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WHII.13: The Cold War
Objectives p. 127WHII.13 The student will demonstrate knowledge of major events in the second half of the twentieth century by
a) explaining key events of the Cold War, including the competition between the American and Soviet economic and political systems and the causes of the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe;
b) assessing the impact of nuclear weaponry on patterns of conflict and cooperation since 1945;
c) describing conflicts and revolutionary movements in eastern Asia, including those in China and Vietnam, and their major leaders, i.e., Mao Tse-tung (Zedong), Chiang Kai-shek, and Ho Chi Minh;
d) describing major contributions of selected world leaders in the second half of the twentieth century, including Indira Gandhi, Margaret Thatcher, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Deng Xiaoping.
Essential Understandings p. 12813a Competition between the United States and the U.S.S.R. laid the foundation for the Cold War.
13a The Cold War influenced the policies of the United States and the U.S.S.R. towards other nations and conflicts around the world.
13b The presence of nuclear weapons has influenced patterns of conflict and cooperation since 1945.
13b Communism failed as an economic system in the Soviet Union and elsewhere.
13c Japanese occupation of European colonies in Asia heightened demands for independence after World War II.
13c After World War II, the United States pursued a policy of containment against communism. This policy included the development of regional alliances against Soviet and Chinese aggression. The Cold War led to armed conflict in Korea and Vietnam.
13d World leaders made major contributions to events in the second half of the twentieth century.
Essential Questions p. 12813a What events led to the Cold War?
13a What were the causes and consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union?
13b What was the impact of nuclear weapons?
13c How did the Cold War influence conflicts in Eastern Asia after World War II?
13c What was the policy of containment?
13d What roles did Indira Gandhi, Margaret Thatcher, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Deng Xiaoping play in major events in the second half of the twentieth century?
Why do I need to know this? p. 1281. The conflicts between the two superpowers played a major role in reshaping the modern world.
2. China remains a Communist country and a major player on the world stage.
3. Today, Vietnam is a Communist country and Korea is split into Communist and
non-Communist nations.
Warm Up
Turn to page 472 in your textbook:- Use the map to answer the questions on page 472
Beginning of the Cold War (1945-1948)
Cold War
1. intense rivalry developed between the United States and the USSR
2. symbolic struggle between the free enterprise system and communism
Rivalry p. 1293. Yalta Conference
a. Feb. 1945 – meeting of Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt.b. Churchill and Roosevelt wanted to limit Stalin’s influence in
Eastern Europe, but Stalin wanted a communist government set up in Poland
c. decision to divide up Germany
4. United Nations General Assemblya. Met in Paris on December 10, 1948 b. Created the Universal Declaration of Human Rightsc. first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled
United States USSR
Open to page 476 in your textbook and copy down the chart:Then answer the questions at the bottom of the chart:
Eastern Europe p. 129
1. the Iron Curtain
2. Soviet Union feared invasion
3. established pro-Soviet governments in Eastern Europe – they were puppets of the USSR
4. Stalin refused to allow free elections
Containment p. 1291. holding back the spread of communism2. Truman Doctrine – made American military and financial aid available to any nation threatened by communism
Military Alliances p. 1291. April 1949 – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed by the US and western Europe
a. military alliance in which countries vowed to back each other up and halt the spread of Soviet Communism
2. 1955 – Soviet Union and its allies signed the Warsaw Pact – military alliance to counter NATO
NATO
Warsaw Pact
Early Events in Europe
p. 129-131
Marshall Plan p. 129
1. economic plan to help European countries regain prosperity
2. European countries had to give control of their economy to the US
3. USSR refused and made its satellites refuse
4. those who participated experienced great success
Marshall Plan
Marshall Plan
Berlin Airlifts p. 129-131
1. Britain, France and the US occupied West Germany; USSR occupied East Germanya. same with Berlin
2. June 1948 – USSR blocked all land access from the West into East Berlina. 2 million Berliners depended on the West for aid
3. airlifted supplies for 11 months (Berlin Airlifts)a. planes landed every 3 minutesb. USSR lifted its blockade
Occupied Germany
Occupied Berlin
Berlin Airlifts
4. 1953-1961 – more than 3 million East Germans fled into West Berlin
a. Nikita Khrushchev ordered a wall to be built – August 13, 1961
b. Berlin Wall – 26 miles long and 15 feet high c. The wall stopped all emigration
Berlin Wall (August 1961)
Berlin Wall
Berlin Wall
• Winston Churchill Iron Curtain speech
Nuclear Deterrence
p. 131
1. the Soviet Union detonated their first atomic bomb in 1949
2. Soviets began a mass build up of nuclear weapons believing that a nuclear war could be fought and won
3. the US began a mass build up in response based on the idea of nuclear deterrence – each country will have so many nuclear weapons that neither would risk a war with the other
4. today there are 9 countries
that either have or
are suspected of having
nuclear weapons
a. Russia has 11,000
b. the US has 8,500
Conflicts and Revolutionary Movements in China
p. 131
China p. 131
1. civil war after World War II
2. Communists (led by Mao Zedong) v. Nationalists (led by Chiang Kai-shek)
3. Communists won and renamed China the People’s Republic of China
4. Nationalists fled to Taiwan (still there today)a. there are two Chinese Countries – China and Taiwanb. still a lot of conflict between the two today
5. communism appealed to the people of China
Mao Zedong Chiang Kai-shekCommunist Nationalist
Communist Nationalist
Page: 483
Chiang Kai-shek
Tiananmen Square Massacre p. 1311. April to June 1989 – 100,000+ people demonstrated for democracy in Beijing
a. began because of Hu Yaobang’s deathb. former leader of China who was forced to resign by communist
hardliners
2. it is estimated that 2000-3000 were killed
Tiananmen Square
Tiananmen Square Protestors
Tiananmen Square
Korea
p. 131-133
After WWII p. 1311. was freed from Japan after WWII
2. USSR (communist) occupied top half to 38th Parallel; US, France and Britain (democratic) occupied bottom half
3. North Korea – capital at Pyongyang
4. South Korea – capital at Seoul
War (Conflict) p. 133
1. North declared war on the South in order to unite all of Korea
2. UN supported the South (led mostly by the US)
a. US was trying to stop the spread of communism
3. China and USSR supported the North
a. China became involved when it though the North would lose
4. 1953 – Korean War ended with no one winning (still split at the 38th parallel)
Korea
38th Parallel
DMZ
Vietnam
p. 133
After WWII p. 133
1. Japanese withdrew and France tried to reestablish control
2. Ho Chi Minh led the Vietminh (communists) in a struggle against the French
3. communists won
4. Vietnam divided along 17th Parallel – North was Communist, South was pro- Western
French Indo-China
Ho Chi Min
China
Cambodia
Vietnam
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
War p. 133
1. Ho Chi Minh was popular in north and south
2. Ngo Dinh Diem (south’s leader) was unpopular
a. Viet Cong (communist revolutionaries in the South) politically fought Diem
b. the US backed a coup that ended with Diem’s death
3. Minh wanted to unite all of Vietnam
4. US opposed unification according to a domino theory
a. domino theory – if Vietnam fell to communism, then other countries in South East Asia would fall to communism
Domino Theory
5. early 1960 – US sent 16,000 advisors to help the South (JFK)a. March 1965 – 500,000 US troops in the South (LBJ)
6. China and USSR sent aid and weapons, but no troops
7. US suffered heavily at the hands of the North Vietnamese
8. a ceasefire was called and the US withdrew all forces in 1973
9. 1975 – North attacked the South again and united Vietnam into one communist country
Vietnam War
Vietnam War
Vietnam War
Cuba
p. 135
Fidel Castro p. 135
1. 1956 – Fidel Castro began attacking the Cuban government
2. took control of Cuba on January 1, 1959
3. kicked out American businesses
4. US stopped buying Cuban sugar so they sold it to the USSR
Cuba
Less than 100 miles
Castro
Bay of Pigs p. 135
1. Bay of Pigs -- April 17, 19612. US trained 1,500 Cuban exiles to return to Cuba and overthrow Castro3. Castro was ready and invasion failed
Cuban Missile Crisis p. 1351. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev began building missile bases on Cuba
2. US President John F. Kennedy ordered 200+ US warships to blockade Cuba
3. the closest the world came to all-out nuclear war
4. Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missiles if US never attack Cuba again
JFK Speech
May Day Parade
Nuclear Reach from Cuba
Cuba Today p. 1351. no longer supported by Russia
2. still tense relations between the US and Cuba
Collapse of Soviet Communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (1989-)
p. 135-137
End of the USSR
1. After Khrushchev, Lenonid Brezhnev took over the USSR and adopted aggressive policies of censorshipa. When Czechoslovakia loosed censorship – Brezhnev
invaded and ended the Prague Spring
End of the USSR
2. After the Cold War President Nixon and Brezhnez conducted SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) conferences and signed a treaty limiting the number of missiles each country can have
Warsaw Pact Countries p. 1351. nationalism in Warsaw Pact countries
2. Soviet/Warsaw Pact countries resented Soviet control and wanted to direct their own governments
3. 1989 – USSR broke up
Soviet Economy p. 1351. suffered from communism
2. Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev tried to reform the USSR economy in two plans
a. perestroika – restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system
b. glasnost - freed public access to information after decades of heavy government censorship
3. Gorbachev encouraged reform in other Soviet countries (15 countries)
4. hard-line communists attempted a coup against Gorbachev – failed
5. Was the last leader of the USSR
5. people turned against Gorbachev and communists and elected a new leader, Boris Yeltsin
Tearing Down the Berlin Wall p. 1371. communism was a miserable failure
2. East Germany elected a more moderate Communist government, but many not satisfied
a. allowed people to leave East Germany
3. Hungary was allowing East German tourists to cross the border into Austria
4. protestors demanded the right to travel freely
5. November 9, 1989 – the Brandenburg Gate opened and people began attacking the wall
6. Gorbachev and President Reagan given credit for being most responsible for the end of the Cold War
Brandenburg Gate
Fall of the wall news broadcast
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7z6dxQVhE8o
“Tear down this wall”
USSR jokes
Other World Leaders
p. 137-139
Indira Gandhi - India p. 1371. Prime Minister of India for over 15 years (1966–77) and (1980–84)
2. She personally disliked US president Richard Nixon, so she developed a closer relationship with the USSR
3. developed India’s nuclear program in response to the nuclear threat posed by China
4. brought the number of people in India living below the poverty line from 65% to 45%
5. food production increased by 250%
6. literacy rose 30%
7. assassinated in 1984
Deng Xiaoping p. 139
1. communism was not doing well in China
3. developed a new way of thinking about socialism (Socialism with Chinese Characteristics)
4. opened China to foreign investment, global market, and limited private competition
5. developed China into one of the fastest growing economies in the world for over 30 years
Margaret Thatcher p. 1391. first woman prime minister of Britain (1979-1990)
2. economic policies emphasized government deregulation of businesses and the financial sector
a. less taxes on businesses, more of a laissez-faire attitude
3. was a strong opponent of the USSR and huge supporter of the US and Ronald Reagan
Iron Lady Trailer
Characteristics of the Cold War
p. 139
Characteristics of the Cold War p. 139
1. NATO v. the Warsaw Pact2. Germany and Berlin Airlifts3. Korean Conflict4. Vietnam War5. Cuban Missile Crisis6. Nuclear weapons and the theory of deterrence
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
Germany and Berlin Airlifts
Korean Conflict
Vietnam War
Cuban Missile Crisis
Nuclear Weapons
USSR and Afghanistan
• 1979-1988• USSR backed the Afghan government; the US backed the
Mujahedeen rebels• US boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow• 14,000 Soviet dead; 1+million Afghans– Over 5 million Afghans fled (more than 1/3 of the
population)– 10-15 million land mines still in Afghanistan
Soviet Union and Afghanistan