Post on 30-May-2018
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Perception
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What Is Perception, and Why Is
It Important?
Peoples behavior isPeoples behavior is
based on theirbased on their
perception of whatperception of what
reality is, not onreality is, not on
reality itself.reality itself.
The world as it isThe world as it is
perceived is the worldperceived is the worldthat is behaviorallythat is behaviorally
important.important.
Perception
A process by whichindividuals organize andinterpret their sensory
impressions in order togive meaning to theirenvironment.
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Factors Influencing Perception:
1.) Perceiver
2.) Target
3.) Situation
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Factors That
Influence
Perception
E X H I B I T 51
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Person Perception: Making
Judgments About Others
Distinctiveness: shows different behaviors in different situations.
Consensus: response is the same as others to same situation.
Consistency: responds in the same way over time.
Attribution Theory
When individuals observebehavior, they attempt to
determine whether it isinternally or externallycaused.
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Attribution
TheoryE X H I B I T 52
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Errors and Biases in Attributions
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to underestimatethe influence of external factorsand overestimate the influence
of internal factors when makingjudgments about the behaviorof others.
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Errors and Biases in Attributions
(contd)Self-Serving Bias
The tendency for individualsto attribute their ownsuccesses to internal factors
while putting the blame forfailures on external factors.
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Frequently Used Shortcuts in
Judging OthersSelective Perception
People selectively interpret what they see on thebasis of their interests, background, experience,and attitudes.
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Frequently Used Shortcuts in
Judging OthersHalo Effect
Drawing a general impressionabout an individual on thebasis of a single characteristic
Contrast Effects
Evaluation of a persons characteristics that
are affected by comparisons with otherpeople recently encountered who rank higheror lower on the same characteristics.
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Frequently Used Shortcuts in
Judging OthersProjection
Attributing ones owncharacteristics to otherpeople.
Stereotyping
Judging someone on thebasis of ones perception ofthe group to which that
person belongs.
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Specific Applications in
Organizations Employment Interview
Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy of interviewers
judgments of applicants.
Performance Expectations
Self-fulfilling prophecy (pygmalion effect): The lower or higher
performance of employees reflects preconceived leader
expectations about employee capabilities.
Ethnic Profiling
A form of stereotyping in which a group of individuals is singled
outtypically on the basis of race or ethnicityfor intensive
inquiry, scrutinizing, or investigation.
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Specific Applications in
Organizations (contd) Performance Evaluations
Appraisals are often the subjective
(judgmental) perceptions of appraisers of
another employees job performance.
Employee Effort
Assessment of individual effort is a subjective
judgment subject to perceptual distortion andbias.