What are they?How can I do them too?

Construction + Materials IV:Construction Documents

The Traditional Phases of Design:

Purpose of this ProcessFacilitate dialog with your clientAnticipate the opportunities and constraints

of a given projectExamine exact construction and materials

before construction beginsCommunicate your design to the people

who will build itQuality assurance during construction

Where’s the contract part?

In your contract… Schematic Design

Prepare design analysis and alternatives, diagrams, concepts boards Sketches in perspective, plans and elevations Occasionally materials swatches and square-foot cost estimate

Design Development Detailed dimensional study of chosen scheme Code analysis Most typically plans, sections, elevations, and a full materials board Cost Estimate Occasionally photo-realistic renderings to examine complex design situations

Construction Documents Complete drawn description of all elements of the project Complete written description of all products, including where and an how they are

to be used Bidding and negotiation

Assist in preparing and distributing copies of all documents Answer contractor questions Prepare and distribute sketches, request for information (RFI) responses and

addenda Advise you client about issues that arise

Construction administration Visit site to verify compliance with the contract documents Answer questions; distribute RFI’s and addenda Advise you client Prepare punch list and certificate of Substantial Completion

CD’s vs. FF&E Documents

Consider constructability as you designConcept statementConceptual diagramsUnderstanding typical construction

methods and proceduresUnderstanding characteristics of different

materials

THE CONTRACT DOCUMENTS• Comprised of the Specifications, Contracts, and

Construction Drawings (working drawings)• Serve as guide for the workers & suppliers to

follow during construction

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THE CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

• Show the location, size, and particulars of something to be built.

• The specifications are written documents that set the standards of the workmanship and materials.

• The construction drawings and the specifications complement one another and are used together.

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THE CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

• An example:• Drawings show the color and location of a paint

applied to a wall.• But do not tell how it is to be applied (sprayed,

rolled, or brushed)• Also do not specify the resulting workmanship

required.• All of these particulars are detailed out in written

specifications that accompany the drawings.

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THE SPECIFICATIONS• Are written documents the clearly describe:• The required materials.• Requirements for the execution of the work.• Workmanship expected.

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THE SPECIFICATIONS

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Might be placed directly on the drawings

THEY MIGHT FILL A WHOLE SHEET

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THEY MIGHT BE IN A SEPARATE BOOKLET

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• Could be bound or a loose-leaf manual• Or might be on a CD/DVD

SPECIFICATIONS ARE REFERRED TO AS CLOSED OR OPEN

• CLOSED – No product can be used on the project other than what is specified.

• OPEN – Allows for the contractor to suggest alternate products the item that is specified.

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FOUR TYPES OF SPECIFICATIONS

• PROPRIETARY

• DESCRIPTIVE

• REFERENCE

• PERFORMANCE

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ORGANIZATION OF SPECIFICATIONS• Organization of specifications has been

standardized in accordance with the building trades.

• Current Systems – known as “MasterFormat “• Contract Specifications Institute (CSI)• Construction Specifications Canada (CSC)

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MASTERFORMAT SYSTEM• Used to be 16 Divisions, but was revised in

2004.• Standardizes the format and numbering of

project information.• Used for specifications & cost estimating.

• Divided into two groups and five subgroups, as follows on next slides.

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CONTRACTS

• Are various contractual agreements between the parties involved in a building project.

• They detail each party’s responsibilities.• Can be oral or written formats – but written are

preferred.

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CONTRACTS

• Are various contractual agreements between the parties involved in a building project.

• They detail each party’s responsibilities.• Can be oral or written formats – but written are

preferred.• Preprinted documents are provided by:• A.I.A. (American Institute of Architects)• A.S.I.D. (American Society of Interior Designers)• I.I.D.A. (International Interior Design Association)

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SAMPLE CONTRACT

A.S.I.D. exampleTable of contents for

Agreement Between Designer & Client for Design Services.

Another important contract is the one between owner & contractor to do the work – based on the drawings & specifications.

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CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

Often called working drawingsVisually communicate design and

information required to bring a building or space into reality.

The drawings generally follow a set of architectural drawing conventions – as explained in the rest of this chapter.

However, there is a variety in these set conventions – depending on the office standards, size of the project, and details needed.

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ORGANIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

• Primary types of drawings are generally described as architectural and engineering drawings.• A concrete wall might described as to size & finish

on the architectural drawings, but an engineering drawing spell out the exact structural components, such as the steel in the concrete wall.

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ORGANIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

• Other specialty drawings might be created specifically for furniture placement.

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SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

• Construction drawings are sequentially arranged by major components.

• The order of drawings generally follow how a building is constructed - from the ground to the shell of the building to the interiors.

• The exact sequence and number of sheets will vary from project to project and office to office.

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SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

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SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS (cont’d)

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ORGANIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS FOR A SMALL RESIDENCE

• The small residence shown in the following slides only comprises 3 sheets.

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SMALL RESIDENCE

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SMALL RESIDENCE

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SMALL RESIDENCE

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A LARGER PROJECT - 30 sheets

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THE CONSTRUCTION DRAWING SET

• The sheets are numbered and bound sequentially as a set.

• In small projects, a simple numeric system is used.

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ORGANIZING THE SET BY SPECIALTIES

A - ArchitecturalS - StructuralM – MechanicalE – ElectricalP – PlumbingI – InteriorsF – FinishesQ - Equipment

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GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

Before the construction drawings are made, other work must first be finished:Feasibility studiesProgrammingSchematicsPreliminary designsDesign development

Info from consultants must be collected and be available.

A building code analysis is done before the construction drawing phase or at the very beginning of it.

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A Contemporary Art Museum

So what’s the project?

Program summaryLobbyShopCaféGalleries of various sorts

Site: the Old Brunswick, ME HS

Aesthetic issuesHow to work with existing buildingHow aggressive should the new

architecture be?How to handle daylighting and electric

lighting

PrecedentsDeYoung Museum, San FranciscoBoston ICAMass MOCALA County Museum

Denver Museum of Art

Daniel Liebeskind

Building Code issuesAt least two fully enclosed stairsSeparation of uses Atrium space (main stairs)Accessibility throughout