Post on 04-Sep-2015
description
Growth & Development
PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENTContinuous process through lifeOrderly sequencePredictable but unique rangesSystems mature at different ratesMore rapid in early periodsPace/PatternGross to refined skills simple to complex
Proximal to Distal/Simple to Complex
Nature vs NurtureGenetics vs Environment
Humans grow and develop in the following dimensionsPhysicalCognitivePsychosocialMoralSpiritual
Freud Psychosexual developmentBased on sexual motivation
LIBIDO energy or life instinct
PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY Freud (1923)Oral-sensory infancy
Anal muscular toddlerhood
Phallic locomotion pre-school
Latency school age
Genital puberty to adulthood
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentStage I: Trust vs. mistrust (Infancy)Stage II: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (Toddler)Stage III: Initiative vs. guilt (Preschool years)Stage IV: Industry vs. inferiority (School age years)
Eriksons Stages (Cont..)Stage V: Identity vs. role confusion AdolescenceStage VI: Intimacy vs. isolation Young AdulthoodStage VII: Generativity vs. stagnation Middle AdulthoodStage VIII: Ego Integrity vs. despair Later Adulthood
Cognitive Development TheoryPiaget (1969)Cognitive development: * Brain * Nervous system * ExperiencesAdaptation - adjustAssimilation - integrationAccommodation process new information
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY Piagets stages of development: 1. Sensory Motor - birth to 2 years Reflex activities Exploration
Piaget Stages of Development 2. Pre operational 2-7 years
Pre-conceptual, Intuitive figures things out
Piaget Stages of Development 3. Concrete Operations 7-11 years compliance
Piaget Stages of Development 4. Formal Operations 11- adult
Kohlberg - Moral Development Pre conventional birth to age 9Punishment/obedienceorientation
Kohlberg cont.Conventional morality 9-13 years
Post conventional level of morality 13 years to death: * Contractual/legalistic * Universal ethical
Maslows Theory of Human Needs (1950)PhysiologicalSafetyBelonging/loveEsteemSelf actualization
Self ConceptAn individuals conceptualization of himself or herselfSubjective sense of selfComplex mixture of conscious and unconscious thoughts, attitudes and perceptionAffects ones self esteem and how one feels about himself or herself
Stressors Influencing Self Concept
Self Concept and the Nursing ProcessAssessmentNursing DiagnosisPlanning: Goals and OutcomesImplementationEvaluation
Myths and StereotypesIll, disabled, physically unattractive
Financial Status affluent to poor
Undervaluing by society due to attractiveness, energy & youth
Outdated knowledge and experience
Developmental Tasks For Older AdultsAdjustment to:Decreasing health and physical strengthRetirement and reduced or fixed incomeDeath of a spouse, children, siblings & friendsAccepting self as aging personMaintaining satisfactory living arrangementsRedefining relationships with adult children and siblings Finding ways to maintain quality of life
Focus on Older Adults
Health Care SettingsHospital
Nursing Home
Ambulatory Care
Home Care
Physiological Changes with AgingIntegumentaryRespiratoryCardiovascularGastrointestinalMusculoskeletalNeurologicalSensory eyes, ears, taste, smell, touch, proprioceptionGenitourinaryReproductiveEndocrineImmune
Other Changes Associated with AgingFunctional ChangesCapacity & safe performance of ADLsCognitive ChangesDelirium, dementia & depressionPsychosocial ChangesInvolves life transitions and loss (Retirement, social isolation, sexuality, housing and environment and death)
Health Promotion & MaintenanceParticipation in screening activitiesRegular exerciseWeight reductionWell balanced dietModerate alcohol useSmoking cessationRegular dental visitAnnual Immunization
Risk Factors for Falls in the Older AdultIntrinsic FactorsHistory of fallsImpaired visionConditions affecting mobilityCognitive impairmentAlteration in bladder functionMedicationSlow reaction time
Extrinsic FactorsEnvironmental hazardsInappropriate footwearUnfamiliar environmentImproper use of assistive devices
Older Adults in Acute Care SettingsPoses increased risk for adverse events such as:DeliriumDehydrationMalnutritionHealth care associated infectionUrinary IncontinenceFalls
Older Adults and Restorative CareRefers to two types of care: the continuation of recovery from acute illness or surgery that begins in the acute care settingSupport of chronic conditions that affect day-to-day function
Both types of care take place in private homes and long-term care setting