Wildlife Conservation Plan For Proposed Treated Waste...

Wildlife Conservation Plan

For Proposed Treated Waste Water

Discharge Pipeline Through Marine

Sanctuary Area Near Mithapur in

Gulf of Kutch, Devbhumi Dwarika

District, Gujarat State

Dr. Bharat JethvaNABET Accredited,

Functional Area Expert, Ecology &

Biodiversity

Gandhinagar, Gujarat

April-2015

Prepared by

Wildlife Conservation Plan

For Proposed Treated Waste Water

Discharge Pipeline Through Marine

Sanctuary Area Near Mithapur in

Gulf of Kutch, Devbhumi Dwarika

District, Gujarat State

Study Prepared by

Dr. Bharat Jethva NABET Accredited,

Functional Area Expert, Ecology & Biodiversity Gandhinagar, Gujarat

August-2015

CONTENT Sr. No

Page No

1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………. 1

1.1. Background …………………………………..…………………………………………… 1

1.2. Legal Framework ………………………………………………………………………… 2

1.3. Scope of Work…………………………………………………….……………………… 5

1.4. Objectives of the study ……………………………………………...…………………… 6

2 Study Area ………………………………..……………………………………………… 7

2.1. Project Location ………………….……………………………………………………… 7

2.2. Study Area ……….…………………………………………..…………………………… 8

2.3. Project activities ……….…………………………………………….…………………… 10

3 Methodology……………………………………………….…………………………….. 12

3.1. Basic frame work of data collection ………………………….………………………… 12

3.2. Field Surveys …………………..……………………….……...………………………… 12

3.3. Study of Flora …………………………..…………………………………………...…… 12

3.4. Study of Fauna …….…………………..…………………………………………...…… 13

3.5. Important wildlife habitats ….…………….…………………………………….……… 14

3.6. Rare, endangered and endemic wildlife species and their corridors ….…………… 14

3.7. Literature Review ………………..…………………………………….…….…………… 15

3.8. Analysis to evaluate the potential impacts ……………………………….…………… 15

3.9. Preparation of Wildlife Conservation Action Plan: ……………………….…………… 15

3.10. Limitations of the study …………………………………………………………………. 15

4 Ecological Assessment …………………………………….…………….…………… 17

4.1. General Ecological Assessment ……………..….………………………………..…… 17

4.2. Protected areas & sensitive ecosystems in the study area ………………………... 18

4.3. Protected Areas ………………………………..….………………………………..…… 20

4.4. Flora ……………..….……………………………….………………..…………………… 20

4.5. Fauna …………..….……………………………….………………..…………………… 23

4.6. Wildlife corridors and breeding habitats ……………………….……………………… 31

4.7. Seaturtle nesting sites ………………………………………………………………….. 31

4.8. Coral reef ……………………………….………………………………..….…………… 32

5 Potential Impacts & Mitigations……………………………………..………. 35

5.1. Impacts on flora …………………………………………………….………………..…… 36

5.2. Impacts on mangroves ……………………….………………………..….…………… 36

5.3. Impacts on fauna ……………………….………………………………..….…………… 37

5.4. Impact on coral reef ……………………….……………………………..….…………… 39

5.5. Impact mitigation matrix……………………….………………………..….…………… 40

5.6. Proposed conservation actions………………………………………………………… 43

5.7. Financial layout for conservation activities ……………………………………….….. 44

6 Conclusions ………………………….………………………………..………. 45

7 References ……………………………………………………………..………………. 47

Annexure ……………………………………….…………...………………..…………… 48

List of Maps, Plates and Tables

No. Maps No.

2.1 Project location in Gujarat 7

2.2 Location of the proposed effluent discharge pipeline in Gulf of Kutch 10

4.1 Marine National Park & Sanctuary in Gulf of Kachchh and proposed pipeline corridor 19

4.2 Status of Coral Reef in Mitapur Bay 34

No Plates No.

4.1 Bird congregation near present effluent release point 29

5.1 Sparse mangrove cover on the proposed route of pipeline in intertidal area. 36

No. Tables No.

2.1 Details of the proposed effluent pipeline in Gulf of Kutchh 9

4.1 Protected areas and sensitive eco-systems in the study area 18

4.2 Checklist of reptiles reported from the study area 24

4.3 Inventory of birds reported from the study area with their conservation status 25

4.4 Inventory and conservation status of mammals reported from study area 30

6.1 General Impact vs mitigation matrix.

41

6.2 Proposed financial layout for wildlife conservation plan 44

Wildlife conservation plan for proposed treated waste water discharge pipeline through Marine Sanctuary area and Eco-sensitive zone in Gulf of Kutch by Tata Chemicals Limited

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1. Introduction

1.1. Background

Tata Chemicals Limited (TCL), world‟s second largest producer of soda ash

has one of its chemical manufacturing plants located at Mithapur, Gujarat,

India. The Mithapur plant was established in the year 1939. The TCL

Mithapur facility produces soda ash, salt, marine chemicals and cement as

their main products. TCL Mithapur plant utilizes sea water for various

applications inside the Plant including for cooling applications. Concentrated

brine is the raw material for production of various chemicals in the Plant. The

plant generates treated waste water from its various processes which has to

be disposed off safely to avert the adverse effect on environment.

The chemical plant discharges the spent sea water after utilizing it for cooling

purposes in the plant. The soda ash and other chemical manufacturing

processes produces waste water which is currently discharged into the Gulf

of Kutch, through an open channel after treatment/settlement and dilution

with spent seawater released from plant cooling water system. The present

environmental regulations mandate the discharge of the diluted treated waste

water at selected outfall point through a closed conduit; instead of an open

channel.

With above background, TCL entrusted a study to National Institute of

Oceanography (NIO) to identify a suitable location for releasing the treated

effluents (2,40,000m3/d) in Gulf of Kutchh. NIO has also conducted

Environmental Impact Assessment Study and identified a suitable location in

the Gulf of Kutch for discharge of treated waste water through pipeline and

diffuser system. This location is Lat. 22° 24‟ 36” N, Long. 69° 04‟ 50”E. This is

in conformance to the requirement of MoEF notification G.S.R. 424(E)

Dated01.06.2011, regarding Soda Ash effluent standards. TATA Consulting

Engineers Limited (TCE) has carried out the feasibility study of the outfall


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system for disposal of diluted treated waste water at location suggested by

NIO in Gulf of Kutch.

To meet the above requirements, TCL propose to discharge the treated

waste water through pipeline and diffuser system. The proposed pipeline

corridor and marine outfall location is shown in map- 2.2.The proposed

pipeline would pass through Marine Sanctuary and its eco-sensitive zone.

Details of proposed treated waste water pipeline corridor within Marine

Sanctuary and Eco-sensitive zones are given in Table 2.1.

TCL has submitted proposal to Forest Department in prescribed Performa as

per MoEF Guidelines F. No. 6-10/2011 WL dated 19.12.2012 for taking up

non forestry activities in wildlife habitats. Following documents have been

submitted to State Forest Department along with said proposal:

1. Duly filled Part-I and Part-II of the Performa as per Annexure-1 of

MoEF Guidelines

2. Map showing the proposed project location within Marine sanctuary

area, Eco-sensitive zone and survey no. details towards terrestrial

area

3. Project Feasibility Study Report

4. Marine Environmental Impact Assessment Study Report

Forest Department has asked to submit Wildlife conservation plan for

proposed project activities. TCL engaged Green Support Services to carry

out detailed studies of wildlife & ecology and prepare a wildlife conservation

plan. Present study especially conducted for assessing the impacts of the

proposed project activities on the wildlife and flora fauna of the core and

buffer area of the project site and Marine Sanctuary area. The study also

carried out to suggest conservation and mitigation measures for Rare,

Endemic, Endangered and Threatened flora and fauna species if present in

the study area. This detailed study and wildlife conservation action plan shall

be submitted to Forest Authorities for approval of proposed project as per

MoEF Guidelines F. No. 6-10/2011 WL dated 19.12.2012 for taking up non


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forestry activities in wildlife habitats (Marine Sanctuary and its Eco-sensitive

Zone)

1.2. Legal Framework

India as a matter of policy supports and encourages electricity, energy and

other developmental projects only if they are compatible with its biological,

physical, chemical and social environment. India as one of the centres of

mega diversity and as a signatory to various international conventions and

treaties, cares to conserve its biodiversity, natural habitats, and protect

migratory species in accordance with a strong legal framework of acts, laws,

rules and regulations. Any unmanageable and adverse impacts and activities

that are detrimental to its flora, fauna and biodiversity are prohibited by the

following acts/regulatory authorities:

1.2.1. Environment (Protection) Act (1986)

The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) is responsible for the

implementation and enforcement of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986,

and Rules issued under the Act under sections 3 and 5 of the EP Act, 1986.

The Ministry retains enormous powers to issue directions in the interests of

environment protection. The specific functions of MoEF are as follows:

Environmental policy planning; Effective implementation of legislation;

Monitoring and control of pollution; Environmental Clearances for industrial

and development projects covered under EIA notification; Promotion of

environmental education, training and awareness; and Forest conservation,

development, and wildlife protection.

1.2.2. Central Pollution Control Board

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) was established in September

1974, for the purpose of implementing provisions of the Water (Prevention

and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. The executive responsibilities for the

industrial pollution prevention and control are primarily executed by the

CPCB at the Central level, which is a statutory body, attached to the MoEF.

CPCB works towards control of water, air and noise pollution, land


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degradation and hazardous substances and waste management. The

specific functions of CPCB are as follows:-

Prevent pollution of streams and wells;

Advise the Central Government on matters concerning prevention,

control and abatement of water and air pollution;

Co-ordinate the activities of SPCB‟s and provide them with technical

and research assistance;

Establish and keep under review quality standards for surface and

groundwater and for air quality; Planning and execution of national

programme for the prevention, control and abatement of pollution

through the Water and Air Acts; and

The CPCB is responsible for the overall implementation and

monitoring of air and water pollution control under the Water Act,

1974, and the Air Act, 1981.

1.2.3. Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB)

Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) implements various environmental

legislations in the state of Gujarat, mainly including Water (Prevention and

Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,

1981, Water (Cess) Act, 1977 and some of the provisions under

Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 and the rules framed there under like,

Biomedical Waste Rules, 1998, Hazardous Waste Rules, 2000, Municipal

Solid Waste Rules, 2000 etc. GPCB is functioning under the administrative

control of Forest &Environment Department of Government ofGujarat. Some

of the important functions of GPCB are:-

To plan comprehensive program for the prevention, control or

abatement of pollution and secure executions thereof;

To collect and disseminate information relating to pollution and the

prevention;

Control or abatement thereof;

To inspect sewage or trade effluent treatment and disposal facilities,

and air pollution control systems and to review plans;


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Specification or any other data relating to the treatment plants;

Disposal systems and air pollution control systems in connection with

the consent granted;

Supporting and encouraging the developments in the fields of pollution

control;

Waste recycle reuse, eco-friendly practices etc.; to educate and guide

the entrepreneurs in improving environment by suggesting appropriate

pollution control technologies and techniques;

Creation of public awareness about the clean and healthy environment

and attending the public complaints regarding pollution.

1.2.4. Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972

The Government of India enacted Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 with the

objective of effectively protecting the wildlife of this country and to control

poaching, smuggling and illegal trade in wildlife and its derivatives. The Act

was amended in January 2003 and punishment and penalty for offences

under the Act have been made more stringent. The Ministry has proposed

further amendments in the law by introducing more rigid measures to

strengthen the Act. The objective is to provide protection to the listed

endangered flora and fauna and ecologically important protected areas.

1.2.5. The Biological Diversity Act 2002

This act was born out of India‟s attempt to realize the objectives enshrined in

the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992 which

recognizes the sovereign rights of states to use their own Biological

Resources. The Act aims at the conservation of biological resources and

associated knowledge as well as facilitating access to them in a sustainable

manner and through a just process for purposes of implementing the objects

of the Act it establishes the National Biodiversity Authority in Chennai.

1.3. Scope of Work

Scope of work for this study includes identification of ecologically sensitive

receptors based on literature survey and field investigations and their

mitigation with conservation action plan. The study was carried out


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particularly for proposed outfall/diffuser location and surrounding area that

does not fall within Marine Sanctuary area. The study was carried out

systematically and scientifically using primary and secondary data in order to

bring out factual information on the ecological conditions of the project site

and its surroundings.

The study involved assessment of general habitat type, vegetation pattern,

preparation of inventory flora and fauna of terrestrial ecosystem in 10 km

radius from the boundary of project site. Biological assessment of the site

was done to identify whether there are any rare or endangered or endemic or

threatened (REET) species of flora or fauna in the project site or core area as

well its buffer zone and to identify whether there are any ecologically

sensitive area within the area that is likely to be impacted (buffer zone). The

study also designed to suggest suitable mitigation measures if necessary for

protection of wildlife habitats and conservation of REET species if any.

1.4. Objectives of the Study

The present study was undertaken with the following objectives:

Inventerization of the present status of flora and fauna in the core and buffer

(10 km radius) zone.

To carryout primary survey of flora and fauna and ecologically sensitive

natural habitats in the study area.

Assessment of any impacts of the project activities on natural habitats and

species.

Preparation of Wildlife conservation plan for proposed treated waste water

pipeline passing through Marine Sanctuary and its Eco-sensitive zone in

Gulf of Kutchh.


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2. Study Area

2.1. Project Location

Tata Chemicals Limited (TCL) was founded in 1939 and is operating a soda

ash plant since 1943. The site is located close to the Arabian Sea (3 km from

the western boundary) as well as the Gulf (4 km from the eastern boundary)

on the western coast of Gujarat (Map-2.1). The industrial township of

Mithapur is situated 20 km north of Dwarka and 9 km south of Port of Okha

on State Highway 25 A and the Western Railway„s broad-gauge line from

Mumbai to Okha. The flat land is arid and saline. The wind velocities are high

throughout the year. The area is thinly populated and agricultural activities

are poor. The area is ideally situated to produce solar salt, a vital raw

material to the soda ash and marine chemicals.

Map- 2.1: Project location in Gujarat.


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2.2. Study Area:

TCL at Mithapur is located about 10 km from the Okha Port in the semiarid

coastal belt of Saurashtra. Mithapur region has the Arabian Sea to its west

and the Gulf to its north. Mithapur Bay, the integral and extended part of

Positra Bay is located between waters of Okha- Bet Dwarka waters in the

west and main Positra Bay in the east. The region sustains sparse and

scattered vegetation of tropical dry mixed deciduous scrub and desert thorn

type belonging to the xerophytic group. The Mithapur Bay being an integral

part of the Gulf, its dynamics and ecology are controlled by the processes in

the Gulf. The coastal configuration is very irregular with numerous islands,

creeks and bays. Besides, there are a number of eroded shallow banks like

Pirotan, Dide, Dhani, Bet Shankhodhar, Paga, Adatra and Boria reefs along

the southern shore, many of which harbour living corals. The intertidal

region is sandy and muddy or rocky. The Mithapur Bay area of the Gulf

harbours a variety of ecosystems and habitats, in areas such as creeks;

mangroves; intertidal foreshore-rocky, sandy and muddy zones; coastal

lagoons; coral reefs; sea grass beds and islands.

Tidal waters enter Okha Port through the inlet between Bet Shankodhar and

Okha main land. The north-eastern part of the island is composed chiefly of

sandhills. The south-western part of the island towards eastern side of the

port is a rocky table land of about 9 m high. Bet Shankodhar or Bet Dwarka

is a busy pilgrimage centre devoted to Lord Krishna. The southwest point,

Shankholia Point is the highest point (18.3 m) of the island.

Okha Port is situated at the tip of the horse shoe shaped land formation. It

handles cargo such as minerals, cement, chemicals, coal, iron, steel,

timber, food grains etc. Further south of Okha Port, a passenger jetty is

operational transporting devotees to Bet Dwarka and Bican, a fish landing

centre for small and medium type crafts are located. Further south, a

shallow creek divides Okha from the mainland of Mithapur and Arambhada.

The waters leading to the Mithapur Bay are very shallow with an intricate

path between the rocks that are exposed during low tide. The semi-circular


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Mithapur Bay has vast intertidal span penetrating up to Padli. Rajpura

Bandar, once a busy passenger jetty now in ruins is further east adjoining

Kyu Point, which separates the Mithapur Bay from Positra Bay situated

eastward. Kyu Hills, the prominent landmark (19.5 m high) consists of rock

covered with cactus scrub. At high water spring, the adjacent land gets

flooded isolating these hills.

Tata Chemicals Mithapur (TCL)Mithapur chemical plant discharges the

treated waste water in to the Gulf of Kutch through an open channel. The

present environmental regulations mandate the discharge of the treated

waste water through a diffuser system. In this connection, TCL had

commissioned National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) which studied and

identified a suitable location in the Gulf of Kutch.

This location is Lat. 22 24 36 N, Long. 69 04 50 E. This is in conformance to

the requirement of MoEF notification G.S.R. 424(E) Dated01.06.2011,

regarding Soda Ash effluent Standards to meet the above requirements,

TCL propose to discharge the treated waste water through pipeline and

diffuser system. The proposed pipeline corridor and marine outfall location

is shown in Table-2.1 & Map-2.2.

Table-2.1: Details of the proposed effluent pipeline in Gulf of Kutchh.

S. No.

Activity/ Area Length in

meter Width in

meter Area in Hectare

1 Pipeline Corridor inside Marine Sanctuary Area

2504 45 11.2680

2 Pipeline Corridor inside Eco sensitive zone (Land ward side)

158 45 0.7110

3 Pipeline Corridor in Eco sensitive zone (Marine side)

204 45 0.9180


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Map-2.2: Location of the proposed effluent discharge pipeline in Gulf of Kutch.

Wildlife conservation plan for proposed treated waste water discharge pipeline through Marine Sanctuary area in Gulf of Kutch by Tata Chemicals Limited

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2.3. Project activities

The Tata chemical plant discharges the spent sea water after utilizing it for

cooling purposes in the plant. The soda ash and other chemical

manufacturing processes produces waste water which is currently

discharged into the Gulf of Kutch, through an open channel after

treatment/settlement and dilution with spent seawater released from plant

cooling water system. The present environmental regulations mandate the

discharge of the diluted treated waste water at selected outfall point through

a closed conduit; instead of an open channel.

Proposed treated waste water disposal system

The proposed system envisages disposal of treated waste water generated

by the TCL‟s chemical process plant to Gulf of Kutch. A pump station is to be

constructed to convey the treated waste water by a 3.5 km long pipeline - to

be laid on a trestle up to the disposal point (by a diffuser) selected by NIO

The treated waste water has a scaling tendency and replacement of pipe

section would be easier on the trestle than in a submarine pipeline..

Location of release

The NIO report recommends the treated waste water should be released with

a minimum initial jet velocity of 3 m/s through a diffuser. The diffuser should

be placed at 5 m above the bed level. The length of the diffuser will be 48 m.

The location co-ordinates are 22° 24' 36" North and 69° 04' 50" East. This is

in line with MoEF notification SO E 424 dated 1 June 2011 laying out the

effluent release standards applicable to the Soda ash industry.


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3. Methodology

3.1. Basic frame work of data collection

The prediction of impacts on flora, fauna and wildlife depends on

understanding of the proposed activities, its magnitude/extent, scale and

ecological conditions in the surrounding area. Collection of comprehensive

baseline information on flora and fauna is therefore a pre-requisite for

assessment of impacts of development activities. It would also help in

advance planning and mitigate the impacts and ultimately managing the

natural habitats and resources. The approach to achieve the stated

objectives within defined scope of work, include field surveys, interviews,

reviews of literature and consultation with experts. We utilized specific

secondary data on Marine life from the study carried out for the project

activities by National Institute of Oceanography in the form of EIA. Following

was the basic frame work of the data collection and analysis for the present

study.

3.2. Field surveys

Field visits were carried out in the month of March-April 2015 to understand

and assess the impacts of proposed project activities on flora and fauna and

natural habitats. We evaluated the distribution and abundance of flora and

fauna in the study area through primary and secondary data sources.

3.3. Study of flora

In order to study the flora we made several field visits in the peripheral area

of the project site and prepared qualitative checklist of the plants species

found in the region. Since majority of the project activities are restricted to

marine area, study of terrestrial plants was not required to be studied. Details

of the marine plant species found in the study area were obtained from the

secondary sources such as previous biodiversity studies, EIAs and

consultation with the local people and experts.

During field visits we made observations on the mangrove areas near the

project site. We also gathered information on their species through direct and


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secondary sources. The information gathered on mangroves, involves,

species, distribution, utilization and threats to mangroves in the study area.

We utilized „Mangrove Atlas‟ a document published by Gujarat Ecology

Commission for obtaining information on mangroves in the study area.

3.4. Study of Fauna

The study of fauna was restricted to birds, mammals and marine life. We

carried out primary surveys in the study area to study the terrestrial reptiles,

birds and mammals found in the peripheral areas of the proposed project

site.

Marine life: Due to lack of time and requisite permissions, we relied on

secondary information present in the public domain as well as with project

proponent in the form of study reports, EIAs etc. There are numerous

documents available in the public domain on marine life near the study area.

We referred „Coral Atlas‟ a document published by Gujarat Ecology

Commission for obtaining information on coral reef distribution and species

present in the study area. We also measured distances of different coral

reefs from the project site using GIS, GPS and Google Earth.

Fishery: Data on fishery were obtained from secondary sources for the study

area. Previous studies and reports were referred to gather information on the

fisheries activities in of the study area.

Reptiles: Majority of the reptile species are fossorial on land and marine

reptiles include Seaturtles. Since the proposed project activities are offshore,

assessment of marine reptiles and their diversity etc. holds special

significance for propose project. It is difficult to conduct quantitative study on

marine reptiles therefore we relied on qualitative observations only. We

carried out study based on interview survey, secondary literature as well as

direct field visits. We randomly looked for various reptiles and their presence

in the study area. Therefore, only a check list based on secondary sources

was prepared for the project site.

Birds: Birds, occupying higher trophic levels in the ecosystems, respond

quickly to the changes in the habitats and therefore serve as one of the best


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indicators for evaluating the status of the area. Therefore, we created

baseline data on birds by systematically and scientifically collected data on

occurrence in the study area. For creating baseline data on birds we relied on

direct observation method. During our field visits we made observations and

photographed birds present in and around the project site. Majority of the

birds observed or photographed were identified to make a checklist of the

species. Apart from field visits, interview surveys and expert consultation

methods in order to improve the inventory of the bird species of the project

area.

Mammals: Like birds, mammals are also occupying higher trophic levels in

many ecosystems and respond quickly to the changes in their habitats

therefore, serves as best indicators of the ecosystem health. Since the

presence of mammalian species is low affecting probability of their sightings,

in the study area, it was difficult to estimate their population using any

sampling methods. More importantly, it was difficult to accommodate the

sightings of marine mammals in the study. Therefore, we prepared a

qualitative check list of mammals based on their presences and absence

using indirect evidences, consultation with local fishermen, local villagers and

experts in the study area.

3.5. Important wildlife habitats

We assessed the presence and distances of important wildlife habitats and

protected areas, mangroves, breeding and nesting habitats of fauna, coastal

habitats, important wetlands, etc. from the project site. These important areas

such as Protected areas (National Park, Wildlife Sanctuaries etc., Wetlands

of national importance, Ramsar sites, Important Bird Areas (IBAs), classified

by the Bombay Natural History Society etc.

3.6. Rare, endangered and endemic wildlife species and their corridors

We also assessed the presence of rare, endangered, endemic wildlife

species in the study area. Special search efforts were made during the field

visits to identify any such sensitive species or their corridors etc. in the study


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area. Apart from field visits we relied on interview surveys of local people,

consultation with local biologists and naturalists as well as forest officials.

3.7. Literature Review

The study also relied on existing knowledge about the ecology and

biodiversity of the region. Various relevant literatures were surveyed during

the study for collection of baseline information. Documents surveyed include,

biodiversity study report by GEER Foundation, Coastal zone Management

documents, Coral reef atlas, Mangrove atlas etc. by GEC. EIA done for the

project by NIO and other relevant maps, reports, documents collected from

the project proponent were also reviewed and used in the present study.

Books on flora, fauna and wildlife were also studied in order to understand

the biology of several species.

3.8. Analysis to evaluate the potential impacts

The information collected on status of marine life, flora and fauna and, their

spatio-temporal distributions, hotspots, and potential impacts of proposed

project development were logically analyzed and conclusions were extracted

for preparation of conservation plan for the company to implement.

3.9. Preparation of Wildlife Conservation Action Plan

After identification of key impacts of the project, on flora, fauna or any key

habitats of important species or their corridors, a comprehensive wildlife

conservation action plan was prepared with monitoring mechanism and

financial projections.

3.10. Limitations of the Study

The study undertaken is structured around the project information as

provided by the project proponent including EIA documents, any change in

the proposed activities may result in variation of outcome. The study is based

on field visits, literature survey, consultation with local people& experts etc.

Professional judgment and subjective interpretation of facts has been applied

for this study. All information‟s and inferences presented herein are based on


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the specifics currently available within the limits of the scope of work,

information provided by the client or its representative, existing secondary

data and schedule.


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4. Ecological Assessment

4.1. General Ecological Assessment:

The observations and assessment of overall ecological scenario presented in

this chapter include details of flora, fauna, natural habitats, protected areas,

wildlife species and their migration corridors etc. Such information provides

better understanding of the situation and overall ecological importance of the

area. This information viewed against project activities help in predicting their

impacts on the wildlife and their habitats in the region.

4.1.1. Biogeographic Zone:

As per global classification defined by WWF, the region falls in Indo-Malay

Realm (IM 1303), Arabian Sea and Deserts and Xeric Shrublands Biome.

The North-western Thorn Scrub Forests [IM1303] ecoregion represents a

large expanse of degraded dry forest surrounding the Thar Desert. Neither

exceptionally species-rich nor high in endemism, the ecoregion nevertheless

harbours viable populations of antelopes.

As per classification of Indian Biogeographic zones by Rodgers et al. (2000),

the coastal region of Saurashtra belongs to Biogeographic zone-8, whereas,

Saurashtra region falls under Biogeographic Zone 4 - the Semi Arid with the

Biotic Province 4-B, Gujarat Rajawarah. Adjoining the desert are the semi-

arid areas, a transitional zone between the desert and the denser forests of

the Western Ghats. The natural vegetation is thorn forest. This region is

characterized by discontinuous vegetation cover with open areas of bare soil

and soil-water deficit throughout the year.

4.1.2. Forest type:

As per the forest classification of Champian and Seth (1968), forest of

Jamnagar/Devbhumi Dwarka district classified as “Tropical Dry Deciduous

Forest” type 5A. These forests thrive in the region having the rainfall between

600 mm to 1200 mm.


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4.2 Protected areas sensitive ecosystems in study area:

Data collected and information gathered from secondary literature on flora,

fauna, protected area, natural habitats, wildlife species etc., were analyzed

and results are presented in Table-4.1.

Table-4.1: Protected areas and sensitive eco-systems in the study area (10

Km).

Habitat Description/Distance/Direction from proposed

disposal point

Marine National Park

Adatra Reef located @3.8 Km North of Proposed pipeline. Map-4.2.

Marine Sanctuary Pipeline passes through Marine Sanctuary area of Gulf of Kutchh

Eco-sensitive Zone Pipeline passes through Marine Sanctuary- Eco-sensitive zone of Gulf of Kutchh

Wildlife Corridors & Routes

Not present

Breeding/nesting/feeding roosting sites important fauna

Shallow sea coast near current treated waste water discharge point on coast of Gulf of Kutch provides feeding and roosting ground to thousands of migratory and resident waterbirds including, 2 species of flamingos, waders, ducks and seagulls, terns, pelicans, herons, egrets etc.

Mangroves Mangroves are present in close vicinity of the proposed pipeline and also exist near present effluent discharge channel.

Coral Reef

Coral reef of Marine National Park located at

Adatra Reef- 3.8 Km North (Map-4.2)

Mithapur Reef on Arabian Sea coast-8.5 km North-West

Beyt Dwarka reef-8 Km North

Seaturtle nesting ground

Okha-Mithapur and Mithapur- Mojap stretch towards Arabian Sea within 10 km

# Sea Turtle Nesting: As per GEC Report titled “Evaluation of Sea Turtle”, stretches of Sea Coast “Okha- Mithapur” and “Mithapur- Mojap” identified as turtle nesting grounds in Jamnagar District.


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Map-4.1: Marine National Park& Sanctuary in Gulf of Kachchh and proposed pipeline corridor.

Wildlife conservation plan for proposed treated waste water discharge pipeline through Marine Sanctuary area near Mithapur in Gulf of Kutch by Tata Chemicals Limited

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4.3 Protected Areas

There are two marine protected areas located near the proposed project site

i.e. Marine National Park and Marine Sanctuary. Marine National Park and

Sanctuary are located in the intertidal zone along the coastal area of

Devbhumi Dwarka, Jamnagar and Rajkot extending to 150 km in the Gulf of

Kachchh (Map-4.1). The marine Sanctuary was declared in 1980 and the

Marine National Park was declared in 1982. Total 457.92 km2 is under

Marine Sanctuary and 162.89km2 is under Marine National Park. Gulf of

Kutch is located in bio-geographical zone, “The coasts of Indo-Malayan

Realm” and can be considered as International Union for Conservation of

Nature Protected Area Category-I

Flora of Marine National Park mainly consists of mangroves and array of

marine algae, including some commercially important species of Agarophytes

and the coastal line of the Gulf is fringed with luxuriant growth of Avicennia,

Rhizophora and Ceriops species of mangroves and Salvadora, Ziziypus, and

Prosopis species are some of the terrestrial species found in that area.

Sanctuary has more than 70 sponge species, 37 species of hard coral and

24 species of soft coral, 150-200 species of fish, 27 species of prawn, 30

species of crab, 200 species of mollusc, 3 species of sea turtle, 3 species of

sea mammal, 94 species of aquatic bird and 78 species of terrestrial bird.

The high density and diversity in the Gulf of Kutch is due to the availability of

different types of habitats like sandy, muddy, rocky calcareous sea bed and

coral beds and mangroves in the relatively sheltered waters of the Gulf. The

Gulf is defined as “portion of sea partially enclosed by sweep of coast and

usually narrower at mouth than bay.” Gulf of Kutch is located in bio-

geographical zone “The coasts of Indo-Malayan Realm”.

4.4 Flora

Majority of the data on the vegetation is obtained from the EIA study carried

out by the National Institute of Oceanography. However, primary

observations were also made in the intertidal area and in the study area to

observe the general vegetation and the habitat types. Since the study is


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carried out for proposed construction of effluent pipeline through the marine

sanctuary area in Gulf of Kutchh, a detailed study of terrestrial vegetation

was not carried out.

4.4.1 Terrestrial vegetation:

According to the EIA study carried out by NIO, the marine flora is highly

varied and includes sand dune vegetation, mangroves, seagrasses,

macrophytes and phytoplankton. In all 29 species of Chlorophyceae, 30

species of Phaeophyceae and 49 species of Rhodophyceae have been

identified with the dominance of Phaeophyceae. The dominant species of

sanddune flora are Euphorbia caducifolia, E. neriifolia, Aloeverasp, Ephedra

foliata, Urochodra setulosa, Sporobolus maderaspatenus, Eragrostis

unioloides, Calotropis procera, Fimbristy lissp, Indigofera sp and Ipomoea

pescaprae. The common seagrasses found growing on the mudflats are

Halophila ovata, H. Beccarii and Zostrea marina.

4.4.2 Marine vegetation:

The most common marine algal species are Ulva fasciata, U. reticulata,

Enteromorpha intenstinalis, Dictyotasp, Hypnea musciformis, Sargassum

tennerimum, S. ilicifolium, Gracilaria corticata, Cystocera sp, Padinatetra

stomatica, Corallina sp, Laurencia sp, Caulerpara cemosa, Bryopsis sp,

Turbinaria sp, Ectocarpus sp, Acanthophora sp,Chondria sp, and Codium sp.

4.4.3 Phytoplankton:

The primary production of the water column as assessed from chlorophylla

concentration is generally high and comparable with different segments o f

the G u l f regions. Phytoplankton represents about 31 genera and 41species.

The major phytoplankton genera are Rhizosolenia, Synedra, Chaetoceros,

Navicula, Nitzschia, Pleurosigma, Thalassiothrix, Biddulphia, Stauroneis,

Coscinodiscus and Skeletonema. The Gulf also sustains good and variable

zooplankton and benthic standing stock with diversity. The primary and

secondary tropic levels offer congenial feeding grounds for prawns and

fishes in the Gulf.


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4.4.4 Mangroves:

The vast inter tidal zone of the Gulf is rich in biota. Sheltered bays, creeks

and mudflats provide ideal sites for mangrove vegetation over an estimated

area of about 1036km2. Majority of the vegetation in the intertidal area is

represented by the mangrove species. As per our information and survey

majority of the mangrove area is dominated by the Avicennia marina.

However, there are Rhizophora and Ceriops species also present in the area

that area planted by the local forest department. These species are brought

from other places and planted in the Gulf of Kutch. No major mangrove

associates except Suaeda nudiflora is seen in the area.

Mono-species stands of Avicennia marina occur in degraded patches and

fringe along the eastern shore of the Gulf of Kutchh. The width of the

mangrove belt varies from 25 to 200 m.. Unlike in the past, several mangrove

plants occur between mid tide and low tide levels on the east of the

discharge channel mainly represented by Avicennia marina.

Sparse to dense mangrove patches are also present in the inter-tidal zone

near the proposed pipeline route and also the existing disposal point.

Gujarat State Forest Department has taken up mangrove plantation

activities at Arambhada, Padli, Hamusar and Samlasar village coasts.

4.4.5 Dominant plant species

Based on our observations during the survey we found that Avicenna marina,

Prosopis juliflora, Acasia nilotica in trees, Zizyphus numularia and Euphorbia

neriifolia in shrubs and Sporolobus maderaspatensiss & Apluda mutica in

grasses and Urochloa reptans and Metanuse marginatus in herbs are the

most dominant species in the region.

4.4.6 Invader or exotic species

Our study showed that the Prosopis juliflora is one of the most dominant

terrestrial species and wide spread in the buffer areas of the project site. Our

observation during field visits suggests Prosopis juliflora is fast growing in the

area.


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Prosopis juliflora is an evergreen tree native to South America, Central

America and the Caribbean. In the United States, it is well known as

mesquite. It is fast growing, nitrogen-fixing and tolerant to arid conditions

and saline soils. Prosopis juliflora is an exotic and invasive widespread, multi-

branched shrub/tree species in the India. It has been invading grasslands,

native scrubland and forests of Gujarat and India.

4.4.7 Endangered/Threatened/protected species

Our field survey in the project area suggests that there are no endangered,

endemic, rare plants species present in and around the proposed route of the

pipeline. Mangroves being inter-tidal area species, it is found to be on the

coast near proposed pipeline route.

4.5 Fauna

Since the present project is for construction of pipeline through intertidal zone

and marine sanctuary area, assessment of marine fauna is one of the prime

requirements. However, the marine EIA carried out by NIO has brought out

detailed account of marine fauna and impacts of proposed project activities

on marine fauna.

In the present study, we prepared a detailed account of terrestrial faunal

groups (birds, reptiles and mammals) as well as significant marine faunal

groups such as coral reef, Seaturtle, Marine mammals through direct

observations and secondary sources i.e. survey of published literature.

Details of the each faunal group are given as follow.

4.5.1 Reptiles

Majority of the reptile species are fossorial in habit, therefore the assessment

of reptiles and their diversity etc. holds special significance for any

development project. In the present study we identified a total of 7 species of

reptiles in the study area (Table-4.2).

Of the reported reptiles species, 2 species are marine i.e. Green Seaturtle

and Olive Ridely Seaturtle, rest all are terrestrial reptile species. Except

marine turtles, majority of the reptiles are common throughout country.


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Seaturtles are also listed as Schedule-I in WPA 1972. However, total 4

species belong Schedule-IV (Common Skink, Fan Throated Lizard, Garden

Lizard and Saw scaled Viper) However, Indian Monitor Lizard belongs to

Schedule-II of WPA. Majority of the terrestrial reptile species reported from

the study area fall in „Least Concerned‟ category of IUCN. No endangered,

rare, threatened or endemic species of reptiles was reported from the project

site. However, some of the species are found in the study area, i.e. away

from the proposed pipeline route are Green Seaturtle which is considered as

Endangered by IUCN, where as Olive Ridely Seaturtle is listed as Vulnerable

and Saw-scale Viper is listed as Near Threatened by IUCN.

Table-4.2: Checklist of reptiles reported from the study area.

S. No.

Name of Species Conservation Status as per

IWPA-1972 (Schedule I

to VI)

Conservation Status as per

IUCN Common Name Scientific Name

1 Common Skink Mubuya carinata Schedule-IV LC

2 Fan Throated Lizard Sitana ponticeriana Schedule-IV LC

3 Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor Schedule-IV LC

4 Green Seaturtle Chelonia mydas Schedule-I EN

5 Indian monitor lizard Varanus

bengalensis Schedule-II LC

6 Olive Readily

Seaturtle

Lepidochelys

olivacea Schedule-I VU

7 Saw scaled Viper Echis carinatus Schedule-IV NT

CR=Critically Endangered, EN=Endangered, NT=Near Threatened, LC=Least Concerned, Vu=Vulnerable

4.5.2 Birds species recorded during the survey

During the study we observed a total of 103bird species in the study area.

Majority of the species (71) are resident species where as only 32 species

were found to be migratory (Table-4.3). These migratory bird species are

mostly waders, cranes and ducks. Of these recorded 103 species, 98 belong

to„ Least Concerned‟ category rated by IUCN where as only 5 species i.e.

Painted Stork, Oriental White Ibis, Eurasian Curlew, Oriental Darter and

Black tailed Godwit belong to Near Threatened Species (Table-4.3).


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Majority of the birds reported from the study area belong to the Schedule-IV

of Wildlife Protection Act 1972 (WPA 1972) (Table-4.3), whereas only House

crow belong to Schedule-V. The birds were recorded mainly from, coastal

intertidal zone, mangrove areas, degraded/saline affected areas and in the

surrounding agriculture landscape interspersed with scattered small

waterbodies and ponds. The bird species groups observed in the study area

were represented by species of waders on coastline, open scrubland such as

Passerines, Shrikes etc. and waterbodies birds such as Egrets, Herons,

ducks and cranes etc. Majority of the birds observed in the study area

represent birds of shorelines and the semi arid non-forested landscapes.

Moreover, majority of the bird species reported in the present study are

abundant and common throughout coastline of India and terrestrial birds are

common in human dominated landscapes such as urban cities, lakes and

ponds etc. Majority of the resident species reported in the study area are

known to breed in this region as well as in entire Gujarat. No rare,

endangered, endemic bird species were found to breed in the study area.

It is noteworthy that the current water discharge point, where TCL releases

treated water into Gulf of Kutchh supports a very large congregation of

migratory and resident waterbirds. During our visit we observed more than

5000 migratory and local birds (Plate-4.1). These birds include, 2 species of

flamingos (Lesser Flamingo & Greater Flamingo), Black tailed Godwit, Oyster

catchers, Gulls, Pelicans, Reef Herons etc. This large concentration proves

that the treated water released by TCL do not affect the presence of birds

due to its content, temperature and solids etc.

Table-4.3: Inventory of birds reported from the study area with their conservation status.

S. No.

Name of Species

Conservation Status as per IWPA-1972 (Schedule I

to VI)


IUCN

Common Name Scientific Name

1 Ashy Prinia Priniasocialis IV LC

2 Ashy-crowned Finch-lark Eremopterixgrisea IV LC

3 Black drongo Dicrurusmacrocercus IV LC

4 Black Ibis Pseudibispapillosa IV LC


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S. No.

Name of Species


to VI)


IUCN

5 Black Kite Milvusmigrans IV LC

6 Black shoulder kite Elanuscaeruleus IV LC

7 Black winged stilt Himantopushimantopus IV LC

8 Black-tailed Godwit Limosalimosa IV NT

9 Blue rock pigeon Columba livia IV LC

10 Brahminy Starling Sturnuspagodarum IV LC

11 Cattle egret Bulbulcus ibis IV LC

12 Common babbler Turdoidescaudatus IV LC

13 Common Coot Fulicaatra IV LC

14 Common Crane Grus grus IV LC

15 Common Crested Lark Galeridacristata IV LC

16

Common Greenshank Tringanebularia IV LC

17 Common Hoopoe Upupaepopsepops IV LC

18 Common Moorhen Gallinulachloropus IV LC

19 Common myna Acridotherestristis IV LC

20 Common Redshank Tringatotanus IV LC

21 Common Sandpiper Actitishypoleucos IV LC

22 Common Stonechat Saxicolatorquata IV LC

23 Common Swift Apus apus IV LC

24

Common Teal Anascrecca IV LC

25 Common Whitethroat Sylviacommunis IV LC

26 Darter Anhinga melanogaster IV NT

27 Demoiselle Crane Grus virgo IV LC

28 Desert Wheatear Oenanthedesertideserti IV LC

29 Eurasian collared dove Streptopeliadecaocto IV LC

30 Eurasian Curlew Numeniusarquata IV NT

31 Eurasian Stone-Curlew Burhinusoedicenemus IV LC

32 European Roller Coraciasgarrulus IV LC

33 Franklin's Prinia Priniahodgsonii IV LC

34 Great Cormorant Phalacrocoraxcarbo IV LC

35 Great Crested Grebe Podicepscristatus IV LC

36 Great Egret Casmerodiusalbus IV LC

37 Great White Pelican Pelecanusonocrotalus IV LC

38 Greater couckal Centropussinensis IV LC

39

Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterusruber IV LC

40 Greater Sand Plover Charadriusleschenaultii IV LC


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S. No.

Name of Species


to VI)


IUCN

41 Greater Short-toed Lark Calandrellabrachydactyla IV LC

42 Green bee eater Meropsorientalis IV LC

43 Green Sandpiper Tringaochropus IV LC

44 Grey francolin Francolinuspondicerianus IV LC

45 Grey heron Ardeacinerea IV LC

46 Grey Wagtail Motacillacinerea IV LC

47 Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica IV LC

48 House crow Corvussplendens V LC

49 House sparrow Passer domesticus IV LC

50 Indian Baya Weaver Ploceusphilippinus IV LC

51 Indian Peafowl Pavocristatus I LC

52 Indian pond heron Ardeolagrayii IV LC

53 Indian robin Saxicoloidesfulicata IV LC

54 Indian Roller Coraciasbenghalensis IV LC

55 Indian silverbill Lonchuramalabarica IV LC

56

Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia IV LC

57 Jungle babbler Turdoidesstriatus IV LC

58 Jungle Crow Corvusmacrorhynchos IV LC

59 Jungle Prinia Priniasylvatica IV LC

60 Kentish Plover Charadriusalexandrinus IV LC

61

Large Grey Babbler Turdoidesmalcolmi IV LC

62 Laughing dove Streptopeliasenegalensis IV LC

63

Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor IV LC

64 Lesser Sand Plover Charadriusmongolus IV LC

65 Lesser Whistling-duck Dendrocygnajavanica IV LC

66 Little cormorant Phalacrocoraxniger IV LC

67 Little egret Egrettagarzetta IV LC

68 Little grebe Tachybaptusruficollis IV LC

69 Little Ringed Plover Charadriusdubius IV LC

70 Little Stint Calidrisminuta IV LC

71 Little Tern Sterna albifrons IV LC

72 Long tailed shrike Laniusschach IV LC

73 Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus IV LC

74 Marsh Sandpiper Tringastagnatilis IV LC

75 Northern Shoveller Anasclypeata IV LC

76 Oriental magpie robin Copsychussaularis IV LC


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S. No.

Name of Species


to VI)


IUCN

77 Oriental White Ibis Threskiornismelanocephalus IV NT

78 Painted Stork Mycterialeucocephala IV NT

79 Purple sunbird Nectariniaasiatica IV LC

80 Red Collared-dove Streptopeliatranquebarica IV LC

81 Red vented bulbul Pycnonotuscafer IV LC

82 Red wattled lapwing Vanellusindicus IV LC

83 River Tern Sterna aurantia IV LC

84 Rose ringed parakeet Psittaculakrameri IV LC

85 Rosy Starling Sturnusroseus IV LC

86 Ruff Philomachuspugnax IV LC

87 Rufous-tailed Shrike Laniusisabellinus IV LC

88 Rufus tailed lark Ammomanesphoenicurus IV LC

89 Shikra Accipiter badius IV LC

90 Short-toed Eagle Circaetusgallicus IV LC

91 Southern Grey Shrike Laniusmeridionalis IV LC

92 Spot-billed Duck Anaspoecilorhyncha IV LC

93 Heuglin's Gull Larusheuglini IV LC

94 Palla's Gull Larus ichthyaetus IV LC

95 Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus IV LC

96 Brown-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus IV LC

97 Slender-billed Gull Larus genei IV LC

98 Western Reef-Heron Egrettagularis IV LC

99 Whimbrel Numeniusphaeopus IV LC

100 Whiskered Tern Chlidoniashybridus IV LC

101 Wood Sandpiper Tringaglareola IV LC

102 Yellow wattled lapwing Vanellusmalarbaricus IV LC

103 Eurasian Oyster catcher Haematopus ostralegus IV LC

CR=Critically Endangered, EN=Endangered, NT=Near Threatened, LC=Least Concerned

4.5.3 Mammals species recorded during the survey

We reported a total of 9 mammal species in the study area, of which 7 are terrestrial

and 2 are marine mammals (Table- 4.4). The common mammalian species that

were directly observed in the core area include Nilgai, Wild Pig, Grey Mongoose,

Indian Hare and Five Striped Squirrel etc. No endangered or Schedule-I species

reported from the project site (Table-4.4). Majority of the terrestrial mammals are

reported through direct sightings and only 2 marine mammals are reported through

indirect sightings i.e. literature survey.


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Plate-4.1: Bird congregation near present effluent release point.

Water Discharge Channel

Migratory Bird Flock

Flamingoes near Water Discharge Channel

Migratory Bird Flocks


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Table-4.4: Inventory and conservation status of mammals reported from study area.

S.

No.

Name of Species Conservation

Status as per

IWPA-1972

(Schedule I to

VI)

Conservation

Status as per

IUCN

Record

type Scientific Name Common Name

1 Indian Jackal Canis aureus Schedule-II LC Direct

2 Jungle cat Felis chaus Schedule-II LC Direct

3 Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus

Schedule-III LC Direct

4 Indian Hare Lepus nigricollis Schedule-IV LC Direct

5 Wild Pig Sus scrofa Schedule-III LC Direct

6 Common mongoose

Herpestes edwardsi

Schedule-II LC Direct

7 Palm squirrel Funambulus pennanti

Schedule-IV LC Direct

8 Dugong Dugong dugon Schedule-I VU Indirect

9 Common dolphin

Delphinus delphis NA LC Indirect

VU=Vulnerable, LC=Least Concerned

Except Dugong, majority of the mammals belongs to Schedule-II, III & IV.

Dugong reported by a detailed study by GEER Foundation belongs to

Schedule-I of WPA 1972 and reported as Vulnerable by IUCN was reported

to be present in the study area through indirect evidences. Indian Jackal,

Jungle cat, Common Mongoose belong to Schedule-II of WPA 1972.

Whereas Nilgai, Wildpig belong to Schedule-III. Rest Indian Hare belong to

Schedule-IV of WPA-1972.

Majority of the mammalian species recorded during the survey in the study

area are present throughout semiarid, non-forested and non-protected

landscape of Saurashtra and Gujarat. However, Dugong and Dolphin are

found in the marine water. Common Dolphin is common throughout Indian

marine waters. However, Dugong has only been reported through stranded

(dead bodies/carcasses) records around Beyt, Gulf of Kutch and Poshitra

Bay. Last stranding record of Dugong was in 2010 from Beyt Dwarka (GEER

2010). Dugongs are large shy marine mammals, popularly known as 'sea

cows' since their diet primarily consists of sea grass. Existing information

suggests that the dugong population in India is restricted to the Andaman

and Nicobar Islands, Gulf of Mannar and Gulf of Kutch. The carcass was


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sighted about 500 meters off the Mithapur coast by S Goutham, WTI, during

routine work of the Mithapur Coral Reef Recovery Project

4.5.4 Dominant fauna species in the core & buffer area

Based on our observations, interview survey of local people, forest officials

and NGOs working in nature conservation activities in Saurashtra region, we

found that among the terrestrial fauna, Nilgai, Wild Pig are most common and

dominant mammal wildlife species present in the study area. Whereas

several birds species belong to Passerine were most common and dominant

group of birds present in the core and buffer area of the project site. Among

reptiles, common garden lizard, monitor lizard etc. were most common

species present in the study area. There were no exotic or invasive species

of mammals, reptiles or birds present in the project site.

4.6 Wildlife corridors and breeding habitats

Our observations and literature review suggested that there are no rare,

endangered, conservation concern species of terrestrial fauna present within

the proposed project area. Moreover proposed pipeline route and

surrounding area do not form part of any special habitat (breeding, feeding,

roosting etc.) for any of the important terrestrial fauna and does not provide

any contiguity of habitats between two important habitats or any other

protected areas. However, the proposed pipeline would cross the marine

sanctuary and its eco-sensitive zone. The proposed pipeline construction is

less likely to affect the movement of any important faunal species of this

sanctuary as it falls in a very small part in the Gulf of Kutchh.

4.7 Seaturtle nesting sites

Four species of sea turtles, Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), Green turtle

(Chelonia mydas), Letherback Sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) and

Hawksbill turtle (Eromochelys imbricate) have been recorded on Gujarat

coast. However four turtle species are believed to occur in the state, only the

breeding of Olive Ridley and Green turtle is established in Gujarat coast

(Bhaskar, 1978; Kar and Bhaskar, 1982 and Bhaskar 1984) and other two


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were occasionally sighted by local fishermen. Frazier (1980) discussed about

the threats to marine turtles of Gujarat in terms of egg and animal poaching.

During our survey, we did not report nesting of the Seaturtles on Arabian Sea

coast off Mithapur, Okha. This could be due to the season and sporadic

nesting activity of Seaturtles on this coast. We therefore, relied on a recent

study by Sunderraj et al (2013) who also has reported sporadic nesting of

Seaturtles on Okha-Mithapur and Mithapur-Mojap sandy coast facing Arabian

Sea. These important Seaturtle sandy coast facing Arabian Sea lies within 10

km periphery of the proposed project site in Gulf of Kutch.

The coast of Mithapur Bay i.e. Arambhda, Padli etc. have mudflats and rocky

coasts which are not suitable for Seaturtle nesting. These areas are more

suitable for mangrove regeneration and birds. During field studies as well as

based on local interviews/forest officials consultation, no nesting sites were

observed nearby the project site. Mudflats and rocky formation found on the

slope of shore which does not favour turtle nesting.

Closest Seaturtle nesting is reported by Sunderraj et al 2013 is Okha-

Mithapur and Mithapur-Mojap coastal stretch on the Arabian Sea. This site

lies totally opposite to the proposed pipeline route and maintains 5.0 km

distance from the proposed pipeline route. The studies have reported

sporadic nesting of 2 species of Seaturtle from Mithapur coast on Arabian

Sea (Sunderraj et al 2002, 2013).

4.8 Coral Reef

One of the most interesting biotic features of the Gulf is the presence of living

corals, thriving as patches, rather than reefs, either on the intertidal sand

stones or on the surface of wave-cut, eroded shallow banks along the

southern shore of the Gulf. The southern coast of the Gulf is known for its

coral reefs with associated reef dependent flora and fauna which are the

northern most in the Indian Ocean. Many of the islands in the Gulf support

fringing reefs and coral patches are found in between the islands. The Gulf

has 42islands, 34 of which have live corals. Siltation is the main cause

affecting the coral growth. The species diversity however is poor with


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identification of 36 species of Scleractinian and 12 species of soft coral (Pillai

& Patel 1988). There are many islands adjoining the Okha coast and the Gulf

of Kutchh. The major reef systems are Paga, Boria, Gora, Chandri, Bet

Shankhodhar, Dholio Gugar, Dona, Mangunda and Savaj. The status of

corals of these areas is given in Map-4.2, which is based on study

undertaken by NIO. It is evident that forms like Pacillopora and Acropora are

absent which is also cause for their low diversity. The intertidal area of the

Gulf of Kutchh is muddy and devoid of live corals.

According to and EIA study carried out by NIO for the proposed route of

pipeline through Marine Sanctuary and its eco-sensitive zone do not have

presence of coral reef or coral establishment. We also referred to the Coral

Atlas of Gujarat published by Gujarat Ecology Commission which clearly

suggests that the coral reef do not exist near the proposed route of the

pipeline through Marine Sanctuary and its Eco-sensitive zone in Gulf of

Kutchh.

The closest coral reef is situated 3.8 km north of proposed pipeline route i.e.

Adatra Reef (Map-4.2). As per Coral Reef Atlas-2011, published by Gujarat

Ecology Commission, total 6 species of hard corals and 8 species of soft

corals are found in the Adatra reef which is the closest coral reef to the

proposed pipeline and discharge point. The species reported in Adatra reef

are mentioned below.

1)Cyphastrea serailia, 2) Favia favus, 3) Goniastrea pectinata, 4)Goniopora

planulata, 5) Polycyathus verrilli, 6)Turbinaria peltata.


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Map-4.2: Status of Coral Reef in Mitapur Bay.

(Map prepared using information from Coral Atlas by GEC)


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5. Potential impacts &Mitigations

Essentially proposed release of treated water by TCL into Gulf of Kutchh is to

reduce its impacts on Marine Sanctuary area where it is being released

currently. TCL releases treated water from its plants in to marine sanctuary

area off Mithapur coast in to Gulf of Kutchh. Therefore, the proposed change

in effluent release system by TCL is for betterment of wildlife and marine life

of Marine Sanctuary area. However, the construction phase of the proposed

effluent release system could cause some impacts on the existing flora and

fauna of the Marine Sanctuary and its surrounding eco-sensitive zone.

In the present study we mainly focused on significant marine eco-systems

and endangered species found in the study area i.e. 10 km periphery of the

proposed pipeline route. Moreover, an EIA study has been carried out by a

reputed organization, National Institute of Oceanography and has provided

detailed account of impacts on marine life. Therefore, the present study

focused on terrestrial flora and fauna as well as some of the important eco-

systems and habitats in marine area surrounding the proposed route of

treated water discharge system by TCL. The present study focuses on the

impact identification on mangroves, coral reefs, Seaturtle nesting grounds,

endangered marine animals, birds etc.

Impacts of proposed treated water discharge from TCL‟s Soda Ash plant on

flora and fauna of surrounding area were identified mainly by using

information presented in previous Chapter-4. The baseline information was

also substantiated through secondary information. Finally, the baseline

information was juxtaposed with the project activities as well as with the

ecological understanding of flora and fauna and ecosystems. Specific

impacts were visualized in terms of seasonal issues related with the

important and sensitive eco-systems, ecology of important species, their

habitats and issues related with their movements.

Following the above-mentioned approach, impacts on various components of

biodiversity were assessed. The component wise identification of potential

impacts is deliberated below.


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5.1. Impacts on flora

Due to lack of terrestrial vegetation cover on the proposed route and its

surroundings of pipeline the impact on other flora and vegetation is likely to

be very low. However, impacts on marine flora including algae etc. has been

dealt with by EIA study carried out by NIO.

5.2. Impacts on Mangroves

The coastal areas of Padli, Arambhda, Samlasar, Hamusar etc. have coastal

mudflats which are suitable habitat for mangroves. Only one species of

mangrove i.e. Avicenna marina exists in this area and most of which are

planted by forest department (Plate-5.1). The mangroves on the proposed

route are small and it is also important to note that Gujarat State Forest

Department has carried out plantations specifically for mangroves Avicenna

marina in the Marine Sanctuary areas in above-mentioned villages.

Plate-5.1: Sparse mangrove cover on the proposed route of pipeline in intertidal area.

Baseline status of vegetation suggests that the intertidal area from where the

pipeline route is proposed supports small and sparse mangroves. The

existing mangroves are sparse and short due to hard rocky substratum in the

intertidal area. The length of sparse intertidal mangrove is about 100 mtr on

the route of proposed pipeline. The proposed width of pipeline corridor is 45


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meters. Therefore, the total mangrove area to be affected would be 4500sq

mtrs which amounts to roughly 0.45 ha. only.

It is important to mention that the impact would be temporary and it is likely

that the mangroves would come up again after laying of pipeline in the

intertidal zone near its route. After operation of the pipeline and discharge of

treated water away from the sanctuary area, the mangrove cover near

Mithapur, Padli, Arambhda coast may improve.

5.3. Impacts on fauna

Since the terrestrial fauna in the study area (10 km) are distributed away from

the proposed pipeline route, the impacts of pipeline is likely to be much low

on terrestrial fauna of the region. Since the EIA by NIO has studied marine

fauna of Gulf of Kutchh, the present study focuses on some of the significant

and flagship fauna of Marine Sanctuary falling in the study area. In the

present study we focused mainly on vertebrate classes i.e. reptiles, birds and

mammals for identification of impacts and future monitoring purpose.

Therefore, in the present study we identified impacts on the reptiles, birds

and mammals particularly important, endangered, endemic and flagship

species of the coastal and marine landscape.

5.3.1. Impacts on Reptiles

There are total 5 reptile species reported from the study area. As per our

observations, no rare, endangered or Schedule-I species of terrestrial reptiles

are reported from the study area and project area.Since no endangered,

endemic or rare species of terrestrial reptiles form the study area was

reported during the study, the impact of proposed pipeline construction is

less likely to affect them.

5.3.2. Impacts on Seaturtles

Closest Seaturtle nesting ground is located on Okha-Mithapur and Mithapur-

Mojap streatch towards Arabian Sea, which is outside the proposed pipeline

corridor but fall within 10 km rdius from the proposed pipeline corridor.

Seaturtle reported from the study area belongs to Schedule-I of Wildlife

Protection Act-1972.


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Our consultations with experts and survey literature suggest that nesting

activities of Seaturtle species do not occur on the coast of Gulf of Kutchh.

This is due to rocky and muddy coastal and intertidal zones in the region.

Green and Olive Ridely Seaturtles feed on Sea grass and halophytes in the

marine area. However, NIO team during their EIA study has reported that the

proposed pipeline route through the marine sanctuary area has plain sandy

sea bed. No Sea grass or halophytes are reported from the sea bed on the

route of proposed pipeline. Therefore, the impacts of proposed pipeline on

Seaturtle are likely to be negligible due to absence of their feeding or nesting

grounds near the proposed pipeline route and in Gulf of Kutchh.

5.3.3. Impacts on birds

It is noteworthy that the current water discharge point, where TCL releases

treated water into Gulf of Kutchh, supports a very large congregation of

migratory and resident waterbirds. During our visit we observed morethan

5000 migratory and local birds (Plate-4.1) roosting and feeding very close to

existing water discharge point by TCL on the coast of Mithapur village. These

birds include, 2 species of flamingos (Lesser Flamingo & Greater Flamingo),

Black tailed Godwit, Oyster catchers, Gulls, Pelicans, Reef Herons etc. Such

large congregation of birds proves that the present system for treated water

discharge by TCL do not seem to affect the presence of birds due to its

quantity, quality, content and temperature.

Since the treated waste water discharge point would be taken away from the

present location, the remnant area is likely to provide improved habitat for

birds and other marine life. Therefore, essentially the release of treated water

away from the coast would be not only be beneficial for birds but also for a

range of flora and fauna of Marine Sanctuary.

5.3.4. Impacts on mammals

We reported a total of 8 mammal species in the study area, of which 7 are

terrestrial and one marine mammals (Table- 4.4).Though found in study area

(10km periphery) no endangered terrestrial mammals were reported from the

close proximity of the proposed pipeline. Therefore, the impacts on terrestrial

mammals would be negligible. Though we did not observe any mammalian


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species directly, a species of marine mammals i.e. Common Dolphin is

reported in the study area. These species is reported to be present in the

Gulf of Kutch.

Dugongs (Dugong dugon) are large shy marine mammals, popularly known

as 'sea cows' since their diet primarily consists of sea grass. Existing

information suggests that the dugong population in India is restricted to the

Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Gulf of Mannar and Gulf of Kutch. The

carcass was sighted about 500 meters off the Mithapur coast by S Goutham,

WTI, during routine work of the Mithapur Coral Reef Recovery Project.

However, no live sightings of Dugong have been recorded since long from

the Gujarat coast. Most of the records of the species are of dead specimens

only.

The species requires sea grass beds and shallow bay for their survivals. The

EIA study by NIO along the proposed route of pipeline, has reported that the

sea bed has plain sandy substratum that is devoid of any vegetation or

seagrass etc. Therefore, in absence of seagrass bed along the proposed

route of the pipeline, it is safe to state that the proposed pipeline may have

negligible impact on dugong population. Moreover, the treated water to be

discharged in the Gulf of Kutchh would be not release toxic pollutants and

therefore do not pose any major threats to the dugong. However, during the

construction phase the utmost care shall be taken so that there is minimum

disturbance is caused to the seabed in the surrounding area.

Though, the common dolphins are commonly found in Gulf of Kutch, their

records in Gulf of Kutchh are not many due to shallow depth and boat traffic.

In view of their sporadic records, the impact of proposed pipeline on their

population is likely to be negligible.

5.4. Impact on Coral Reef

One of the most interesting biotic features of the Gulf is the presence of living

corals. The southern coast of the Gulf is known for its coral reefs with

associated reef dependent flora and fauna which are the northern most in the


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Indian Ocean. According to and EIA study carried out by NIO for the

proposed route and discharge point of pipeline through Marine Sanctuary

and its eco-sensitive zone do not have presence of coral reef or coral

establishment. Moreover, „Coral Atlas of Gujarat‟ published by Gujarat

Ecology Commission which clearly suggests that the coral reef do not exist

near the proposed route of the pipeline through Marine Sanctuary and its

Eco-sensitive zone in Gulf of Kutchh.

The closest coral reef is situated 3.8 km north of proposed pipeline route i.e.

Adatra Reef (Map-4.1). Therefore, in the absence of coral reef on and around

the proposed route of pipeline as well as near the discharge point, the impact

of treated water discharge would be negligible on corals. Moreover, EIA

study has identified the discharge point based on mathematical models for

various parameters which would ensure no impacts of discharged water on

marine biota in the surrounding area.

However, utmost care shall be taken during the construction phase so that no

damage is caused to the seabed and the surrounding area. It is

recommended that post TCL shall assist Forest Department and NGOs

monitoring coral reefs in the surrounding area.

5.5. Impact – mitigation matrix

Based on observations, literature review and consultation with local people,

and experts, we formulated following impact vs. mitigation matrix. It is

advised that company shall follow the suggestions provided in the following

Table-6.1.


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Page | 41

Table-6.1: General Impacts vs. mitigation matrix.

Issues Reason/Status in relation to project site Suggestions Reference/method

Sp

ec

ies

Rare/Endangered/Threatened species

Not reported on the route of proposed pipeline or close vicinity

Nil Field observation, interview of local naturalists& people. Information available in public domain.

Endemic Species No endemic species of any flora, fauna or wildlife present in and around project site

Nil Field survey, Literature review

Imp

ort

an

t N

atu

ral H

ab

ita

ts

Protected Areas Proposed pipeline would cross the Marine Sanctuary and its Eco-sensitive zone

Ensure no/negligible damage is caused to sea bed during construction period. Maintain GPCB/CPCB effluent discharge standards for release of treated water.

Government of Gujarat protected area website, Google Earth, Project Maps etc.

Mangroves Sparse and stunted mangroves are present in the intertidal area on the Mithapur village coast from where the pipeline is proposed. Pipeline project may affect 0.45 ha. of sparse mangroves.

Take utmost care so that minimum damage is caused to mangroves. Take up mangrove plantation with forest department in order to compensate the loss of mangroves due to pipeline construction project.

Mangrove Atlas by Gujarat Ecology Commission, Google Earth, Project Maps etc.

Coral Reef No coral reef present on or around the proposed route of pipeline. Closest coral reef is 3.8 km north which maintains safe distance from the proposed pipeline and discharge point.

Ensure no/negligible damage is caused to sea bed during construction period. Assist Forest Department in monitoring coral reef around the Gulf of Kutchh.

EIA study, Coral Reef Atlas by Gujarat Ecology Commission, Google Earth, Project Maps etc.

Important Bird Areas

None in 10 km area Nil IBA Book (Birdlife International)

Ramsar site No Ramsar sites present in surrounding area /Saurashtra region

Nil Ramsar website

Wetlands of National Importance

No wetlands of national importance present in 100km periphery. Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary is located at 125 km distance.

Nil Wetlands directory of Government of India


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Wetlands of international Importance

No wetlands of international importance present in 100 km periphery of the project site.

Nil Li et al. 2009 “Status of waterbirds in Asia”. wetlands International publication,

Wildlife Corridors No notified or officially identified wildlife corridor present in and around project site.

NIL Consultation with local naturalists & Forest officials

Eco-sensitive zone identified by government

Proposed pipeline would cross the Marine Sanctuary and its Eco-sensitive zone

Ensure no/negligible damage is caused to sea bed during construction period. Maintain GPCB/CPCB effluent discharge standards for release of treated water.

Consultation with local naturalists & NGOs

Forest Areas No Reserved Forest Area is present on or close to the proposed pipeline route

NIL Consultation with Local Forest officials and Forest Area Map of Jamnagar

Waterbodies Marine Sanctuary is one of the coastal wetlands, through which pipeline would pass.

Ensure minimum destruction during construction and operation phase

Project Map and local maps, Google Earth

Breeding/nesting areas

Some of the resident waterbirds such as terns and gulls are likely to breed Seaturtle species do not occur on the coast of Gulf of Kutchh due to rocky and muddy coastal and intertidal zones in the region.

NIL Literature Survey (Sunderraj et al 2002), Project Map and local maps, Google Earth


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5.6. Proposed Conservation Actions

The proposed shifting of present treated water discharge system by TCL to safe

location outside marine Sanctuary and its eco-sensitive zone is itself a major

conservation initiative by TCL. Moreover, the proposed activity would not cause

damage to coral reef or wildlife. Therefore, no major wildlife conservation activities

are suggested. However, Based on our field observation on the distribution of

fragile ecosystems, important wildlife and schedule-I species in the study (10 km)

area, several general and species specific actions are recommended that would

help reduce the impacts of project activities. The conservation action plan stresses

upon precautions, careful construction activities, wildlife habitat improvement and

monitoring activities. Suggested conservation and precaution and general

measures are as under.

TCL shall comply with all the mitigation measures suggested in EIA carried

out by NIO.

TCL shall maintain GPCB/ CPCB effluent discharge standards applicable

on soda ash industry for release of treated waste water through proposed

pipeline in Gulf of Kutchh.

Though, the impacts of proposed activities are likely to be negligible on

Seaturtles, Dugong, Corals and mangroves etc. However, these species &

fragile eco-systems exist in 10 km buffer area of the TCL operational unit. It

is therefore, recommended that TCL shall include conservation activities for

these species and eco-systems in their ongoing corporate conservation

activities in association with reputed NGOs and Gujarat Forest Department.

TCL shall compensate loss of mangroves caused due to pipeline corridor

passing through intertidal zone. This shall be done in consultation with

Forest Department.

A comprehensive survey of status of the wildlife and vegetation shall be

carried out at every 5 year for buffer areas in order to evaluate the

impacts/cumulative impacts of project activities on the surrounding ecology

and wildlife therein.


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TCL shall make substantial financial allocations for carrying out suggested

wildlife conservation activities in the region as part of their ongoing CSR

activities.

A special emphasis on ecological conservation shall be given by extending

special responsibility to senior environment authority within the

management of the TCL.

Based on review and comments provided by concerned wildlife authorities,

the wildlife conservation action plan shall be reviewed at every 5 years.

5.7. Financial layout for conservation activities

Following is the proposed financial layout for conservation activities in the project

site and surrounding area.

Table:6.2: Proposed financial layout for wildlife conservation plan.

S. No

Activity Agency Duration

Amount/ Total Amount

for 5 years

year

A. Conservation & Awareness Activities

1 5 ha. of mangrove plantation every year for 8 years

Forest Dept.

8 years only

1.5 Lakh 12.0 Lakh

2

Conservation and awareness activities for endangered wildlife species found in Gulf of Kachchh & surrounding area (Seaturtles, whale shark etc.)

TCL / NGO/ Forest Dept.

5 years (review after years)

2.0 Lakh 10.0 Lakh

B. Ecological Monitoring Activities

1 Monitoring & status survey of wildlife, mangroves in core and buffer areas

Company

Once Every 2 year for 8 years

2.0 Lakh 8.0 Lakh

C. Compliance reporting

1 Compliance documentation and Reporting to MoEF & Forest Dept.

Company

Once every 2 year for 8 years

1.0 Lakh 4.0 Lakh

D. Total Amount 34 Lakh


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6. Conclusions

Tata Chemical‟s soda ash and other chemical manufacturing processes

produces waste water which is currently discharged into the Gulf of Kutch,

through an open channel after treatment/settlement and dilution with spent

seawater released from plant cooling water system. The present

environmental regulations mandate the discharge of the diluted treated

waste water at selected outfall point through a closed conduit; instead of an

open channel.

National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) has identified an environmentally

safe location and mode of treated waste water discharge system in to the

Gulf of Kutch Sea (Gulf of Kutch). TCL proposes to improve treated waste

water discharge system by shifting of discharge point to location identified

by National Institute of Oceanography with detailed environmental impact

assessment. The existing open channel will be converted into closed

pipeline system and outfall point shall be outside the marine Sanctuary and

its eco-sensitive zone.

Shifting of present treated waste water discharge system by TCL to safe

environmentally safe location outside marine Sanctuary and its eco-

sensitive zone itself can be considered as a major wildlife and environment

conservation initiative by TCL.

The assessment of the ecological and wildlife sensitivity in study area

suggests that the proposed pipeline corridor route will fall within existing

effluent discharge system and the outfall point maintain safe distances from

coral reef areas, dense mangroves, Seaturtle nesting grounds and

seagrass beds in the Gulf of Kutch region. Therefore, the impacts of

proposed activities on sensitive flora and fauna would be negligible.

Closest coral reef is Adatra reef which is located 3.8 km north of proposed

pipeline corridor.

Closest Seaturtle nesting ground is located on Okha-Mithapur and

Mithapur-Mojap streatch towards Arabian Sea, which is outside the


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proposed pipeline corridor but fall within 10 km rdius from the proposed

pipeline corridor.

Since no Seagrass bed found on the route of proposed pipeline corridor

and its surrounding area, it is less likely to affect dugong population of the

region.

The proposed pipeline route would pass through sparse and stunted

mangroves on Mithapur/Padli coast; this may result in loss of sparse

mangroves worth 0.45 ha. It is recommended that TCL shall compensate

the loss of mangrove by taking up mangrove plantation activities along with

forest department.

In absence of any impacts of proposed activity on schedule-I species

present in the 10 km periphery, no species specific conservation action

plan is recommended.

It is recommended that TCL shall take utmost care and precaution during

construction of pipeline corridor through marine sanctuary area.

It is recommended that TCL as part of their CSR activities shall financially

support wildlife conservation and monitoring activities in the region that are

being carried out by forest department and NGOs.


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7. References

Champion, H. G. & S. K. Seth. 1968. A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India.

Manager of Publications, Govt. of India, New Delhi

Rodgers, W. A., Panwar, H. S. and Mathur, V. B. (2000) Wildlife Protected Area

Network in India: A Review (Executive Summary). Wildlife Institute of India,

Dehra Dun. Pp. 44..

Wildlife(Protection) Act (1972) 1993. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government

of India. http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html [accessed 6 Nov 2008].

Sunderraj. SFW. Somasundaram, S. and Mehta A (2013). Evaluation of Sea Turtle

Nesting Population and Threats to Nesting Beaches: Suggest Conservation and

Management Strategies. World Bank aided Integrated Coastal Zone

Management project. Gujarat Ecology Commission.


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Annexure-I

Curriculum Vitae of the Expert, Dr. Bharat Jethva (Wildlife Biologist)

ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION: 1. Ph.D. in Ecological & Wildlife Sciences-FEB-2003 from Wildlife Institute of India-

FRI Deemed University-. Thesis title: Feeding Ecology and Habitat Needs of

Wolves in the Bhal Area of Gujarat).

2. M.Phil., Zoology, 1995 Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat

University Ahmedabad. (Topic of M. Phil. Thesis: Short term Treatment of

Fluoride and its Reversal on Kidney, Liver and Muscle of Male Mice).

3. M.Sc., Zoology 1994 (with special subject as Reproductive physiology and

Endocrinology). Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University

Ahmedabad. India

4. B.Sc., Zoology, 1992 from Bahauddin College-Junagadh, Saurashtra University

Gujarat, India.

WORKEXPERIENCE: 1. NABET Accredited consultant for Ecology & Biodiversity with Bhagwati Enviro

Care, Ahmedabad.

2. More than 18 years of experience in the field of Wildlife Research and

Conservation with special emphasis on Endangered species, Birds, Wetlands,

Coastal and Marine Ecosystems, Grasslands and Desert Ecosystems and

Environmental Impact Assessments.

3. Asian Waterbird Census Coordinator with Wetlands International South Asia,

New Delhi, Setp-28-June 2011.

4. Scientist at GEER Foundation, Gandhinagar, September 23-August 28.

5. Senior Research Fellow in the Conservation of the India Wolf Research Project

at Wildlife Institute of India from January-2000 to August 2003.

6. Junior Research Fellow, in the Conservation of the India Wolf Research Project

at Wildlife Institute of India. From December-1997 to December-1999.

7. Technical Assistant on Conservation of the Indian Wolf Research Project at

Wildlife Institute of India. From November 1995 to December 1997.

MEMBERSHIPS: 1. Member of IUCN-Flamingo Specialist Group.

2. Member International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME)

3. Member Executive Committee, Mangrove Society of India (MSI)

4. Member Sirenian International, USA

5. Indian Bird Conservation Network (IBCN)

6. Bird Conservation Society of Gujarat

7. Oriental Bird Club UK.


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PEER REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS: 1. Munjpara Sandeep B., B. Jethva & C.N. Pandey. 2011. Distribution of the Indian

Bustard Ardeotisnigriceps (Gruiformes: Otididae) in Gujarat State, India Journal

of Threatened Taxa Short Communication 3(9): 2090–2094

2. Jethva B. D. and Jhala Y. V. 2004. Computing biomass consumption from prey

occurrences in Indian wolf scats. ZooBiology, Volume 23, Issue 6, Pages 513 -

52.

3. Jethva B. D. and Jhala Y. V. 2003. Foraging Ecology, Economics and

Conservation of Indian Wolves in the Bhal Region of Gujarat, Western India.

Biological Conservation: 116: 351-357.

4. Jethva B. D. and Jhala Y. V. 2003. Sample Size Considerations for Food Habits

Studies of Wolves from Scats: Mammalia 67: 589-591

5. Sankar K, Jethva B. 2002. Notes on Food habits of Stripped Hyena (Hyena

hyena) in Sariska Tiger Reserve: short note in Journal of Bombay Natural

History Society.

6. Ramesh Sabapara; Suresh Chugh; Bharat Jethva;BudhanPukazhenth; David E.

Widt; Terri L. Roth (1994) A note on reproduction research. Asiatic Lion

Population Habitat Viability Analysis (PHVA) report, Vadodara, 1993

7. Punjani Sheetal, Bharat Jethava, Preeti Shrivastava: 2011: Morphophysiology

of Radiation Induced Lenticular Opacity. International Journal of Scientific &

Engineering Research, Volume 2, Issue 12, December-2011. ISSN 2229-5518. (

Publication by my Ph.D. student)

PROJECT REPORTS: 1. Status, distribution and habitat Survey of Great Indian BustardArdeotisnigriceps

in Gujarat, 2008. Project sponsored by Ministry of Environment and Forests,

Government of India.

2. Status of Gyps Vultures in Gujarat, 2007- A comprehensive state-wide survey

of vulture nests and population. Project sponsored by Ministry of Environment

and Forests, Government of India. Published by GEER Foundation.

3. Biodiversity of Purna Wildlife Sanctuary a comprehensive ecological and

socio-economic study. Mammals and socio-economic studies 2007.

4. Biodiversity of Jessore Wildlife Sanctuary a comprehensive ecological and

socio-economic study. Contribution in studies on mammals 2008.

5. Movement Pattern of Wild Ass Across the Proposed Kachachh Branch

Canal (SardarSarovar Narmada Nigam Limited) on the Northern Fringe of Wild

Ass Sanctuary in Gujarat, 2006.

6. Status of Gyps Vultures in Gujarat, 2005- A comprehensive state-wide survey

of vulture nests and population. Published by GEER Foundation

7. Proceedings of the workshop on “Cranes and Community in Gujarat-a

holistic conservation strategy for future” held on 23rd November-2004 at GEER

Foundation, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.

8. Ecological Impacts of Lignite Mining in Kutch with Special Emphasis on the

Indian Grey Wolf and its Habitats, 1997. WII-EIA Technical Report No-19,

Wildlife Institute of India.

http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/35728

http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jissue/109855217


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TRAININGS OBTAINED: 1. One week Regional Training Programme on Wetland Management and

Conservation held between 2-6th May 2008 at GEER Foundation, Gandhinagar,

Gujarat.

2. UNESCO Regional training program on Satellite Image Processing for Natural

Resources Management (21-31 January 2002), conducted by Center for Geo-

Sciences and Engineering, Anna University, Chennai.

3. Animal Welfare Training Course 1995. Conducted by Animal Welfare Board of

India, Ministry of Environment and Forests held at Sakkarbaug Zoo, Junagadh

Gujarat.

SELECTED PRESENTATIONS/ABSTRACTS : (International conferences) 1. Conservation Potential of Green Sea Turtle (Cheloniamydas) in Gujarat. National

workshop on Marine biodiversity and community held at GEER Foundation

with the support of MoEF, Government of India at Ahmedabad.

2. Jethva B. 2005, Vulture Conservation initiatives in Gujarat, Abstract and Oral

Presentation in the conference of Society for Conservation Biology Asia

Chapter held in Kathmandu, Nepal, November-2005.

3. Jethva B. 2005, Crane Conservation and community in Gujarat, Abstract and

Oral Presentation in the conference of Society for Conservation Biology Asia

Chapter held in Kathmandu, Nepal November-2005.

4. Jethva B and Jhala Y.V 2003, Foraging ecology, economics, and conservation of

Indian wolves. Abstract for an oral presentation in International Wolf congress

to be held at Banff, Alberta Canada on September-25–28, 2003.

5. Jhala Y.V., Jethva B, and Chauhan K, 2001. The Role of Predation by Wolves

(Canis lupus pallipes) and Jackals (Canis aureus) on Blackbuck (Antelope

cervicapra) in Velavadar National Park, India. Presentation in International

Canid Conference held in Oxford University U.K.

6. Jethva B and Jhala Y.V 2000, “Food habits, Consumption and predation by

wolves in the Bhal, India, Abstract in an international symposium “Beyond 2000:

Realities of Global Wolf Restoration held at Duluth, Minnesota, USA, Feb-2000.

7. Jethva B. and Jhala Y.V. 2000. “Ecological Impact Assessment of Lignite Mining

in Kutch India”. Oral presentation given in an international symposium:

Carnivore-2000, held in November-2000 at Denver, Colorado. USA.

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