The topic for today, September 10th:

Where did the first people in America come from:Iberia or Siberia?

For the next two weeks:

Peopling of the New World

(Spain) (Russia)

What is the new world?What does it mean to ask where did the first people in America come from?

--Recognizing multiple dimensions to a good question

Aspects of Critical Inquiry in the Social Sciences

--Evaluating evidence

--Recognizing multiple answers to a question or a problem

--Exploring the ethical implications of differing approaches, methods, or conclusions

--Developing potential solutions to problems based on sound evidence and reasoning

Consensus in the 1970s: People came to America… --from Siberia --on foot --13500 years ago.

The Iberia hypothesis did not have anyStrong supporters until about 10 years ago

Clovis and Folsom sites, New Mexico

Folsom point in associationwith extinctbison bones

Miles point

Cactus Hill

MeadowcroftSites thatdate to14000 yearsago or earlier

Solutreans!!!People from what is not Spain and Southern France, 21000 years ago

From Stanford and Bradley 2012

Dennis Stanford Bruce Bradley

What are some of immediate problems with the Solutrean Hypothesis?

What is the evidence of the Solutrean Hypothesis?

Clovis Solutrean

Similarities in stone tools:

1. Bifacial technology (two faces: biface)

front side & back sideof same tool.

Both sides sharpened

10cm

Clovis Solutrean

Similarities in stone tools:

1. Bifacial technology (two faces: biface)

2. These bifaces are big!

3. Overshot flaking(outrepassé)

Other Similarities in stone tools:

Clovis Solutrean

BorersNotchesBurins

32 similarities in total!…and no similarities between Clovistools and Siberian/Alaskan tools

From Stanford and Bradley 2012

On land

At sea/on ice

Land and sea

I’m on a boat!

Ring seal

From Stanford and Bradley 2012

On land

At sea/on ice

Land and sea

From Stanford and Bradley 2012

From Stanford and Bradley 2012

Skull of Kennewick Man/The Ancient One

Forensics expert’sRepresentation of Kennewick Man/The Ancient One

Warning: this slide contains an image of Native American skeletal material

21,000 BP

17,000 BP

13,500 BP

Clovis

Pre-Clovis

Solutrean

12,000 BP

Lawrence Straus David Meltzer

Problems with Solutrean hypothesis

10cm

Clovis Solutrean

Similarities in stone tools:

1. Bifacial technology (two faces: biface)

2. These bifaces are big!

3. Overshot flaking(outrepassé)

10cm

Clovis Solutrean

Differences in stone tools:

1. Concave base rare in Solutrean points

2. No fluting in Solutrean points

Clovis Solutrean

Other Similarities in stone tools:

Clovis Solutrean

Burins

But are both of these green tools actually similar?

Clovis Solutrean

Shouldered point

Stemmed point

Clovis Solutrean

Bone needle

hook for atlatl(spearthrower)

Clovis Solutrean

Antler points(a kind of tool)

Clovis Solutrean

Mobiliary art

From Stanford and Bradley 2012

Are there really no similarities between Clovis tools and stone tools in Beringea and Sibera?

Table showing similarities between Clovis tools and tools in Siberia

But Stanford says there are no similarities: who do we trust? How do we evaluate evidence?

From Stanford and Bradley 2012

From Stanford and Bradley 2012

Evidence for hunting seals or fish?

Clovis Solutrean

Skull of Kennewick Man/The Ancient One

Forensics expert’sRepresentation of Kennewick Man/The Ancient One

Skull of Kennewick Man/The Ancient One

Forensics expert’sRepresentation of Kennewick Man/The Ancient One

Anotherforensics expert’sRepresentation of Kennewick Man/The Ancient One

Portrait of contemporaryAinu person, an ethnic

minority in northern Japan

Shovel-shaped incisors

From Stanford and Bradley 2012