Week 8 Overview

Business 86, Medical Terminology

Week 8 Overview

Gastrointestinal TestAfter test complete pages 75-76 in

syllabusReview homework- oral practice Chapter 8- pages 172-183-lectureGetting ready for respiratory test-

use pages 75-76 in syllabus Homework

Week #8-- Review For Respiratory Quiz

Name at least three structures of the respiratory system and tell their function:

What is the most important test a respiratory therapist performs on a patient?

Define internal respiration.Define external respiration.What is the function of the nose?Name a function of the respiratory system

What is the waste gas called?What is another name for carbon

dioxide?Tell how emphysema, asthma, and

bronchitis affect your lungs?What is atelectasisHow does the diaphragm aid in

breathing?

Define the following Terminology

Pnea-Auscultation-

Eupnea- Stethoscope

Dyspnea- Tachypnea-

Apnea- Anoxia-

Epistaxis- Rhinorrhea-

Aspiration- PND-

Hemoptysis- Tx-

Dx tachypnea

Bronchiole COPD

Anoxia TKO

PRN bronchiectasis

ABG Hgb

Thoracentesis antitussive

SOB tracheostomy

RT UACyanosis pneumothoraxHemothorax pleuritisX-ray O2C02 hyperventilationTPR BpURI IPPB

Name two drugs used in the respiratory system

Cardiovascular System (CV)

Components of the CV system- Heart, Blood,

Blood Vessels

Function of the Cardiovascular System

A. Heart -Circulation1.Pulmonary- to the lungs

2.Systemic – to the body systems

3.Coronary- supplies the heart

Coronary Circulation

B. Blood-The fluid which circulates throughout the body carrying nourishment and oxygen to the cells and tissue

C. Vessels: The role of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) is to carry blood to and from the body’s tissues and cells

Artery

Structure of the Heart:

The heart is a cone-shaped, hollow, muscular organ weighing 300 grams, located in the mediastinum, a space between the lungs within the thoracic cavity. Its base is directed toward the body’s right side. The apex is directed toward the left and rests upon the diaphragm.

The heart is a double pump having two sides. The right side receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs to be oxygenated. The left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out through the aorta to all parts of the body.

Right side

Left side

Cardiac Layers:

Pericardium- around the heartEpicardium- upon the heartMyocardium- muscle layer of the heartEndocardium- within the heart

Around the heartAround the heart

Upon the heartUpon the heart

Muscle layer of the heartMuscle layer of the heart

Within the heartWithin the heart

Cardiac Chambers (4 chambers)

1. Atria- Receiving chambersReceives blood from the body systems and the lungs

A) Right Atrium- receives blood from the body’s systems

(Interatrial septum- a wall between the atria)

B) Left Atrium- receives blood from the lungs

Ventricles- pumping chambersBlood out to the lungs and body systems

A.) Lower Right Ventricle-pumps blood to the lungs by way of pulmonary arteries

(interventricular septum- a wall between the ventricles)

B.) Lower Left Ventricle- pumps blood to the body systems by way of the aorta

RA- right atriumFO- fossa ovalisFO-foramen ovale-infetal lifeLA-left atriumTV-tricuspid valve

MV-mitral valve(bicuspid valve)RV-right ventricleLV-left ventricle

Heart Valves- Atrioventricular, Semilunar1. Atrioventricular- between the atria and

ventriclesA) Tricuspid- (three cusps) between the right atrium

and right ventricle

B) Bicuspid- ( two cusps) aka- mitral between the left atrium and the left ventricle

2. Semilunar- between the ventricles and the vessel they are pumping through

A) Pulmonary- pulmon/o-lung between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

B) Aortic- aort/o- the aorta between the left ventricle and the aorta

(Mitral)(Mitral)(Atrioventricular)(Atrioventricular)

Major Vessels

Superior Vena Cava

Inferior Vena Cava

Pulmonary Arteries

Pulmonary Veins

Coronary ArteriesThe coronary arteries (right and left) branch off the aortic arch,

encircle the heart and penetrate the myocardium. They supply the capillaries of the myocardium with blood. The coronary blood flow increases with: 1) increased activity such as exercise; 2) increased heart rate; increased stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.

A. Right Coronary ArteryB. Left Main which bifurcates into the

1) LAD- left anterior descending artery2) CX- left circumflex

Coronary Circulation

Mechanical Activity of the Heart

1. Cardiac Cycle. This is the actual pumping contraction of the blood through the heart (the chambers) and out to the designated areas of the body. This is related to heart tones that are auscultated and to blood pressure readings. The mechanical activity of the heart consists of a period of contraction known as systole and a period of relaxation known as diastole.

a) S1- systole- when the heart is contractingb) S2- diastole- when the heart is resting

Electrical Function of the Heart

1. Cardiac Cells have certain unique propertiesa) excitability- the ability to initiate an impulse

b) contractitlity- the ability to contract

c) conductivity- the ability to send an impulse

d) automaticity- the ability to do it automatically

Electrical Structures and Pathway

Electrical activity precedes mechanical activity. The mechanical activity consists of a contraction. The heart can then function as a pump. The mechanical activity of the heart is noted by the presence of a contraction, a pulse! For every heartbeat on the EKG, there is usually a corresponding pulse. However there can be beats on the EKG and no corresponding pulse. Pulseless electrical activity is present (PEA)

Electrical Structures and PathwayConduction System

1. SA node2. AV node3. Bundle of HIS4. Left Bundle5. Right Bundle6. Purkinje Fibers

EKG/ECGElectrocardiogram

Pulse- the rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by the pressure of the blood moving through an artery.

Blood Pressure- is a measurement of the amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessel.

Systolic- the greatest amountof pressure when theventricles contract

Diastolic- the lowest amountof pressure when theventricles are relaxed

Blood Vessels

Arteries- vessels that take blood away from the heart

Arterioles- small arteriesCapillaries- a network of small

vessels that exchange nutrientsVenule- small veinVeins- vessels that return blood back

to the heart

Veins also contain valves

Blood Cells

Plasma- straw-colored fluid that transports nutrients, hormones, and waste

Erythrocytes- red blood cells- RBC- they carry oxygen

Leukocytes-white blood cells-WBC-they help fight infection

Thrombocytes- platelets- they initiate clotting

What Blood Type Are You?

Blood Groups- Typing

TypesA, AB, B, O

RH factor(rhesus factor)a protein on the red blood cell membranePositive- you have the proteinNegative- you don’t have the protein

Blood typeAlleles

For simplicity,we call these

Allele from Parent 1

Allele fromParent 2

Genotype ofoffspring

Blood types ofoffspring

A A AA A

A B AB* AB

A O AO A

B A AB* AB

B B BB B

B O BO B

O O OO O

I= dominanti= recessive

A and B areCo-dominant

Blood type Possible genotypes

A AA AO

B BB BO

Blood type Possible genotypes

Type You Can Give Blood To

You Can Receive Blood From

A+ A+ AB+ A+ A- O+ O-

O+ O+ A+ B+ AB+ O+ O-

B+ B+ AB+ B+ B- O+ O-

AB+ AB+ Everyone

A- A+ A- AB+ AB- A- O-

O- Everyone O-

B- B+ B- AB+ AB- B- O-

AB- AB+ AB- AB- A- B- O-

Blood Donor/Receiver Information

Diagnostic Procedures

Angiography- recording of a vesselCardiac Catheterization- viewing the heart

Echocardiography-test that uses ultrasound waves to create an image of the heart muscle

Electrocardiography- recording of the electrical pattern of the heart

Pericardiocentesis- puncture into the pericardium

Pathology

1. Atherosclerosis- hardening of an artery due to fatty plaque

2. Arteriosclerosis- hardening of an artery

3. Aneurysm- a weakening in the wall of a vessel

4. Thrombosis- blood clot

5. Embolism- a foreign substance that has moved and causes a blockage

6. Hemorrhage- a bursting forth of blood7. Hematoma- a large collection of blood in the tissues8. Hypertension (HTN)- high blood pressure9. Hypotension- low blood pressure10. Anemia- (without blood) a deficiency in red blood cells11. CHF- congestive heart failure12. MI- myocardial infarction13. Angina Pectoris- chest pain14. Carditis- inflammation of the heart15. Valvulitis- inflammation of the valve

16. RhythmsNSR- normal sinus rhythmTachycardia- fast heart rate- greater than

100 beats per minuteBradycardia- slow heart rate- less than 60

beats per minute

Fibrillation- a quivering of the heartFlutter- an area in the atrium is firing

faster than the SA node

Cardiac Arrest (CODE BLUE) the heart stops beating

Procedures of the CV system

1. PTCA- percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

2. CABG- coronary artery bypass grafting

3. Valvuloplasty- repair of a valve4. Defibrillation- to stop fibrillation5. Pacemaker- a mechanical device to initiate

an impulse6. Angioplasty- repair of a vessel7. Athrectomy- removal of the fatty plaque8. Stents- a devise to keep a vessel open

AbbreviationsBp- blood pressureSBp- systolic blood IVPB- intravenous piggybackABG- arterial blood gasesCAD- coronary artery diseaseVF- ventricular fibrillationCABG- coronary artery bypass graftingPTCA- percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplastyRBC- red blood cellCHF- congestive heart failureMI- myocardial infarction

TIA- transient ischemic attackEKG- electrocardiograph(gram, graphy)CP- chest painVT- ventricular tachycardiaNSR- normal sinus rhythmTKO- to keep openWBC- white blood cell

CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS ELEMENT (use with your textbook for CD-Rom)

Element Meaning angio/o, vas/o vessel (usually blood or lymph)aort/o aortaanteri/o arteryather/o fatty plaqueatri/o atriumcardi/o heartcyt/o, -cyte cellelectr/o electricerythr/o redhem/o, hemat/o, -emia blood

ELEMENT MEANING

leuk/o white

lymph/o lymph

necr/o death

phag/o, -phagia swallowing, eating

phleb/o, ven/o vein

reticul/o network

scler/o hardening

thromb/o blood clot

ventricul/o ventricle

ELEMENT MEANING

-blast embryonic cellular development-centesis surgical puncture-ectasis expansion, dilation-genesis producing, forming-gram record-graphy process of recording-lysis separate, destroy, loosen-megaly enlargement-ole, -ule, micro- small-oma tumor-osis abnormal condition-penia decrease

ELEMENT MEANING

-phobia fear-pnea breathing-poiesis production, formation-rrhexis rupture-spasm involuntary contraction, twitching-stasis standing still (of)-stenosis stricture, narrowingbi- twobrady- slowecho- soundepi- above, uponmacro- largeperi- around

Doctor’s Orders- Homework

Define the doctor’s orders on page 86Use your notes

Homework

Study for respiratory test use pages 75-76-syllabus

Complete pages 214-225 (book) Interactive CDComplete page 86-Doctor’s Orders (syllabus)Read pages 228-252 (book) Interactive CD

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