline route i.e.
Adatra Reef (Map-4.2). As per Coral Reef Atlas-2011, published by Gujarat
Ecology Commission, total 6 species of hard corals and 8 species of soft
corals are found in the Adatra reef which is the closest coral reef to the
proposed pipeline and discharge point. The species reported in Adatra reef
are mentioned below.
1)Cyphastrea serailia, 2) Favia favus, 3) Goniastrea pectinata, 4)Goniopora
planulata, 5) Polycyathus verrilli, 6)Turbinaria peltata.
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Map-4.2: Status of Coral Reef in Mitapur Bay.
(Map prepared using information from Coral Atlas by GEC)
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5. Potential impacts &Mitigations
Essentially proposed release of treated water by TCL into Gulf of Kutchh is to
reduce its impacts on Marine Sanctuary area where it is being released
currently. TCL releases treated water from its plants in to marine sanctuary
area off Mithapur coast in to Gulf of Kutchh. Therefore, the proposed change
in effluent release system by TCL is for betterment of wildlife and marine life
of Marine Sanctuary area. However, the construction phase of the proposed
effluent release system could cause some impacts on the existing flora and
fauna of the Marine Sanctuary and its surrounding eco-sensitive zone.
In the present study we mainly focused on significant marine eco-systems
and endangered species found in the study area i.e. 10 km periphery of the
proposed pipeline route. Moreover, an EIA study has been carried out by a
reputed organization, National Institute of Oceanography and has provided
detailed account of impacts on marine life. Therefore, the present study
focused on terrestrial flora and fauna as well as some of the important eco-
systems and habitats in marine area surrounding the proposed route of
treated water discharge system by TCL. The present study focuses on the
impact identification on mangroves, coral reefs, Seaturtle nesting grounds,
endangered marine animals, birds etc.
Impacts of proposed treated water discharge from TCL‟s Soda Ash plant on
flora and fauna of surrounding area were identified mainly by using
information presented in previous Chapter-4. The baseline information was
also substantiated through secondary information. Finally, the baseline
information was juxtaposed with the project activities as well as with the
ecological understanding of flora and fauna and ecosystems. Specific
impacts were visualized in terms of seasonal issues related with the
important and sensitive eco-systems, ecology of important species, their
habitats and issues related with their movements.
Following the above-mentioned approach, impacts on various components of
biodiversity were assessed. The component wise identification of potential
impacts is deliberated below.
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5.1. Impacts on flora
Due to lack of terrestrial vegetation cover on the proposed route and its
surroundings of pipeline the impact on other flora and vegetation is likely to
be very low. However, impacts on marine flora including algae etc. has been
dealt with by EIA study carried out by NIO.
5.2. Impacts on Mangroves
The coastal areas of Padli, Arambhda, Samlasar, Hamusar etc. have coastal
mudflats which are suitable habitat for mangroves. Only one species of
mangrove i.e. Avicenna marina exists in this area and most of which are
planted by forest department (Plate-5.1). The mangroves on the proposed
route are small and it is also important to note that Gujarat State Forest
Department has carried out plantations specifically for mangroves Avicenna
marina in the Marine Sanctuary areas in above-mentioned villages.
Plate-5.1: Sparse mangrove cover on the proposed route of pipeline in intertidal area.
Baseline status of vegetation suggests that the intertidal area from where the
pipeline route is proposed supports small and sparse mangroves. The
existing mangroves are sparse and short due to hard rocky substratum in the
intertidal area. The length of sparse intertidal mangrove is about 100 mtr on
the route of proposed pipeline. The proposed width of pipeline corridor is 45
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meters. Therefore, the total mangrove area to be affected would be 4500sq
mtrs which amounts to roughly 0.45 ha. only.
It is important to mention that the impact would be temporary and it is likely
that the mangroves would come up again after laying of pipeline in the
intertidal zone near its route. After operation of the pipeline and discharge of
treated water away from the sanctuary area, the mangrove cover near
Mithapur, Padli, Arambhda coast may improve.
5.3. Impacts on fauna
Since the terrestrial fauna in the study area (10 km) are distributed away from
the proposed pipeline route, the impacts of pipeline is likely to be much low
on terrestrial fauna of the region. Since the EIA by NIO has studied marine
fauna of Gulf of Kutchh, the present study focuses on some of the significant
and flagship fauna of Marine Sanctuary falling in the study area. In the
present study we focused mainly on vertebrate classes i.e. reptiles, birds and
mammals for identification of impacts and future monitoring purpose.
Therefore, in the present study we identified impacts on the reptiles, birds
and mammals particularly important, endangered, endemic and flagship
species of the coastal and marine landscape.
5.3.1. Impacts on Reptiles
There are total 5 reptile species reported from the study area. As per our
observations, no rare, endangered or Schedule-I species of terrestrial reptiles
are reported from the study area and project area.Since no endangered,
endemic or rare species of terrestrial reptiles form the study area was
reported during the study, the impact of proposed pipeline construction is
less likely to affect them.
5.3.2. Impacts on Seaturtles
Closest Seaturtle nesting ground is located on Okha-Mithapur and Mithapur-
Mojap streatch towards Arabian Sea, which is outside the proposed pipeline
corridor but fall within 10 km rdius from the proposed pipeline corridor.
Seaturtle reported from the study area belongs to Schedule-I of Wildlife
Protection Act-1972.
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Our consultations with experts and survey literature suggest that nesting
activities of Seaturtle species do not occur on the coast of Gulf of Kutchh.
This is due to rocky and muddy coastal and intertidal zones in the region.
Green and Olive Ridely Seaturtles feed on Sea grass and halophytes in the
marine area. However, NIO team during their EIA study has reported that the
proposed pipeline route through the marine sanctuary area has plain sandy
sea bed. No Sea grass or halophytes are reported from the sea bed on the
route of proposed pipeline. Therefore, the impacts of proposed pipeline on
Seaturtle are likely to be negligible due to absence of their feeding or nesting
grounds near the proposed pipeline route and in Gulf of Kutchh.
5.3.3. Impacts on birds
It is noteworthy that the current water discharge point, where TCL releases
treated water into Gulf of Kutchh, supports a very large congregation of
migratory and resident waterbirds. During our visit we observed morethan
5000 migratory and local birds (Plate-4.1) roosting and feeding very close to
existing water discharge point by TCL on the coast of Mithapur village. These
birds include, 2 species of flamingos (Lesser Flamingo & Greater Flamingo),
Black tailed Godwit, Oyster catchers, Gulls, Pelicans, Reef Herons etc. Such
large congregation of birds proves that the present system for treated water
discharge by TCL do not seem to affect the presence of birds due to its
quantity, quality, content and temperature.
Since the treated waste water discharge point would be taken away from the
present location, the remnant area is likely to provide improved habitat for
birds and other marine life. Therefore, essentially the release of treated water
away from the coast would be not only be beneficial for birds but also for a
range of flora and fauna of Marine Sanctuary.
5.3.4. Impacts on mammals
We reported a total of 8 mammal species in the study area, of which 7 are
terrestrial and one marine mammals (Table- 4.4).Though found in study area
(10km periphery) no endangered terrestrial mammals were reported from the
close proximity of the proposed pipeline. Therefore, the impacts on terrestrial
mammals would be negligible. Though we did not observe any mammalian
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species directly, a species of marine mammals i.e. Common Dolphin is
reported in the study area. These species is reported to be present in the
Gulf of Kutch.
Dugongs (Dugong dugon) are large shy marine mammals, popularly known
as 'sea cows' since their diet primarily consists of sea grass. Existing
information suggests that the dugong population in India is restricted to the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Gulf of Mannar and Gulf of Kutch. The
carcass was sighted about 500 meters off the Mithapur coast by S Goutham,
WTI, during routine work of the Mithapur Coral Reef Recovery Project.
However, no live sightings of Dugong have been recorded since long from
the Gujarat coast. Most of the records of the species are of dead specimens
only.
The species requires sea grass beds and shallow bay for their survivals. The
EIA study by NIO along the proposed route of pipeline, has reported that the
sea bed has plain sandy substratum that is devoid of any vegetation or
seagrass etc. Therefore, in absence of seagrass bed along the proposed
route of the pipeline, it is safe to state that the proposed pipeline may have
negligible impact on dugong population. Moreover, the treated water to be
discharged in the Gulf of Kutchh would be not release toxic pollutants and
therefore do not pose any major threats to the dugong. However, during the
construction phase the utmost care shall be taken so that there is minimum
disturbance is caused to the seabed in the surrounding area.
Though, the common dolphins are commonly found in Gulf of Kutch, their
records in Gulf of Kutchh are not many due to shallow depth and boat traffic.
In view of their sporadic records, the impact of proposed pipeline on their
population is likely to be negligible.
5.4. Impact on Coral Reef
One of the most interesting biotic features of the Gulf is the presence of living
corals. The southern coast of the Gulf is known for its coral reefs with
associated reef dependent flora and fauna which are the northern most in the
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Indian Ocean. According to and EIA study carried out by NIO for the
proposed route and discharge point of pipeline through Marine Sanctuary
and its eco-sensitive zone do not have presence of coral reef or coral
establishment. Moreover, „Coral Atlas of Gujarat‟ published by Gujarat
Ecology Commission which clearly suggests that the coral reef do not exist
near the proposed route of the pipeline through Marine Sanctuary and its
Eco-sensitive zone in Gulf of Kutchh.
The closest coral reef is situated 3.8 km north of proposed pipeline route i.e.
Adatra Reef (Map-4.1). Therefore, in the absence of coral reef on and around
the proposed route of pipeline as well as near the discharge point, the impact
of treated water discharge would be negligible on corals. Moreover, EIA
study has identified the discharge point based on mathematical models for
various parameters which would ensure no impacts of discharged water on
marine biota in the surrounding area.
However, utmost care shall be taken during the construction phase so that no
damage is caused to the seabed and the surrounding area. It is
recommended that post TCL shall assist Forest Department and NGOs
monitoring coral reefs in the surrounding area.
5.5. Impact – mitigation matrix
Based on observations, literature review and consultation with local people,
and experts, we formulated following impact vs. mitigation matrix. It is
advised that company shall follow the suggestions provided in the following
Table-6.1.
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Table-6.1: General Impacts vs. mitigation matrix.
Issues Reason/Status in relation to project site Suggestions Reference/method
Sp
ec
ies
Rare/Endangered/Threatened species
Not reported on the route of proposed pipeline or close vicinity
Nil Field observation, interview of local naturalists& people. Information available in public domain.
Endemic Species No endemic species of any flora, fauna or wildlife present in and around project site
Nil Field survey, Literature review
Imp
ort
an
t N
atu
ral H
ab
ita
ts
Protected Areas Proposed pipeline would cross the Marine Sanctuary and its Eco-sensitive zone
Ensure no/negligible damage is caused to sea bed during construction period. Maintain GPCB/CPCB effluent discharge standards for release of treated water.
Government of Gujarat protected area website, Google Earth, Project Maps etc.
Mangroves Sparse and stunted mangroves are present in the intertidal area on the Mithapur village coast from where the pipeline is proposed. Pipeline project may affect 0.45 ha. of sparse mangroves.
Take utmost care so that minimum damage is caused to mangroves. Take up mangrove plantation with forest department in order to compensate the loss of mangroves due to pipeline construction project.
Mangrove Atlas by Gujarat Ecology Commission, Google Earth, Project Maps etc.
Coral Reef No coral reef present on or around the proposed route of pipeline. Closest coral reef is 3.8 km north which maintains safe distance from the proposed pipeline and discharge point.
Ensure no/negligible damage is caused to sea bed during construction period. Assist Forest Department in monitoring coral reef around the Gulf of Kutchh.
EIA study, Coral Reef Atlas by Gujarat Ecology Commission, Google Earth, Project Maps etc.
Important Bird Areas
None in 10 km area Nil IBA Book (Birdlife International)
Ramsar site No Ramsar sites present in surrounding area /Saurashtra region
Nil Ramsar website
Wetlands of National Importance
No wetlands of national importance present in 100km periphery. Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary is located at 125 km distance.
Nil Wetlands directory of Government of India
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Wetlands of international Importance
No wetlands of international importance present in 100 km periphery of the project site.
Nil Li et al. 2009 “Status of waterbirds in Asia”. wetlands International publication,
Wildlife Corridors No notified or officially identified wildlife corridor present in and around project site.
NIL Consultation with local naturalists & Forest officials
Eco-sensitive zone identified by government
Proposed pipeline would cross the Marine Sanctuary and its Eco-sensitive zone
Ensure no/negligible damage is caused to sea bed during construction period. Maintain GPCB/CPCB effluent discharge standards for release of treated water.
Consultation with local naturalists & NGOs
Forest Areas No Reserved Forest Area is present on or close to the proposed pipeline route
NIL Consultation with Local Forest officials and Forest Area Map of Jamnagar
Waterbodies Marine Sanctuary is one of the coastal wetlands, through which pipeline would pass.
Ensure minimum destruction during construction and operation phase
Project Map and local maps, Google Earth
Breeding/nesting areas
Some of the resident waterbirds such as terns and gulls are likely to breed Seaturtle species do not occur on the coast of Gulf of Kutchh due to rocky and muddy coastal and intertidal zones in the region.
NIL Literature Survey (Sunderraj et al 2002), Project Map and local maps, Google Earth
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5.6. Proposed Conservation Actions
The proposed shifting of present treated water discharge system by TCL to safe
location outside marine Sanctuary and its eco-sensitive zone is itself a major
conservation initiative by TCL. Moreover, the proposed activity would not cause
damage to coral reef or wildlife. Therefore, no major wildlife conservation activities
are suggested. However, Based on our field observation on the distribution of
fragile ecosystems, important wildlife and schedule-I species in the study (10 km)
area, several general and species specific actions are recommended that would
help reduce the impacts of project activities. The conservation action plan stresses
upon precautions, careful construction activities, wildlife habitat improvement and
monitoring activities. Suggested conservation and precaution and general
measures are as under.
TCL shall comply with all the mitigation measures suggested in EIA carried
out by NIO.
TCL shall maintain GPCB/ CPCB effluent discharge standards applicable
on soda ash industry for release of treated waste water through proposed
pipeline in Gulf of Kutchh.
Though, the impacts of proposed activities are likely to be negligible on
Seaturtles, Dugong, Corals and mangroves etc. However, these species &
fragile eco-systems exist in 10 km buffer area of the TCL operational unit. It
is therefore, recommended that TCL shall include conservation activities for
these species and eco-systems in their ongoing corporate conservation
activities in association with reputed NGOs and Gujarat Forest Department.
TCL shall compensate loss of mangroves caused due to pipeline corridor
passing through intertidal zone. This shall be done in consultation with
Forest Department.
A comprehensive survey of status of the wildlife and vegetation shall be
carried out at every 5 year for buffer areas in order to evaluate the
impacts/cumulative impacts of project activities on the surrounding ecology
and wildlife therein.
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TCL shall make substantial financial allocations for carrying out suggested
wildlife conservation activities in the region as part of their ongoing CSR
activities.
A special emphasis on ecological conservation shall be given by extending
special responsibility to senior environment authority within the
management of the TCL.
Based on review and comments provided by concerned wildlife authorities,
the wildlife conservation action plan shall be reviewed at every 5 years.
5.7. Financial layout for conservation activities
Following is the proposed financial layout for conservation activities in the project
site and surrounding area.
Table:6.2: Proposed financial layout for wildlife conservation plan.
S. No
Activity Agency Duration
Amount/ Total Amount
for 5 years
year
A. Conservation & Awareness Activities
1 5 ha. of mangrove plantation every year for 8 years
Forest Dept.
8 years only
1.5 Lakh 12.0 Lakh
2
Conservation and awareness activities for endangered wildlife species found in Gulf of Kachchh & surrounding area (Seaturtles, whale shark etc.)
TCL / NGO/ Forest Dept.
5 years (review after years)
2.0 Lakh 10.0 Lakh
B. Ecological Monitoring Activities
1 Monitoring & status survey of wildlife, mangroves in core and buffer areas
Company
Once Every 2 year for 8 years
2.0 Lakh 8.0 Lakh
C. Compliance reporting
1 Compliance documentation and Reporting to MoEF & Forest Dept.
Company
Once every 2 year for 8 years
1.0 Lakh 4.0 Lakh
D. Total Amount 34 Lakh
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6. Conclusions
Tata Chemical‟s soda ash and other chemical manufacturing processes
produces waste water which is currently discharged into the Gulf of Kutch,
through an open channel after treatment/settlement and dilution with spent
seawater released from plant cooling water system. The present
environmental regulations mandate the discharge of the diluted treated
waste water at selected outfall point through a closed conduit; instead of an
open channel.
National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) has identified an environmentally
safe location and mode of treated waste water discharge system in to the
Gulf of Kutch Sea (Gulf of Kutch). TCL proposes to improve treated waste
water discharge system by shifting of discharge point to location identified
by National Institute of Oceanography with detailed environmental impact
assessment. The existing open channel will be converted into closed
pipeline system and outfall point shall be outside the marine Sanctuary and
its eco-sensitive zone.
Shifting of present treated waste water discharge system by TCL to safe
environmentally safe location outside marine Sanctuary and its eco-
sensitive zone itself can be considered as a major wildlife and environment
conservation initiative by TCL.
The assessment of the ecological and wildlife sensitivity in study area
suggests that the proposed pipeline corridor route will fall within existing
effluent discharge system and the outfall point maintain safe distances from
coral reef areas, dense mangroves, Seaturtle nesting grounds and
seagrass beds in the Gulf of Kutch region. Therefore, the impacts of
proposed activities on sensitive flora and fauna would be negligible.
Closest coral reef is Adatra reef which is located 3.8 km north of proposed
pipeline corridor.
Closest Seaturtle nesting ground is located on Okha-Mithapur and
Mithapur-Mojap streatch towards Arabian Sea, which is outside the
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proposed pipeline corridor but fall within 10 km rdius from the proposed
pipeline corridor.
Since no Seagrass bed found on the route of proposed pipeline corridor
and its surrounding area, it is less likely to affect dugong population of the
region.
The proposed pipeline route would pass through sparse and stunted
mangroves on Mithapur/Padli coast; this may result in loss of sparse
mangroves worth 0.45 ha. It is recommended that TCL shall compensate
the loss of mangrove by taking up mangrove plantation activities along with
forest department.
In absence of any impacts of proposed activity on schedule-I species
present in the 10 km periphery, no species specific conservation action
plan is recommended.
It is recommended that TCL shall take utmost care and precaution during
construction of pipeline corridor through marine sanctuary area.
It is recommended that TCL as part of their CSR activities shall financially
support wildlife conservation and monitoring activities in the region that are
being carried out by forest department and NGOs.
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7. References
Champion, H. G. & S. K. Seth. 1968. A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India.
Manager of Publications, Govt. of India, New Delhi
Rodgers, W. A., Panwar, H. S. and Mathur, V. B. (2000) Wildlife Protected Area
Network in India: A Review (Executive Summary). Wildlife Institute of India,
Dehra Dun. Pp. 44..
Wildlife(Protection) Act (1972) 1993. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government
of India. http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html [accessed 6 Nov 2008].
Sunderraj. SFW. Somasundaram, S. and Mehta A (2013). Evaluation of Sea Turtle
Nesting Population and Threats to Nesting Beaches: Suggest Conservation and
Management Strategies. World Bank aided Integrated Coastal Zone
Management project. Gujarat Ecology Commission.
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Annexure-I
Curriculum Vitae of the Expert, Dr. Bharat Jethva (Wildlife Biologist)
ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION: 1. Ph.D. in Ecological & Wildlife Sciences-FEB-2003 from Wildlife Institute of India-
FRI Deemed University-. Thesis title: Feeding Ecology and Habitat Needs of
Wolves in the Bhal Area of Gujarat).
2. M.Phil., Zoology, 1995 Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat
University Ahmedabad. (Topic of M. Phil. Thesis: Short term Treatment of
Fluoride and its Reversal on Kidney, Liver and Muscle of Male Mice).
3. M.Sc., Zoology 1994 (with special subject as Reproductive physiology and
Endocrinology). Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University
Ahmedabad. India
4. B.Sc., Zoology, 1992 from Bahauddin College-Junagadh, Saurashtra University
Gujarat, India.
WORKEXPERIENCE: 1. NABET Accredited consultant for Ecology & Biodiversity with Bhagwati Enviro
Care, Ahmedabad.
2. More than 18 years of experience in the field of Wildlife Research and
Conservation with special emphasis on Endangered species, Birds, Wetlands,
Coastal and Marine Ecosystems, Grasslands and Desert Ecosystems and
Environmental Impact Assessments.
3. Asian Waterbird Census Coordinator with Wetlands International South Asia,
New Delhi, Setp-28-June 2011.
4. Scientist at GEER Foundation, Gandhinagar, September 23-August 28.
5. Senior Research Fellow in the Conservation of the India Wolf Research Project
at Wildlife Institute of India from January-2000 to August 2003.
6. Junior Research Fellow, in the Conservation of the India Wolf Research Project
at Wildlife Institute of India. From December-1997 to December-1999.
7. Technical Assistant on Conservation of the Indian Wolf Research Project at
Wildlife Institute of India. From November 1995 to December 1997.
MEMBERSHIPS: 1. Member of IUCN-Flamingo Specialist Group.
2. Member International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME)
3. Member Executive Committee, Mangrove Society of India (MSI)
4. Member Sirenian International, USA
5. Indian Bird Conservation Network (IBCN)
6. Bird Conservation Society of Gujarat
7. Oriental Bird Club UK.
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PEER REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS: 1. Munjpara Sandeep B., B. Jethva & C.N. Pandey. 2011. Distribution of the Indian
Bustard Ardeotisnigriceps (Gruiformes: Otididae) in Gujarat State, India Journal
of Threatened Taxa Short Communication 3(9): 2090–2094
2. Jethva B. D. and Jhala Y. V. 2004. Computing biomass consumption from prey
occurrences in Indian wolf scats. ZooBiology, Volume 23, Issue 6, Pages 513 -
52.
3. Jethva B. D. and Jhala Y. V. 2003. Foraging Ecology, Economics and
Conservation of Indian Wolves in the Bhal Region of Gujarat, Western India.
Biological Conservation: 116: 351-357.
4. Jethva B. D. and Jhala Y. V. 2003. Sample Size Considerations for Food Habits
Studies of Wolves from Scats: Mammalia 67: 589-591
5. Sankar K, Jethva B. 2002. Notes on Food habits of Stripped Hyena (Hyena
hyena) in Sariska Tiger Reserve: short note in Journal of Bombay Natural
History Society.
6. Ramesh Sabapara; Suresh Chugh; Bharat Jethva;BudhanPukazhenth; David E.
Widt; Terri L. Roth (1994) A note on reproduction research. Asiatic Lion
Population Habitat Viability Analysis (PHVA) report, Vadodara, 1993
7. Punjani Sheetal, Bharat Jethava, Preeti Shrivastava: 2011: Morphophysiology
of Radiation Induced Lenticular Opacity. International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research, Volume 2, Issue 12, December-2011. ISSN 2229-5518. (
Publication by my Ph.D. student)
PROJECT REPORTS: 1. Status, distribution and habitat Survey of Great Indian BustardArdeotisnigriceps
in Gujarat, 2008. Project sponsored by Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Government of India.
2. Status of Gyps Vultures in Gujarat, 2007- A comprehensive state-wide survey
of vulture nests and population. Project sponsored by Ministry of Environment
and Forests, Government of India. Published by GEER Foundation.
3. Biodiversity of Purna Wildlife Sanctuary a comprehensive ecological and
socio-economic study. Mammals and socio-economic studies 2007.
4. Biodiversity of Jessore Wildlife Sanctuary a comprehensive ecological and
socio-economic study. Contribution in studies on mammals 2008.
5. Movement Pattern of Wild Ass Across the Proposed Kachachh Branch
Canal (SardarSarovar Narmada Nigam Limited) on the Northern Fringe of Wild
Ass Sanctuary in Gujarat, 2006.
6. Status of Gyps Vultures in Gujarat, 2005- A comprehensive state-wide survey
of vulture nests and population. Published by GEER Foundation
7. Proceedings of the workshop on “Cranes and Community in Gujarat-a
holistic conservation strategy for future” held on 23rd November-2004 at GEER
Foundation, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
8. Ecological Impacts of Lignite Mining in Kutch with Special Emphasis on the
Indian Grey Wolf and its Habitats, 1997. WII-EIA Technical Report No-19,
Wildlife Institute of India.
Wildlife conservation plan for proposed treated waste water discharge pipeline through Marine Sanctuary area in Gulf of Kutch by Tata Chemicals Limited
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TRAININGS OBTAINED: 1. One week Regional Training Programme on Wetland Management and
Conservation held between 2-6th May 2008 at GEER Foundation, Gandhinagar,
Gujarat.
2. UNESCO Regional training program on Satellite Image Processing for Natural
Resources Management (21-31 January 2002), conducted by Center for Geo-
Sciences and Engineering, Anna University, Chennai.
3. Animal Welfare Training Course 1995. Conducted by Animal Welfare Board of
India, Ministry of Environment and Forests held at Sakkarbaug Zoo, Junagadh
Gujarat.
SELECTED PRESENTATIONS/ABSTRACTS : (International conferences) 1. Conservation Potential of Green Sea Turtle (Cheloniamydas) in Gujarat. National
workshop on Marine biodiversity and community held at GEER Foundation
with the support of MoEF, Government of India at Ahmedabad.
2. Jethva B. 2005, Vulture Conservation initiatives in Gujarat, Abstract and Oral
Presentation in the conference of Society for Conservation Biology Asia
Chapter held in Kathmandu, Nepal, November-2005.
3. Jethva B. 2005, Crane Conservation and community in Gujarat, Abstract and
Oral Presentation in the conference of Society for Conservation Biology Asia
Chapter held in Kathmandu, Nepal November-2005.
4. Jethva B and Jhala Y.V 2003, Foraging ecology, economics, and conservation of
Indian wolves. Abstract for an oral presentation in International Wolf congress
to be held at Banff, Alberta Canada on September-25–28, 2003.
5. Jhala Y.V., Jethva B, and Chauhan K, 2001. The Role of Predation by Wolves
(Canis lupus pallipes) and Jackals (Canis aureus) on Blackbuck (Antelope
cervicapra) in Velavadar National Park, India. Presentation in International
Canid Conference held in Oxford University U.K.
6. Jethva B and Jhala Y.V 2000, “Food habits, Consumption and predation by
wolves in the Bhal, India, Abstract in an international symposium “Beyond 2000:
Realities of Global Wolf Restoration held at Duluth, Minnesota, USA, Feb-2000.
7. Jethva B. and Jhala Y.V. 2000. “Ecological Impact Assessment of Lignite Mining
in Kutch India”. Oral presentation given in an international symposium:
Carnivore-2000, held in November-2000 at Denver, Colorado. USA.