Post on 24-Mar-2020
Challenge AGRAMMAR NOTEBOOK
SEMESTER 1
ANSWER KEY
GRAMMAR -SEMESTER 1 WEEK 1
Grammar No. 31 The First Declension
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative terr-a Land, the (a) land Subject
Singular Genitive terr-ae Of the (a) land; land’s Possessive
Singular Dative terr-ae To or for the (a) land Indirect object
Singular Accusative terr-am The (a) land Direct object
Singular Ablative terr-ā By, with, from the (a) land
Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative terr-ae Lands, the lands Subject
Plural Genitive terr-ārum Of the lands; lands’ Possessive
Plural Dative terr-īs To or for the lands Indirect object
Plural Accusative terr-ās Lands, the lands Direct object
Plural Ablative terr- īs By, with, from the lands Object of the Preposition
Gender:
32: A) All nouns naming individual male person are masculine. Nauta, ae, a sailor, masculine. (Sailors are usually men.)
33: B) All others are feminine. Terra, ae, land, feminine.
Additional Rules in Reading:
All nouns whose genitive ends in -ae are in the first declension.
PRACTICE for Week 1
Grammar Rule # 32Put the form, meaning, use in the following chart for terra, terra (land)
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative terr-a Land, the (a) land Subject
Singular Genitive terr-ae Of the (a) land; land’s Possessive
Singular Dative terr-ae To or for the (a) land Indirect object
Singular Accusative terr-am The (a) land Direct object
Singular Ablative terr-ā By, with, from the (a) land
Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative terr-ae Lands, the lands Subject
Plural Genitive terr-ārum Of the lands, lands’ Possessive
Plural Dative terr-īs To or for the lands Indirect object
Plural Accusative terr-ās Lands, the lands Direct object
Plural Ablative terr- īs By, with, from the lands Object of the Preposition
Copy the grammar rules for gender of the 1st Declension
# 32 A All nouns naming individual male person are masculine. Nauta, ae, a sailor, masculine. (Sailors are usually men.)
#33 All others are feminine. Terra, ae, land, feminine.
Review rule found in reading: All nouns whose genitive ends in -ae are in the first declension.
Additional Practice for Week 1
Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary on page 7 using the following charts:
porta, portae – gate
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative port-a gate, the (a) gate Subject
Singular Genitive port -ae Of the (a) gate; gate’s Possessive
Singular Dative port -ae To or for the (a) gate Indirect object
Singular Accusative port -am The (a) gate Direct object
Singular Ablative port -ā By, with, from the (a) gate Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative port -ae gates, the gates Subject
Plural Genitive port -ārum Of the gates; gates’ Possessive
Plural Dative port -īs To or for the gates Indirect object
Plural Accusative port -ās gates, the gates Direct object
Plural Ablative port - īs By, with, from the gates Object of the Preposition
Marīa, Marīae – Mary
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative Marī-a Mary Subject
Singular Genitive Marī -ae Of Mary; Mary’s Possessive
Singular Dative Marī -ae To or for Mary Indirect object
Singular Accusative Marī -am Mary Direct object
Singular Ablative Marī -ā By, with, from Mary Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative Marī -ae Marys Subject
Plural Genitive Marī -ārum Of Marysl Marys’ Possessive
Plural Dative Marī -īs To or for Marys Indirect object
Plural Accusative Marī -ās Marys Direct object
Plural Ablative Marī - īs By, with, from Marys Object of the Preposition
S1W1
nauta, nautae – sailor
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative naut-a sailor, the (a) sailor Subject
Singular Genitive naut -ae Of the (a) sailor, sailor’s Possessive
Singular Dative naut -ae To or for the (a) sailor Indirect object
Singular Accusative naut -am The (a) sailor Direct object
Singular Ablative naut -ā By, with, from the (a) sailor Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative naut -ae sailors, the sailors Subject
Plural Genitive naut -ārum Of the sailors, sailors’ Possessive
Plural Dative naut -īs To or for the sailors Indirect object
Plural Accusative naut -ās sailors, the sailors Direct object
Plural Ablative naut - īs By, with, from the sailors Object of the Preposition
victōria, victōriae – victory
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative victōri-a victory, the (a) victory Subject
Singular Genitive victōri -ae Of the (a) victory; victory’s Possessive
Singular Dative victōri -ae To or for the (a) victory Indirect object
Singular Accusative victōri -am The (a) victory Direct object
Singular Ablative victōri -ā By, with, from the (a) victory Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative victōri -ae victories, the victories Subject
Plural Genitive victōri -ārum Of the victories; victories’ Possessive
Plural Dative victōri -īs To or for the victories Indirect object
Plural Accusative victōri -ās victories, the victories Direct object
Plural Ablative victōri - īs By, with, from the victories Object of the Preposition
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glōria, glōriae – fame, glory
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative glōri-a fame, the (a) fameglory, the (a) glory
Subject
Singular Genitive glōri -ae Of the (a) fame; fame’sOf the (a) glory; glory’s
Possessive
Singular Dative glōri -ae To or for the (a) fameTo or for the (a) glory
Indirect object
Singular Accusative glōri -am fame, the (a) fameglory, The (a) glory
Direct object
Singular Ablative glōri -ā By, with, from the (a) fameBy, with, from the (a) glory
Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative glōri -ae fame(s), the fame(s)glories, the glories
Subject
Plural Genitive glōri -ārum Of the fame(s); fames’Of the glories; glories’
Possessive
Plural Dative glōri -īs To or for the fame(s0To or for the glories
Indirect object
Plural Accusative glōri -ās fame (s), the fame(s)glories, the glories
Direct object
Plural Ablative glōri - īs By, with, from the fame(s)By, with, from the glories
Object of the Preposition
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Grammar Semester 1 Week 2
Accent:
No. 9 A) In words of two syllables, the accent is on the first.
vía; béllum
No. 10 B) In words of more than two syllables, if the second last syllable is long, it is accented; otherwise the accent is on the third last syllable.
vid ē runt (accent on long e); ágmĭne
Quantity of Syllables:
No. 11 A) A syllable is short if it contains a vowel that is short by nature or that is followed by another vowel or diphthong. reg ĕ re; glor ĭ a
No. 12 B) A syllable is long if it contains a vowel that is long by nature or a vowel that is followed by two consonants other than a mute (c, g, p, b, t, d) or f followed by a liquid (r, l).
studēre; regēndus
NOUNS
No. 14Nouns have gender, number, case and declension
No. 25 The Five Declensions. There are five declensions in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular
1 2 3 4 5 -ae - ī -is -ū -eī vi-ae serv-ī lēg-is port-ūs r- eī
Gender:
32: A) All nouns naming individual male person are masculine. Nauta, ae, a sailor, masculine. (Sailors are usually men.)
33: B) All others are feminine. Terra, ae, land, feminine.
Grammar Semester 1 Week 2
Grammar No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension
Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative serv-us The slave Subject
Singular Genitive serv-ī Of the slave, the slave's Possessive
Singular Dative serv-ō To or for the slave Indirect object
Singular Accusative serv-um The slave Direct object
Singular Ablative serv-ō By, with, from the slave
Plural Nominative serv-ī The slaves Subject
Plural Genitive serv-ōrum Of the slaves, the slaves' Possessive
Plural Dative serv-īs To or for the slaves Indirect object
Plural Accusative serv-ōs the slaves Direct object
Plural Ablative serv-īs By, with, from the slaves Object of the Preposition
No. 35 Gender – Masucline nouns of 2nd Declension: Generally masculine
Additional Rules found in the Reading:
1. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case.
2. A finite verb agrees with its subject in number (and person).
3. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case.
4. The verb usually stands last in the sentence.
5. Adverbs usually stand immediately before the word they modify.
6. The possessive case and many English -of phrases are translated by the genitive.
7. All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -ī belong to the second declension.
PRACTICE WEEK 2
Grammar Rules No. 9 – 12 - Accent and Syllables - Read these grammar rules each day and practice saying the words out loud.
Copy Rules #14 and # 25 on Nouns
# 14 Nouns have gender, number, case and declension
#25 The Five Declensions. There are five declensions in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular
1 2 3 4 5-ae - ī -is -ū -eīvi-ae serv-ī lēg-is port-ūs r- eī
Review rules of 1st Declension Gender
# 32 A. All nouns naming individual male person are masculine. Nauta, ae, a sailor, masculine. (Sailors are usually men.)
# 33 B. All others are feminine. Terra, ae, land, feminine.
S1W2
Grammar No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension
Put the form and meaning in the following chart for servus, servī (slave)
Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative serv-us The slave Subject
Singular Genitive serv-ī Of the slave, the slave's Possessive
Singular Dative serv-ō To or for the slave Indirect object
Singular Accusative serv-um The slave Direct object
Singular Ablative serv-ō By, with, from the slave
Plural Nominative serv-ī The slaves Subject
Plural Genitive serv-ōrum Of the slaves, the slaves' Possessive
Plural Dative serv-īs To or for the slaves Indirect object
Plural Accusative serv-ōs the slaves Direct object
Plural Ablative serv-īs By, with, from the slaves Object of the Preposition
Copy Grammar Rule # 35 for Gender : Gender – Masucline nouns of 2nd Declension: Generally masculine
Review: Additional Rules found in the Reading:
1. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case.
2. A finite verb agrees with its subject in number (and person).
3. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case.
4. The verb usually stands last in the sentence.
5. Adverbs usually stand immediately before the word they modify.
6. The possessive case and many English -of phrases are translated by the genitive.
7. All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -ī belong to the second declension.
Additional Practice for Week 2
Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary using the following charts:
prōvincia, ae - province (1st declension)Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative prōvinci-a province, the (a) province Subject
Singular Genitive prōvinci -ae Of the (a) province, province’s
Possessive
Singular Dative prōvinci -ae To or for the (a) province Indirect object
Singular Accusative prōvinci -am The (a) province Direct object
Singular Ablative prōvinci -ā By, with, from the (a) province
Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative prōvinci -ae provinces, the provinces Subject
Plural Genitive prōvinci -ārum Of the provinces, provinces’ Possessive
Plural Dative prōvinci -īs To or for the provinces Indirect object
Plural Accusative prōvinci -ās provinces, the provinces Direct object
Plural Ablative prōvinci -īs By, with, from the provinces Object of the Preposition
Nouns of 2nd Declension (masculine)
fīlius, fīliī - son
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative fīli-us son, the (a) son Subject
Singular Genitive fīli -ī Of the son, the son's Possessive
Singular Dative fīli -ō To or for the son Indirect object
Singular Accusative fīli -um son, the (a) son Direct object
Singular Ablative fīli -ō By, with, from the son Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative fīli -ī sons, the sons Subject
Plural Genitive fīli -ōrum Of the sons, the sons' Possessive
Plural Dative fīli -īs To or for the sons Indirect object
Plural Accusative fīli -ōs sons, the sons Direct object
Plural Ablative fīli -īs By, with, from the sons Object of the Preposition
S1W2
Deus, Deī – God
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative De-us God, the God Subject
Singular Genitive De -ī Of God; God’s Possessive
Singular Dative De-ō To or for God Indirect object
Singular Accusative De-um God, the God Direct object
Singular Ablative De-ō By, with, from God Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative de -ī gods, the gods Subject
Plural Genitive de -ōrum Of the gods, the gods' Possessive
Plural Dative de-īs To or for the gods Indirect object
Plural Accusative de-ōs gods, the gods Direct object
Plural Ablative de-īs By, with, from the gods Object of the Preposition
Note: Christian God would not have any plural forms
amīcus, amīcī - friend
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative amīc-us friend, the (a) friend Subject
Singular Genitive amīc -ī Of the friend, the friend's Possessive
Singular Dative amīc -ō To or for the friend Indirect object
Singular Accusative amīc -um friend, the (a) friend Direct object
Singular Ablative amīc -ō By, with, from the friend Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative amīc -ī friends, the friends Subject
Plural Genitive amīc -ōrum Of the friends, the friends' Possessive
Plural Dative amīc -īs To or for the friends Indirect object
Plural Accusative amīc -ōs friends, the friends Direct object
Plural Ablative amīc -īs By, with, from the friends Object of the Preposition
S1W2
Chrīstus, Chrīstī - Christ
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative Chrīst-us Christ Subject
Singular Genitive Chrīst -ī Of Christ, Christ’s Possessive
Singular Dative Chrīst -ō To or for Christ Indirect object
Singular Accusative Chrīst -um Christ Direct object
Singular Ablative Chrīst -ō By, with, from Christ Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative No plural form Subject
Plural Genitive Possessive
Plural Dative Indirect object
Plural Accusative Direct object
Plural Ablative Object of the Preposition
Chrīstiānus, Chrīstiānī - Christian
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative Chrīstiān-us Christian, the (a) Christian Subject
Singular Genitive Chrīstiān -ī Of the Christian, the Christian's
Possessive
Singular Dative Chrīstiān -ō To or for the Christian Indirect object
Singular Accusative Chrīstiān -um Christian, the (a) Christian Direct object
Singular Ablative Chrīstiān -ō By, with, from the Christian Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative Chrīstiān -ī Christians, the Christians Subject
Plural Genitive Chrīstiān -ōrum Of the Christians, the Christians'
Possessive
Plural Dative Chrīstiān -īs To or for the Christians Indirect object
Plural Accusative Chrīstiān -ōs Christians, the Christians Direct object
Plural Ablative Chrīstiān -īs By, with, from the Christians Object of the Preposition
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Grammar Semester 1 Week 3
Grammar No. 25 The Five Declensions. There are five declensions in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular
1 2 3 4 5 -ae - ī -is -ū -eī vi-ae serv-ī lēg-is port-ūs r- eī
No. 26. How to decline a Noun. The nominative, genitive and gender of a noun determine which model it follows. Add the endings of that model to the stem.
No. 27 Note: a. The stem is that part of the word which remains the same in spelling throughout the declension. It gives the meaning of the word. The endings show what the word does in the sentence, whether ir is the subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.
No. 29 c. The accusative of the neuter nouns and adjectives is always like the nominative.
No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension
Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative serv-us The slave Subject
Singular Genitive serv-ī Of the slave, the slave's Possessive
Singular Dative serv-ō To or for the slave Indirect object
Singular Accusative serv-um The slave Direct object
Singular Ablative serv-ō By, with, from the slave Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative serv-ī The slaves Subject
Plural Genitive serv-ōrum Of the slaves, the slaves' Possessive
Plural Dative serv-īs To or for the slaves Indirect object
Plural Accusative serv-ōs the slaves Direct object
Plural Ablative serv-īs By, with, from the slaves Object of the Preposition
No. 35 Gender – Masucline nouns of 2nd Declension: Generally masculine
No. 36 Note: Proper names in -ius and fīlius, son, form their vocative singular in – ī.
Vergilius, Vergilī; fīlius, fīlī.
S1W3
No. 37 Neuter Nouns of the 2nd Declension
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative bell-um The war Subject
Singular Genitive bell-ī Of the war Possessive
Singular Dative bell-ō To or for the war Indirect object
Singular Accusative bell-um The war Direct object
Singular Ablative bell-ō By, with, from the war Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative bell-ā The wars Subject
Plural Genitive bell-ōrum Of the wars Possessive
Plural Dative bell-īs To or for the wars Indirect object
Plural Accusative bell-a the wars Direct object
Plural Ablative bell-īs By, with, from the wars Object of the Preposition
No. 38 Gender – Neuter Nouns of 2nd Declension: All neuter.
No. 39 Note: The accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives. Thus, singular nominative bellum, accusative bellum; plural nominative bella, accusative bella. (Cf. Flumen, No 64, gravis, -e, No. 78, etc, )
Additional Rules found in the Reading:
1. All words of the second declension whose nominative ends in -um are neuter and are declined like BELLUM.
2. HINT: In all neuter nouns and adjectives the accusative is always like the nominative.
3. The indirect object is put in the DATIVE case.
4. In Latin some prepositions are followed by the ablative case, some by the accusative case
Practice Week 3
Review:
No. 25 The Five Declensions: There are five declensions in Latin. They can be
distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular.
1 2 3 4 5-ae - ī -is -ū -eīvi-ae serv-ī lēg-is port-ūs r- eī
Copy Grammar Rules
No. 26. How to decline a noun: The nominative, genitive and gender of a noun determine which model it follows. Add the endings of that model to the stem.
No. 27 Note: a The stem is that part of the word which remains the same in spelling throughout the declension. It gives the meaning of the word. The endings show what the word does in the sentence, whether ir is the subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.
No. 29 c. The accusative of the neuter nouns and adjectives is always like the nominative.
S1W3
Review:
No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension
Add the endings to serv and the complete the translation.
Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative serv-us The slave Subject
Singular Genitive serv-ī Of the slave, the slave's Possessive
Singular Dative serv-ō To or for the slave Indirect object
Singular Accusative serv-um The slave Direct object
Singular Ablative serv-ō By, with, from the slave
Plural Nominative serv-ī The slaves Subject
Plural Genitive serv-ōrum Of the slaves, the slaves' Possessive
Plural Dative serv-īs To or for the slaves Indirect object
Plural Accusative serv-ōs the slaves Direct object
Plural Ablative serv-īs By, with, from the slaves Object of the Preposition
No. 35 Gender – Masucline nouns of 2nd Declension: Generally masculine.
Copy:
No. 36 Note Proper names in -ius and fīlius, son, form their vocative singular in – ī.
Vergilius, Vergilī; fīlius, fīlī.
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No. 37 Neuter Nouns of the 2nd Declension
Add the form and meaning for bellum, bellī (war)
Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative bell-um The war Subject
Singular Genitive bell-ī Of the war Possessive
Singular Dative bell-ō To or for the war Indirect object
Singular Accusative bell-um The war Direct object
Singular Ablative bell-ō By, with, from the war Obj of the Prep
Plural Nominative bell-ā The wars Subject
Plural Genitive bell-ōrum Of the wars Possessive
Plural Dative bell-īs To or for the wars Indirect object
Plural Accusative bell-a the wars Direct object
Plural Ablative bell-īs By, with, from the wars Obj of the Prep
No. 38 Gender – Neuter Nouns of 2nd Declension: All neuter.
Read and Review following note:
No. 39 Note: The accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives. Thus, singular nominative bellum, accusative bellum; plural nominative bella, accusative bella. (Cf. Flumen, No 64, gravis, -e, No. 78, etc, )
Fill in the blanks:
The accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives. Thus, singular nominative bellum, accusative bellum; plural nominative bella, accusative bella. (Cf. Flumen, No 64, gravis, -e, No. 78, etc, )
Review: Additional Rules found in the Reading:
1. All words of the second declension whose nominative ends in -um are neuter and are declined like BELLUM.
2. HINT: In all neuter nouns and adjectives the accusative is always like the nominative.
3. The indirect object is put in the DATIVE case.
4. In Latin some prepositions are followed by the ablative case, some by the accusative case.
Additional Practice for Week 3:
Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary on using the following charts:
caelum, caelī - sky, heaven
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative cael-um heaven, the heaven Subject
Singular Genitive cael -ī Of heaven; heaven’s Possessive
Singular Dative cael -ō To or for (the) heaven Indirect object
Singular Accusative cael -um heaven, the heaven Direct object
Singular Ablative cael -ō By, with, from (the) heaven Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative cael -ā heavens, the heavens Subject
Plural Genitive cael -ōrum Of the heavens; heavens’ Possessive
Plural Dative cael -īs To or for (the) heavens Indirect object
Plural Accusative cael -a heavens, the heavens Direct object
Plural Ablative cael -īs By, with, from (the) heavens Object of the Preposition
rēgnum, rēgnī - kingdom, royal power
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative rēgn-um kingdom, the kingdomroyal power, the royal power
Subject
Singular Genitive rēgn -ī Of the kingdom; kingdom’sroyal power, royal power’s
Possessive
Singular Dative rēgn -ō To or for the kingdomto or for the royal power
Indirect object
Singular Accusative rēgn -um kingdom, the kingdomroyal power, the royal power
Direct object
Singular Ablative rēgn -ō By, with, from the kingdomBy, with from the royal power
Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative rēgn -ā kingdoms, the kingdomsroyal powers, the royal powers
Subject
Plural Genitive rēgn -ōrum Of the heavens; heavens’ Possessive
Plural Dative rēgn -īs To or for the kingdomsto or for the royal powers
Indirect object
Plural Accusative rēgn -a kingdom, the kingdomsroyal power, the royal powers
Direct object
Plural Ablative rēgn -īs By, with, from the kingdomsBy, with from the royal powers
Object of the Preposition
S1W3
praemium, praemiī - reward
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative praemi-um reward, the reward Subject
Singular Genitive praemi -ī Of the reward; reward’s Possessive
Singular Dative praemi -ō To or for the reward Indirect object
Singular Accusative praemi -um reward, the reward Direct object
Singular Ablative praemi -ō By, with, from the reward Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative praemi -ā rewards, the rewards Subject
Plural Genitive praemi -ōrum Of the rewards; rewards’ Possessive
Plural Dative praemi -īs To or for the rewards Indirect object
Plural Accusative praemi -a rewards, the rewards Direct object
Plural Ablative praemi -īs By, with, from the rewards Object of the Preposition
perīculum, perīculī – danger
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative perīcul-um danger, the danger Subject
Singular Genitive perīcul -ī Of the danger; danger’s Possessive
Singular Dative perīcul -ō To or for the danger Indirect object
Singular Accusative perīcul -um danger, the danger Direct object
Singular Ablative perīcul -ō By, with, from the danger Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative perīcul -ā dangers, the dangers Subject
Plural Genitive perīcul -ōrum Of the dangers; dangers’ Possessive
Plural Dative perīcul -īs To or for the dangers Indirect object
Plural Accusative perīcul -a danger, the dangers Direct object
Plural Ablative perīcul -īs By, with, from the dangers Object of the Preposition
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imperium, imperiī - command, power, empire
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative imperi-um command, the command Subject
Singular Genitive imperi -ī Of the command; command’s Possessive
Singular Dative imperi -ō To or for the command Indirect object
Singular Accusative imperi -um command, the command Direct object
Singular Ablative imperi -ō By, with, from the command Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative imperi -ā commands, the commands Subject
Plural Genitive imperi -ōrum Of the commands; commands’
Possessive
Plural Dative imperi -īs To or for the commands Indirect object
Plural Accusative imperi-a commands, the commands Direct object
Plural Ablative imperi -īs By, with, from the commands Object of the Preposition
Note: the meaning above could also be power and empire
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oppidum, ī - town
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative oppid-um town, the town Subject
Singular Genitive oppid -ī Of the town; town’s Possessive
Singular Dative oppid -ō To or for the town Indirect object
Singular Accusative oppid -um town, the town Direct object
Singular Ablative oppid -ō By, with, from the town Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative oppid -ā towns, the towns Subject
Plural Genitive oppid-ōrum Of the towns; towns’ Possessive
Plural Dative oppid -īs To or for the towns Indirect object
Plural Accusative oppid -a towns, the towns Direct object
Plural Ablative oppid -īs By, with, from the towns Object of the Preposition
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Review: 2nd Declension masculine
gladius, ī - sword
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative gladi-us sword, the sword Subject
Singular Genitive gladi -ī Of the sword, the sword's Possessive
Singular Dative gladi -ō To or for the sword Indirect object
Singular Accusative gladi -um sword, the sword Direct object
Singular Ablative gladi -ō By, with, from the sword Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative gladi -ī swords, the swords Subject
Plural Genitive gladi -ōrum Of the swords, the swords' Possessive
Plural Dative gladi -īs To or for the swords Indirect object
Plural Accusative gladi -ōs swords, the swords Direct object
Plural Ablative gladi -īs By, with, from the swords Object of the Preposition
Rōmānus, ī – a Roman
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative Roman-us Roman, the (a) Roman Subject
Singular Genitive Roman -ī Of the Roman, the Roman's Possessive
Singular Dative Roman -ō To or for the Roman Indirect object
Singular Accusative Roman -um Roman, the (a) Roman Direct object
Singular Ablative Roman -ō By, with, from the Roman Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative Roman -ī Romans, the Romans Subject
Plural Genitive Roman -ōrum Of the Romans, the Romans' Possessive
Plural Dative Roman -īs To or for the Romans Indirect object
Plural Accusative Roman -ōs Romans, the Romans Direct object
Plural Ablative Roman -īs By, with, from the Romans Object of the Preposition
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Gallus, ī - a Gaul
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative Gall-us Gaul, the (a) Gaul Subject
Singular Genitive Gall -ī Of the Gaul, the Gaul's Possessive
Singular Dative Gall -ō To or for the Gaul Indirect object
Singular Accusative Gall-um Gaul, the (a) Gaul Direct object
Singular Ablative Gall -ō By, with, from the Gaul Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative Gall -ī Gauls, the Gauls Subject
Plural Genitive Gall -ōrum Of the Gauls, the Gauls' Possessive
Plural Dative Gall -īs To or for the Gauls Indirect object
Plural Accusative Gall -ōs Gauls, the Gauls Direct object
Plural Ablative Gall -īs By, with, from the Gauls Object of the Preposition
Review – 1st Declension Nouns
Gallia, ae – Gaul
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative Galli-a Gaul Subject
Singular Genitive Galli -ae Of Gaul, Gaul’s Possessive
Singular Dative Galli -ae To or for Gaul Indirect object
Singular Accusative Galli -am Gaul Direct object
Singular Ablative Galli -ā By, with, from Gaul Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative Galli -ae Gauls Subject
Plural Genitive Galli -ārum Of the Gauls; Gauls’ Possessive
Plural Dative Galli -īs To or for the Gauls Indirect object
Plural Accusative Galli -ās Gauls Direct object
Plural Ablative Galli-īs By, with, from Gauls Object of the Preposition
Note: Since Gaul is generally just used to name one place, the plural would be used infrequently.
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Rōma, ae - Rome
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative Rōm-a Rome Subject
Singular Genitive Rōm -ae Of Rome, Rome’s Possessive
Singular Dative Rōm -ae To or for Rome Indirect object
Singular Accusative Rōm -am Rome Direct object
Singular Ablative Rōm -ā By, with, from Rome Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative Rōm -ae Romes Subject
Plural Genitive Rōm -ārum Of the Romes; Romes’ Possessive
Plural Dative Rōm -īs To or for the Romes Indirect object
Plural Accusative Rōm -ās Romes Direct object
Plural Ablative Rōm -īs By, with, from Romes Object of the Preposition
Note: Since Rome is generally just used to name one place, the plural would be used infrequently.
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Semester 1 Week 4
Grammar: Review
Additional Rules found in the reading;
1. After a linking verb, the predicate noun is put in the same case as the subject.
2. Forms of the verb SUM may stand anywhere in the sentence.
Practice conjugating verb I am – sum
Singular - sum – I am es – you are est – he, she, it, is
Plural - sumus - we are estis – you are sunt – they are
Conjugate Sum:
Form Meaning
Singular 1st person sum I am
Singular 2nd Person es you are
Singular 3rd Person est he, she, it is
Plural 1st Person sumus we are
Plural 2nd Person estis you are
Plural 3rd Person sunt they are
Review additional rules from reading:
1. After a linking verb, the predicate noun is put in the same case as the subject.
2. Forms of the verb SUM may stand anywhere in the sentence.
S1W4
Conjugate Sum:
Form Meaning
Singular 1st person sum I am
Singular 2nd Person es you are
Singular 3rd Person est he, she, it is
Plural 1st Person sumus we are
Plural 2nd Person estis you are
Plural 3rd Person sunt they are
Conjugate Sum:
Form Meaning
Singular 1st person sum I am
Singular 2nd Person es you are
Singular 3rd Person est he, she, it is
Plural 1st Person sumus we are
Plural 2nd Person estis you are
Plural 3rd Person sunt they are
Grammar Semester 1 Week 5
No. 45 The Third Declension. The nominative singular of the third declension has no model ending. Thus lēx, law, pars, part, flūmen, river, hostis, enemy, are all nouns of the third declension. The genitive ending (for the third declension, always -is) shows the declension and gives the stem.
No 46: Nouns naming individual male persons are masculine: mīles, mīlitis, m., soldier
No. 47: Nouns naming individual female persons are feminine: māter, mātris, f., mother.
No 48: Note: These two rules (Nos. 46, 47) should always be applied before Nos. 49 toThus mīles would be feminine by the SOX rule (No. 50), but rule No. 46 is applied first, hence mīles is masculine.
No. 49: Nouns ending in -er, -or (ERROR) are masculine.
No. 50: Nouns ending in -s, -o, -x (SOX) are feminine.
No. 51: Nouns ending in -l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t (LANCET) are neuter.
No. 52 Note: But masculīnī generisare words in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis,in -es (itis) and -ex (icis);as neuter mark the -us (with -ris).
*Rule No. 52 is a “poem” (written in hybrid of English and Latin) describing the exceptions to 3rd declension’s SOX rule (Rule #50): Normally nouns that end in -s, -o, or -x are feminine. Exceptions to this rule are described below: Masculine: ~nouns ending in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis in the nominative singular ~nouns whose nom/gen sing endings are -es (-itis) and -ex (-icis)
Neuter: ~ nouns whose nom./gen. sing endings are -us, (-ris)
No. 53: Declension. First find the gender of the noun. Then find the stem from the genitive.
No. 54: For masculine and feminine nouns, add the endings of lēx or pars according to the rules in Nos. 59-63.
No. 55: For neuter nouns add the endings of flūmen. (For the few exceptions, see footnote on No 64)
No. 56: The vocative is always like the nominative.
S1W5
Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the 3rd Declension
No. 57: Masculine
Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative lēx The law Subject
Singular Genitive lēg-is Of the law Possessive
Singular Dative lēg-ī To or for the law Indirect object
Singular Accusative lēg-em The law Direct object
Singular Ablative lēg-e By, with, from the law Object of the Prep
Plural Nominative lēg-ēs The laws Subject
Plural Genitive lēg-um Of the laws Possessive
Plural Dative lēg-ibus To or for the laws Indirect object
Plural Accusative lēg-ēs the laws Direct object
Plural Ablative lēg-ibus By, with, from the laws Object of the Prep
No. 58: Feminine
Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative pars The part Subject
Singular Genitive part-is Of the part Possessive
Singular Dative part-ī To or for the part Indirect object
Singular Accusative part-em The part Direct object
Singular Ablative part-e By, with, from the part Object of the Prep
Plural Nominative part-ēs The parts Subject
Plural Genitive part-ium Of the parts Possessive
Plural Dative part-ibus To or for the parts Indirect object
Plural Accusative part-ēs the parts Direct object
Plural Ablative part-ibus By, with, from the parts Object of the Prep
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3rd Declension Nouns
No. 59: Note: All masculine and feminine nouns of the 3rd declension are declined like lēx except the following nouns which have -ium in the genitive plural like part-ium:
No. 60: 1. Nouns that have the same number of syllables in the genitive singular as in the nominative singular: as hostis, hostis (host-ium), enemy.
No. 61: 2. Nouns whose stem ends in two consonants, as: gens, gentis, tribe, stem, gent-, hence gentium.
Exceptions:
No. 62: a. With -um instead of -ium: senum, patrum, mēnsum, mātrum, canum, juvenum, and frātrum (of old men, fathers, months and mothers of dogs and youths and brothers).
No. 63: b. With -ium instead of -um: vīrium, lītium, faucium, Penātium, imbrium, and nivium, Samnītium, optimātium. (of strength and quarrels, of jaws and
household gods, of rains and snows, of Samnites and aristocrats.)
Additional Rules from the Reading:
1. All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -IS belong to the third declension.
2. An appositive agrees with its noun in number and case.
Practice for Week 5
Copy:
No. 45 The Third Declension. The nominative singular of the third declension has no model ending. Thus lēx, law, pars, part, flūmen, river, hostis, enemy, are all nouns of the third declension. The genitive ending (for the third declension, always -is) shows the declension and gives the stem.
No 46: Nouns naming individual male persons are masculine: mīles, mīlitis, m., soldier
No. 47: Nouns naming individual female persons are feminine: māter, mātris, f., mother.
Read and Review following note:
No 48: Note: These two rules (Nos. 46, 47) should always be applied before Nos. 49 toThus mīles would be feminine by the SOX rule (No. 50), but rule No. 46 is applied first, hence mīles is masculine.
No. 49: Nouns ending in -er, -or (ERROR) are masculine.
No. 50: Nouns ending in -s, -o, -x (SOX) are feminine.
No. 51: Nouns ending in -l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t (LANCET) are neuter.
S1W5
Read and Review following rule:
No. 52 Note: But masculīnī generisare words in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis,in -es (itis) and -ex (icis);as neuter mark the -us (with -ris).
*Rule No. 52 is a “poem” (written in hybrid of English and Latin) describing the exceptions to 3rd declension’s SOX rule (Rule #50): Normally nouns that end in -s, -o, or -x are feminine. Exceptions to this rule are described below: Masculine: ~nouns ending in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis in the nominative singular ~nouns whose nom/gen sing endings are -es (-itis) and -ex (-icis)Neuter: ~ nouns whose nom./gen. sing endings are -us, (-ris)
No. 53: Declension. First find the gender of the noun. Then find the stem from the genitive.
Read and Review the following grammar rules:
No. 54: For masculine and feminine nouns, add the endings of lēx or pars according to the rules in Nos. 59-63.
No. 55: For neuter nouns add the endings of flūmen. (For the few exceptions, see footnote on No 64)
No. 56: The vocative is always like the nominative.
S1W5
Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the 3rd Declension
No. 57: Masculine
Put the form and meaning in the following chart for lēx, lēgis (law)
Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative lēx The law Subject
Singular Genitive lēg-is Of the law Possessive
Singular Dative lēg-ī To or for the law Indirect object
Singular Accusative lēg-em The law Direct object
Singular Ablative lēg-e By, with, from the law Obj. of the Prep
Plural Nominative lēg-ēs The laws Subject
Plural Genitive lēg-um Of the laws Possessive
Plural Dative lēg-ibus To or for the laws Indirect object
Plural Accusative lēg-ēs the laws Direct object
Plural Ablative lēg-ibus By, with, from the laws Obj. of the Prep
No. 58: FemininePut the form and meaning in the following chart for pars, partis (part)
Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative pars The part Subject
Singular Genitive part-is Of the part Possessive
Singular Dative part-ī To or for the part Indirect object
Singular Accusative part-em The part Direct object
Singular Ablative part-e By, with, from the part Obj. of the Prep
Plural Nominative part-ēs The parts Subject
Plural Genitive part-ium Of the parts Possessive
Plural Dative part-ibus To or for the parts Indirect object
Plural Accusative part-ēs the parts Direct object
Plural Ablative part-ibus By, with, from the parts Obj. of the Prep
S1W5
Copy following grammar rules:
3rd Declension Nouns
No. 59: Note: All masculine and feminine nouns of the 3rd declension are declined like lēx except the following nouns which have -ium in the genitive plural like part-ium:
No. 60: 1. Nouns that have the same number of syllables in the genitive singular as in the nominative singular: as hostis, hostis (host-ium), enemy.
No. 61: 2. Nouns whose stem ends in two consonants, as: gens, gentis, tribe, stem, gent-, hence gentium.
Read and Review the following exceptions: Exceptions:
No. 62: a. With -um instead of -ium: senum, patrum, mēnsum, mātrum, canum, juvenum, and frātrum (of old men, fathers, months and mothers of dogs and youths and brothers).
No. 63: b. With -ium instead of -um: vīrium, lītium, faucium, Penātium, imbrium, and nivium, Samnītium, optimātium. (of strength and quarrels, of jaws and household
gods, of rains and snows, of Samnites and aristocrats.)
Review:
Additional Rules from the Reading:
1. All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -IS belong to the third declension.
2. An appositive agrees with its noun in number and case.
Additional Practice for Week 5:
Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary using the following charts:
rēx, rēgis – king
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative rēx The king Subject
Singular Genitive rēg-is Of the king, king’s Possessive
Singular Dative rēg-ī To or for the king Indirect object
Singular Accusative rēg-em The king Direct object
Singular Ablative rēg-e By, with, from the king Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative rēg-ēs The kings Subject
Plural Genitive rēg-um Of the kings, kings’ Possessive
Plural Dative rēg-ibus To or for the kings Indirect object
Plural Accusative rēg-ēs the kings Direct object
Plural Ablative rēg-ibus By, with, from the kings Object of the Preposition
dux, ducis - leaderForm Meaning Use
Singular Nominative dux The leader Subject
Singular Genitive duc-is Of the leader, leader’s Possessive
Singular Dative duc-ī To or for the leader Indirect object
Singular Accusative duc -em The leader Direct object
Singular Ablative duc -e By, with, from the leader Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative duc -ēs The leaders Subject
Plural Genitive duc -um Of the leaders, leaders’ Possessive
Plural Dative duc -ibus To or for the leaders Indirect object
Plural Accusative duc -ēs the leaders Direct object
Plural Ablative duc -ibus By, with, from the leaders Object of the Preposition
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lūx, lūcis - light
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative lux the light Subject
Singular Genitive luc-is Of the light, light’s Possessive
Singular Dative luc-ī To or for the light Indirect object
Singular Accusative luc -em the light Direct object
Singular Ablative luc -e By, with, from the light Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative luc -ēs The lights Subject
Plural Genitive luc -um Of the lights, lights’ Possessive
Plural Dative luc -ibus To or for the lights Indirect object
Plural Accusative luc -ēs the lights Direct object
Plural Ablative luc -ibus By, with, from the lights Object of the Preposition
homō, hominis - man
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative homō man, the man Subject
Singular Genitive homin-is Of the man, man’s Possessive
Singular Dative homin -ī To or for the man Indirect object
Singular Accusative homin -em man, the man Direct object
Singular Ablative homin -e By, with, from the man Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative homin -ēs men Subject
Plural Genitive homin -um Of the men, mens’ Possessive
Plural Dative homin -ibus To or for the men Indirect object
Plural Accusative homin -ēs the men Direct object
Plural Ablative homin -ibus By, with, from the men Object of the Preposition
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imperātor, imperātōris - commander in chief, general
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative imperātor commander in chief, general Subject
Singular Genitive imperātōr-is Of the commander in chief, commander in chief’s
Possessive
Singular Dative imperātor -ī To or for the commander in chief
Indirect object
Singular Accusative imperātor -em commander in chief Direct object
Singular Ablative imperātor -e By, with, from the commander in chief
Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative imperātor -ēs commander in chiefs Subject
Plural Genitive imperātor -um Of the commander in chiefs Possessive
Plural Dative imperātor -ibus To or for the commander in chiefs
Indirect object
Plural Accusative imperātor -ēs commander in chiefs Direct object
Plural Ablative imperātor -ibus By, with, from the commander in chiefs
Object of the Preposition
vēritās, vēritātis - truth
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative vēritās truth, the truth Subject
Singular Genitive vēritāt-is Of the truth, truth’s Possessive
Singular Dative vēritāt -ī To or for the truth Indirect object
Singular Accusative vēritāt -em truth, the truth Direct object
Singular Ablative vēritāt -e By, with, from the truth Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative vēritāt -ēs truths Subject
Plural Genitive vēritāt -um Of the truths, truths’ Possessive
Plural Dative vēritāt -ibus To or for the truths Indirect object
Plural Accusative vēritāt -ēs truths Direct object
Plural Ablative vēritāt -ibus By, with, from the truths Object of the Preposition
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Caesar, Caesaris - Caesar
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative Caesar Caesar Subject
Singular Genitive Caesar-is Of Caesar, Caesar’s Possessive
Singular Dative Caesar -ī To or for Caesar Indirect object
Singular Accusative Caesar -em Caesar Direct object
Singular Ablative Caesar -e By, with, from Caesar Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative Caesar -ēs Caesars Subject
Plural Genitive Caesar -um Of the Caesars, Caesars’ Possessive
Plural Dative Caesar -ibus To or for Caesars Indirect object
Plural Accusative Caesar -ēs Caesars Direct object
Plural Ablative Caesar -ibus By, with, from Caesars Object of the Preposition
Plural form used rarely
salūs, salūtis - safety, welfare, salvation
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative salūs safety Subject
Singular Genitive salūt-is Of safety, safety’s Possessive
Singular Dative salūt -ī To or for the safety Indirect object
Singular Accusative salūt -em safety, the safety Direct object
Singular Ablative salūt -e By, with, from the safety Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative salūt -ēs safetys, the safetys Subject
Plural Genitive salūt -um Of the safetys, safetys’ Possessive
Plural Dative salūt -ibus To or for the safetys Indirect object
Plural Accusative salūt -ēs safetys Direct object
Plural Ablative salūt -ibus By, with, from the safetys Object of the Preposition
Note: meaning could also be welfare or salvation
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vōx, vōcis – voice, cry
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative vōx voice, the voice Subject
Singular Genitive vōc-is Of the voice, voice’s Possessive
Singular Dative vōc -ī To or for the voice Indirect object
Singular Accusative vōc -em voice, the voice Direct object
Singular Ablative vōc -e By, with, from the voice Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative vōc -ēs voices, the voices Subject
Plural Genitive vōc -um Of the voices, voices’ Possessive
Plural Dative vōc -ibus To or for the voices Indirect object
Plural Accusative vōc -ēs voices, the voices Direct object
Plural Ablative vōc -ibus By, with, from the voices Object of the Preposition
virtūs, virtūtis – courage, virtue
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative virtūs courage, the courage Subject
Singular Genitive virtūt-is Of the courage, courage’s Possessive
Singular Dative virtūt -ī To or for the courage Indirect object
Singular Accusative virtūt -em courage, the courage Direct object
Singular Ablative virtūt -e By, with, from the courage Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative virtūt -ēs courages, the courages Subject
Plural Genitive virtūt -um Of the courages, courages’ Possessive
Plural Dative virtūt -ibus To or for the courages Indirect object
Plural Accusative virtūt -ēs courages, the courages Direct object
Plural Ablative virtūt -ibus By, with, from the courages Object of the Preposition
Note: Meaning could also mean “virtue”
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mīles, mīlitis - soldier
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative mīles soldier, the soldier Subject
Singular Genitive mīlit-is Of the soldier, soldier’s Possessive
Singular Dative mīlit -ī To or for the soldier Indirect object
Singular Accusative mīlit -em soldier, the soldier Direct object
Singular Ablative mīlit -e By, with, from the soldier Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative mīlit -ēs soldiers, the soldiers Subject
Plural Genitive mīlit -um Of the soldiers, soldiers’ Possessive
Plural Dative mīlit -ibus To or for the soldiers Indirect object
Plural Accusative mīlit -ēs soldiers, the soldiers Direct object
Plural Ablative mīlit -ibus By, with, from the soldiers Object of the Preposition
pāx, pācis - peace
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative pāx peace, the peace Subject
Singular Genitive pāc-is Of the peace, peace’s Possessive
Singular Dative pāc -ī To or for the peace Indirect object
Singular Accusative pāc -em peace, the peace Direct object
Singular Ablative pāc -e By, with, from the peace Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative pāc -ēs peace, the peace Subject
Plural Genitive pāc -um Of the peace Possessive
Plural Dative pāc -ibus To or for the peace Indirect object
Plural Accusative pāc -ēs peace, the peace Direct object
Plural Ablative pāc -ibus By, with, from the peace Object of the Preposition
Note: Sometimes the English plural of peace can be “peaces” The plural form will be infrequently used
S1W5
Review:2nd Declension masculine
populus, ī - people, nation
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative populus nation, the (a) nation Subject
Singular Genitive popul-ī Of the nation, the nation's Possessive
Singular Dative popul -ō To or for the nation Indirect object
Singular Accusative popul -um nation, the (a) nation Direct object
Singular Ablative popul -ō By, with, from the nation Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative popul -ī nations, the nations Subject
Plural Genitive popul -ōrum Of the nations, the nations' Possessive
Plural Dative popul -īs To or for the nations Indirect object
Plural Accusative popul -ōs nations, the nations Direct object
Plural Ablative popul -īs By, with, from the nations Object of the Preposition
Note: can also mean people Review:1st Declension via, ae – road, way
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative vi-a road, the (a) road Subject
Singular Genitive vi-ae Of the (a) road; road’s Possessive
Singular Dative vi -ae To or for the (a) road Indirect object
Singular Accusative vi -am road, the (a) road Direct object
Singular Ablative vi -ā By, with, from the (a) road Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative vi -ae roads, the roads Subject
Plural Genitive vi -ārum Of the roads; roads’ Possessive
Plural Dative vi -īs To or for the roads Indirect object
Plural Accusative vi -ās roads, the roads Direct object
Plural Ablative vi - īs By, with, from the roads Object of the Preposition
Grammar Semester 1 Week 6
GRAMMAR No. 64: Neuter Nouns of the 3rd Declension
Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative flūmen The river Subject
Singular Genitive flūmin-is Of the river Possessive
Singular Dative flūmin-ī To or for the river Indirect object
Singular Accusative flūmen The river Direct object
Singular Ablative flūmin-e By, with, from the river Obj of Prep
Plural Nominative flūmin-a The rivers Subject
Plural Genitive flūmin-um Of the rivers Possessive
Plural Dative flūmin-ibus To or for the rivers Indirect object
Plural Accusative flūmin-a the rivers Direct object
Plural Ablative flūmin-ibus By, with, from the rivers Obj of Prep
Practice – Week 6
GRAMMAR No. 64: Neuter Nouns of the 3rd Declension
Add the form and meaning for flūmen, flūminis (river)
Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative flūmen The river Subject
Singular Genitive flūmin-is Of the river Possessive
Singular Dative flūmin-ī To or for the river Indirect object
Singular Accusative flūmen The river Direct object
Singular Ablative flūmin-e By, with, from the river Obj of Prep
Plural Nominative flūmin-a The rivers Subject
Plural Genitive flūmin-um Of the rivers Possessive
Plural Dative flūmin-ibus To or for the rivers Indirect object
Plural Accusative flūmin-a the rivers Direct object
Plural Ablative flūmin-ibus By, with, from the rivers Obj of Prep
Additional Practice for Week 6:
Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary on using the following charts:
Nouns declined like pars, partis
collis, collis, m. - hillForm Meaning Use
Singular Nominative collis The hill Subject
Singular Genitive coll-is Of the hill Possessive
Singular Dative coll -ī To or for the hill Indirect object
Singular Accusative coll -em The hill Direct object
Singular Ablative coll -e By, with, from the hill Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative coll -ēs The hills Subject
Plural Genitive coll -ium Of the hills Possessive
Plural Dative coll -ibus To or for the hills Indirect object
Plural Accusative coll -ēs the hills Direct object
Plural Ablative coll -ibus By, with, from the hills Object of the
Preposition
hostis, hostis – enemy (in war)Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative hostis The enemy Subject
Singular Genitive host-is Of the enemy Possessive
Singular Dative host -ī To or for the enemy Indirect object
Singular Accusative host -em The enemy Direct object
Singular Ablative host -e By, with, from the enemy Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative host -ēs The enemies (or enemy) Subject
Plural Genitive host -ium Of the enemies (or enemy) Possessive
Plural Dative host -ibus To or for the enemies (or enemy)
Indirect object
Plural Accusative host -ēs the enemies (or enemy) Direct object
Plural Ablative host -ibus By, with, from the enemies (or enemy)
Object of the Preposition
S1W6
gēns, gentis - tribeForm Meaning Use
Singular Nominative gēns The tribe Subject
Singular Genitive gent-is Of the tribe Possessive
Singular Dative gent -ī To or for the tribe Indirect object
Singular Accusative gent -em The tribe Direct object
Singular Ablative gent -e By, with, from the tribe Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative gent -ēs The tribes Subject
Plural Genitive gent -ium Of the tribes Possessive
Plural Dative gent -ibus To or for the tribes Indirect object
Plural Accusative gent -ēs the tribes Direct object
Plural Ablative gent -ibus By, with, from the tribes Object of the Preposition
caedēs, caedis – slaughterForm Meaning Use
Singular Nominative caedēs The slaughter Subject
Singular Genitive caed-is Of the slaughter Possessive
Singular Dative caed -ī To or for the slaughter Indirect object
Singular Accusative caed -em The slaughter Direct object
Singular Ablative caed -e By, with, from the slaughter Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative caed -ēs The slaughters Subject
Plural Genitive caed -ium Of the slaughters Possessive
Plural Dative caed -ibus To or for the slaughters Indirect object
Plural Accusative caed -ēs the slaughters Direct object
Plural Ablative caed -ibus By, with, from the slaughters Object of the Preposition
S1W6
mōns, montis, m. - mountainForm Meaning Use
Singular Nominative mōns The mountain Subject
Singular Genitive mont-is Of the mountain Possessive
Singular Dative mont -ī To or for the mountain Indirect object
Singular Accusative mont-em The mountain Direct object
Singular Ablative mont-e By, with, from the mountain Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative mont-ēs The mountains Subject
Plural Genitive mont-ium Of the mountains Possessive
Plural Dative mont-ibus To or for the mountains Indirect object
Plural Accusative mont-ēs the mountains Direct object
Plural Ablative mont-ibus By, with, from the mountains Object of the
Preposition
S1W6
3rd Declension
clāmor, clāmoris – shouting, shoutForm Meaning Use
Singular Nominative clāmor The shouting Subject
Singular Genitive clāmor -is Of the shouting Possessive
Singular Dative clāmor -ī To or for the shouting Indirect object
Singular Accusative clāmor -em The shouting Direct object
Singular Ablative clāmor -e By, with, from the shouting Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative clāmor -ēs The shoutings Subject
Plural Genitive clāmor -um Of the shoutings Possessive
Plural Dative clāmor -ibus To or for the shoutings Indirect object
Plural Accusative clāmor -ēs the shoutings Direct object
Plural Ablative clāmor -ibus By, with, from the shoutings Object of the Preposition
prīnceps, prīncipis – chief, leading manForm Meaning Use
Singular Nominative prīnceps The chief Subject
Singular Genitive prīncip-is Of the chief, chief’s Possessive
Singular Dative prīncip -ī To or for the chief Indirect object
Singular Accusative prīncip -em The chief Direct object
Singular Ablative prīncip -e By, with, from the chief Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative prīncip -ēs The chiefs Subject
Plural Genitive prīncip -um Of the chiefs Possessive
Plural Dative prīncip -ibus To or for the chiefs Indirect object
Plural Accusative prīncip -ēs the chiefs Direct object
Plural Ablative prīncip -ibus By, with, from the chiefs Object of the Preposition
S1W6
Exceptions to pars/partis rule for Istem:
frāter, frātris (frātrum) – brotherForm Meaning Use
Singular Nominative frāter The brother Subject
Singular Genitive frātr-is Of the brother, brother’s Possessive
Singular Dative frātr -ī To or for the brother Indirect object
Singular Accusative frātr -em The brother Direct object
Singular Ablative frātr -e By, with, from the brother Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative frātr -ēs The brothers Subject
Plural Genitive frātr -um Of the brothers, brothers’ Possessive
Plural Dative frātr -ibus To or for the brothers Indirect object
Plural Accusative frātr -ēs the brothers Direct object
Plural Ablative frātr -ibus By, with, from the brothers Object of the Preposition
pater, patris (patrum) - fatherForm Meaning Use
Singular Nominative pater The father Subject
Singular Genitive patr-is Of the father, father’s Possessive
Singular Dative patr -ī To or for the father Indirect object
Singular Accusative patr -em The father Direct object
Singular Ablative patr -e By, with, from the father Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative patr -ēs The fathers Subject
Plural Genitive patr -um Of the fathers Possessive
Plural Dative patr -ibus To or for the fathers Indirect object
Plural Accusative patr -ēs the fathers Direct object
Plural Ablative patr-ibus By, with, from the fathers Object of the Preposition
S1W6
māter, mātris (mātrum) - motherForm Meaning Use
Singular Nominative māter The mother Subject
Singular Genitive mātr-is Of the mother Possessive
Singular Dative mātr-ī To or for the mother Indirect object
Singular Accusative mātr-em The mother Direct object
Singular Ablative mātr-e By, with, from the mother Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative mātr-ēs The mothers Subject
Plural Genitive mātr-um Of the mothers Possessive
Plural Dative mātr-ibus To or for the mothers Indirect object
Plural Accusative mātr-ēs the mothers Direct object
Plural Ablative mātr -ibus By, with, from the mothers Object of the Preposition
S1W6
3rd Declension Neuter Nouns
flūmen, flūminis – river
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative flūmen The river Subject
Singular Genitive flūmin-is Of the river Possessive
Singular Dative flūmin-ī To or for the river Indirect object
Singular Accusative flūmen The river Direct object
Singular Ablative flūmin-e By, with, from the river Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative flūmin-a The rivers Subject
Plural Genitive flūmin-um Of the rivers Possessive
Plural Dative flūmin-ibus To or for the rivers Indirect object
Plural Accusative flūmin-a the rivers Direct object
Plural Ablative flūmin-ibus By, with, from the rivers Object of the Preposition
iter, itineris, n. - journey, march, route
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative iter The journey Subject
Singular Genitive itiner-is Of the journey Possessive
Singular Dative itiner -ī To or for the journey Indirect object
Singular Accusative iter The journey Direct object
Singular Ablative itiner -e By, with, from the journey Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative itiner-a The journeys Subject
Plural Genitive itiner -um Of the journeys Possessive
Plural Dative itiner -ibus To or for the journeys Indirect object
Plural Accusative itiner -a the journeys Direct object
Plural Ablative itiner -ibus By, with, from the journeys Object of the Preposition
S1W6
3rd Declension Neuter Nouns
corpus, corporis, n. - body
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative corpus body, the (a) body Subject
Singular Genitive corpor-is Of the body Possessive
Singular Dative corpor -ī To or for the body Indirect object
Singular Accusative corpus body, the (a) body Direct object
Singular Ablative corpor -e By, with, from the body Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative corpor -a bodies, the bodies Subject
Plural Genitive corpor -um Of the bodies Possessive
Plural Dative corpor -ibus To or for the bodies Indirect object
Plural Accusative corpor -a bodies, the bodies Direct object
Plural Ablative corpor -ibus By, with, from the bodies Object of the Preposition
vulnus, vulneris, n. - wound
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative vulnus wound, the (a) wound Subject
Singular Genitive vulner-is Of the wound Possessive
Singular Dative vulner -ī To or for the wound Indirect object
Singular Accusative vulnus wound, the (a) wound Direct object
Singular Ablative vulner-e By, with, from the wound Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative vulner-a wounds, the wounds Subject
Plural Genitive vulner-um Of the wounds Possessive
Plural Dative vulner-ibus To or for the wounds Indirect object
Plural Accusative vulner-a wounds, the wounds Direct object
Plural Ablative vulner-ibus By, with, from the wounds Object of the Preposition
S1W6
3rd Declension Neuter Nouns
agmen, agminis – column (of soldiers), army (on the march)
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative agmen column, the (a) column Subject
Singular Genitive agmin-is Of the column Possessive
Singular Dative agmin -ī To or for the column Indirect object
Singular Accusative agmen column, the (a) column Direct object
Singular Ablative agmin -e By, with, from the column Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative agmin -a columns, the columns Subject
Plural Genitive agmin -um Of the columns Possessive
Plural Dative agmin -ibus To or for the columns Indirect object
Plural Accusative agmin -a columns, the columns Direct object
Plural Ablative agmin -ibus By, with, from the columns Object of the Preposition
nōmen, nōminis – name
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative nomen name, the (a) name Subject
Singular Genitive nōmin-is Of the name Possessive
Singular Dative nōmin-ī To or for the name Indirect object
Singular Accusative nomen name, the (a) name Direct object
Singular Ablative nōmin -e By, with, from the name Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative nōmin -a names, the (a) names Subject
Plural Genitive nōmin -um Of the names Possessive
Plural Dative nōmin -ibus To or for the names Indirect object
Plural Accusative nōmin -a names, the (a) names Direct object
Plural Ablative nōmin -ibus By, with, from the names Object of the Preposition
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Grammar Semester 1 Week 7
No. 65. The Fourth Declension
Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative port-us The harbor Subject
Singular Genitive port-ūs Of the harbor Possessive
Singular Dative port-uī To or for the harbor Indirect object
Singular Accusative port-um The harbor Direct object
Singular Ablative port-ū By, with, from the harbor Obj of the Prep
Plural Nominative port-ūs The harbors Subject
Plural Genitive port-uum Of the harbors Possessive
Plural Dative port-ibus To or for the harbors Indirect object
Plural Accusative port-ūs the harbors Direct object
Plural Ablative port-ibus By, with, from the harbors Obj of the Prep
No. 66: Gender: All masculine except manus, -ūs, f. hand, domus, ūs, f. house, cornū, ūs, n. horn, genū, ūs, n., knee, and a few others.
Practice – Week 7
No. 65. The Fourth Declension
Add the form and meaning for portus, portūs (harbor)
Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative port-us The harbor Subject
Singular Genitive port-ūs Of the harbor Possessive
Singular Dative port-uī To or for the harbor Indirect object
Singular Accusative port-um The harbor Direct object
Singular Ablative port-ū By, with, from the harbor Obj of Prep
Plural Nominative port-ūs The harbors Subject
Plural Genitive port-uum Of the harbors Possessive
Plural Dative port-ibus To or for the harbors Indirect object
Plural Accusative port-ūs the harbors Direct object
Plural Ablative port-ibus By, with, from the harbors Obj of Prep
Copy Grammar Rule:
No. 66: Gender: All masculine except manus, -ūs, f. hand, domus, ūs, f. house, cornū, ūs, n. horn, genū, ūs, n., knee, and a few others.
Additional Practice for Week 7
Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary on using the following charts:
Review: mundus, ī – world
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative mund-us world, the world Subject
Singular Genitive mund -ī Of the world, the world's Possessive
Singular Dative mund -ō To or for the world Indirect object
Singular Accusative mund -um world, the world Direct object
Singular Ablative mund -ō By, with, from the world Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative mund -ī worlds, the worlds Subject
Plural Genitive mund-ōrum Of the worlds, the worlds' Possessive
Plural Dative mund -īs To or for the worlds Indirect object
Plural Accusative mund -ōs worlds, the worlds Direct object
Plural Ablative mund -īs By, with, from the worlds Object of the Preposition
4th Declension Nouns:
adventus, ūs – arrival, comingForm Meaning Use
Singular Nominative advent-us arrival, the arrival Subject
Singular Genitive advent -ūs Of the arrival Possessive
Singular Dative advent -uī To or for the arrival Indirect object
Singular Accusative advent -um The arrival Direct object
Singular Ablative advent -ū By, with, from the arrival Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative advent -ūs The arrivals Subject
Plural Genitive advent -uum Of the arrivals Possessive
Plural Dative advent -ibus To or for the arrivals Indirect object
Plural Accusative advent -ūs the arrivals Direct object
Plural Ablative advent -ibus By, with, from the arrivals Object of the Preposition
S1W7
equitātus ūs- cavalry
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative equitāt-us the cavalry Subject
Singular Genitive equitāt-ūs Of the cavalry Possessive
Singular Dative equitāt -uī To or for the cavalry Indirect object
Singular Accusative equitāt -um The cavalry Direct object
Singular Ablative equitāt -ū By, with, from the cavalry Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative equitāt -ūs The cavalries Subject
Plural Genitive equitāt -uum Of the cavalries Possessive
Plural Dative equitāt -ibus To or for the cavalries Indirect object
Plural Accusative equitāt -ūs the cavalries Direct object
Plural Ablative equitāt -ibus By, with, from the cavalries Object of the Preposition
exercitus, ūs – army
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative exercit-us the army Subject
Singular Genitive exercit -ūs Of the army Possessive
Singular Dative exercit -uī To or for the army Indirect object
Singular Accusative exercit -um The army Direct object
Singular Ablative exercit -ū By, with, from the army Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative exercit -ūs The armies Subject
Plural Genitive exercit -uum Of the armies Possessive
Plural Dative exercit -ibus To or for the armies Indirect object
Plural Accusative exercit -ūs the armies Direct object
Plural Ablative exercit -ibus By, with, from the armies Object of the Preposition
S1W7
impetus, ūs - attack
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative impet-us the attack Subject
Singular Genitive impet -ūs Of the attack Possessive
Singular Dative impet-uī To or for the attack Indirect object
Singular Accusative impet -um The attack Direct object
Singular Ablative impet -ū By, with, from the attack Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative impet -ūs The attacks Subject
Plural Genitive impet -uum Of the attacks Possessive
Plural Dative impet -ibus To or for the attacks Indirect object
Plural Accusative impet -ūs the attacks Direct object
Plural Ablative impet -ibus By, with, from the attacks Object of the Preposition
metus, ūs - fear
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative met-us the fear Subject
Singular Genitive met -ūs Of the fear Possessive
Singular Dative met-uī To or for the fear Indirect object
Singular Accusative met – um The fear Direct object
Singular Ablative met-ū By, with, from the fear Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative met -ūs The fears Subject
Plural Genitive met -uum Of the fears Possessive
Plural Dative met -ibus To or for the fears Indirect object
Plural Accusative met -ūs the fears Direct object
Plural Ablative met -ibus By, with, from the fears Object of the Preposition
S1W7
spīritus , ūs - breath, spirit
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative spīrit-us the spirit Subject
Singular Genitive spīrit-ūs Of the spirit Possessive
Singular Dative spīrit-uī To or for the spirit Indirect object
Singular Accusative spīrit -um The spirit Direct object
Singular Ablative spīrit -ū By, with, from the spirit Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative spīrit -ūs The spirits Subject
Plural Genitive spīrit -uum Of the spirits Possessive
Plural Dative spīrit -ibus To or for the spirits Indirect object
Plural Accusative spīrit -ūs the spirits Direct object
Plural Ablative spīrit -ibus By, with, from the spirits Object of the Preposition
senātus , ūs - senate
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative senāt-us the senate Subject
Singular Genitive senāt-ūs Of the senate Possessive
Singular Dative senāt -uī To or for the senate Indirect object
Singular Accusative senāt -um The senate Direct object
Singular Ablative senāt -ū By, with, from the senate Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative senāt -ūs The senates Subject
Plural Genitive senāt -uum Of the senates Possessive
Plural Dative senāt -ibus To or for the senates Indirect object
Plural Accusative senāt -ūs the senates Direct object
Plural Ablative senāt -ibus By, with, from the senates Object of the Preposition
Grammar Semester 1 Week 8
No. 66: Gender (4th Declension): All masculine except manus, -ūs, f. hand, domus, ūs, f. house, cornū, ūs, n. horn, genū, ūs, n., knee, and a few others.
No. 69: The Fifth Declension
Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative rēs The thing Subject
Singular Genitive r-eī Of the thing Possessive
Singular Dative r-eī To or for thing Indirect object
Singular Accusative r-em The thing Direct object
Singular Ablative r-ē By, with, from the thing
Plural Nominative r-ēs The things Subject
Plural Genitive r-ērum Of the things Possessive
Plural Dative r-ēbus To or for the things Indirect object
Plural Accusative r-ēs the things Direct object
Plural Ablative r-ēbus By, with, from the things
No. 70: Gender: All feminine except diēs, diēī which is generally masculine. In the singular, however, when it means a set date or a “period of time” even diēs is often feminine. Certain nouns, such as fidēs, f., faith, have no plural forms.
No. 71: Note: The genitive and dative singular ending of the fifth declension is ēī instead of eī when the stem ends in a vowel, as diēs, stem di, therefore di-ēī .
No. 73: How to decline an Adjective:
1. Learn the nominative and genitive1 from the vocabularies
2. These show what model the adjective follows
3. Add the endings of this model to the stem.
Week 8
Additional Rules from the Reading:
IN with the Accusative:
The preposition in may take either the accusative or the ablative case.
1 The genitive of adjectives is not given in vocabularies when it is clean from the nominative, as magnus, a, um (stem: magn-)
1. Whenever there is MOVEMENT or MOTION expressed by the in, the ACCUSATIVE is used.2. When there is no idea of movement or motion, the ABLATIVE is used.
Practice for Week 8
Read and Review gender rule for 4th Declension nouns:
No. 66: Gender (4th Declension): All masculine except manus, -ūs, f. hand, domus, ūs, f. house, cornū, ūs, n. horn, genū, ūs, n., knee, and a few others.
No. 69: The Fifth Declension
Add form and meaning for rēs, reī (thing)
Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative rēs The thing Subject
Singular Genitive r-eī Of the thing Possessive
Singular Dative r-eī To or for thing Indirect object
Singular Accusative r-em The thing Direct object
Singular Ablative r-ē By, with, from the thing Obj of Prep
Plural Nominative r-ēs The things Subject
Plural Genitive r-ērum Of the things Possessive
Plural Dative r-ēbus To or for the things Indirect object
Plural Accusative r-ēs the things Direct object
Plural Ablative r-ēbus By, with, from the things Obj of Prep
No. 70: Gender: All feminine except diēs, diēī which is generally masculine. In the singular, however, when it means a set date or a “period of time” even diēs is often feminine. Certain nouns, such as fidēs, f., faith, have no plural forms.
Read and Review this note:
No. 71: Note: The genitive and dative singular ending of the fifth declension is ēī instead of eī when the stem ends in a vowel, as diēs, stem di, therefore di-ēī.
Copy steps on how to decline an adjective below:
No. 73: How to decline an Adjective:
1. Learn the nominative and genitive2 from the vocabularies
2. These show what model the adjective follows
3. Add the endings of this model to the stem.
Review:
Additional Rules from the Reading:
IN with the Accusative:
The preposition in may take either the accusative or the ablative case.
1. Whenever there is MOVEMENT or MOTION expressed by the in, the ACCUSATIVE is used.2. When there is no idea of movement or motion, the ABLATIVE is used.
Additional Practice for Week 8:
Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary on using the following charts:
rēs, reī - thing, affair
Form Meaning Use
2 The genitive of adjectives is not given in vocabularies when it is clean from the nominative, as magnus, a, um (stem: magn-)
Singular Nominative rēs The thing Subject
Singular Genitive r-eī Of the thing Possessive
Singular Dative r-eī To or for thing Indirect object
Singular Accusative r-em The thing Direct object
Singular Ablative r-ē By, with, from the thing Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative r-ēs The things Subject
Plural Genitive r-ērum Of the things Possessive
Plural Dative r-ēbus To or for the things Indirect object
Plural Accusative r-ēs the things Direct object
Plural Ablative r-ēbus By, with, from the things Object of the Preposition
fidēs, fideī – faith, reliability, faithfulness
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative fidēs faith, the faith Subject
Singular Genitive fid-eī Of the faith Possessive
Singular Dative fid -eī To or for faith Indirect object
Singular Accusative fid -em faith, the faith Direct object
Singular Ablative fid -ē By, with, from the faith Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative fid -ēs The faiths Subject
Plural Genitive fid -ērum Of the faiths Possessive
Plural Dative fid -ēbus To or for the faiths Indirect object
Plural Accusative fid -ēs the faiths Direct object
Plural Ablative fid -ēbus By, with, from the faiths Object of the Preposition
S1W8
aciēs, aciēī - battle line
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative aci-ēs the battle line Subject
Singular Genitive aci-eī Of the battle line Possessive
Singular Dative aci -eī To or for battle line Indirect object
Singular Accusative aci -em the battle line Direct object
Singular Ablative aci-ē By, with, from the battle line Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative aci -ēs The battle lines Subject
Plural Genitive aci -ērum Of the battle lines Possessive
Plural Dative aci-ēbus To or for the battle lines Indirect object
Plural Accusative aci -ēs the battle lines Direct object
Plural Ablative aci-ēbus By, with, from the battle lines Object of the Preposition
spēs, speī - hope
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative sp-ēs the hope Subject
Singular Genitive sp-eī Of the hope Possessive
Singular Dative sp -eī To or for hope Indirect object
Singular Accusative sp -em the hope Direct object
Singular Ablative sp -ē By, with, from the hope Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative sp -ēs The hopes Subject
Plural Genitive sp -ērum Of the hopes Possessive
Plural Dative sp -ēbus To or for the hopes Indirect object
Plural Accusative sp -ēs the hopes Direct object
Plural Ablative sp -ēbus By, with, from the hopes Object of the Preposition
S1W8
Nouns with special meanings (pg 64)
castra, castrōrum - camp
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative No singular form Subject
Singular Genitive Possessive
Singular Dative Indirect object
Singular Accusative Direct object
Singular Ablative Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative castr-ā camp Subject
Plural Genitive castr -ōrum of the camp Possessive
Plural Dative castr -īs to or for the camp Indirect object
Plural Accusative castr -a camp Direct object
Plural Ablative castr -īs by, with, from the camp Object of the Preposition
impedīmenta, impedīmentōrum - baggage, baggage train
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative no singular form Subject
Singular Genitive Possessive
Singular Dative Indirect object
Singular Accusative Direct object
Singular Ablative Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative impedīment-ā baggage Subject
Plural Genitive impedīment -ōrum of the baggage Possessive
Plural Dative impedīment -īs to or for the baggage Indirect object
Plural Accusative impedīment -a baggage Direct object
Plural Ablative impedīment -īs by, with, from the baggage Object of the Preposition
S1W8
Some Latin nouns have different meanings in the singular and plural:
grātia, ae – favor, influence, grace (in Christian Latin)grātiae, grātiārum – thanks
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative grāti-a grace, the grace Subject
Singular Genitive grāti-ae Of the grace, grace’s Possessive
Singular Dative grāti -ae To or for the (a) grace Indirect object
Singular Accusative grāti -am The grace Direct object
Singular Ablative grāti-ā By, with, from the (a) grace Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative grāti -ae thanks Subject
Plural Genitive grāti-ārum Of the thanks Possessive
Plural Dative grāti -īs To or for the thanks Indirect object
Plural Accusative grāti -ās thanks Direct object
Plural Ablative grāti - īs By, with, from the thanks Object of the Preposition
cōpia, ae – supply, abundancecōpiae, cōpiarum, f. - troops, forces (a military term)
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative cōpi-a supply Subject
Singular Genitive cōpi -ae Of the supply Possessive
Singular Dative cōpi-ae To or for the supply Indirect object
Singular Accusative cōpi-am The supply Direct object
Singular Ablative cōpi-ā By, with, from the supply Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative cōpi-ae troops Subject
Plural Genitive cōpi-ārum Of the troops Possessive
Plural Dative cōpi-īs To or for the troops Indirect object
Plural Accusative cōpi-ās troops Direct object
Plural Ablative cōpi- īs By, with, from the troops Object of the Preposition
Grammar Semester 1 Week 9
Grammar No. 72: Adjectives in -us of the First and Second Declensions
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative magn-us magn-a magn-um
Singular Genitive magn-ī magn-ae magn-ī
Singular Dative magn-ō magn-ae magn-ō
Singular Accusative magn-um magn-am magn-um
Singular Ablative magn-ō magn-ā magn-ō
Plural Nominative magn-ī magn-ae magn-a
Plural Genitive magn-ōrum magn-ārum magn-ōrum
Plural Dative magn-īs magn-īs magn-īs
Plural Accusative magn-ōs magn-ās magn-ā
Plural Ablative magn-īs magn-īs magn-īs
Practice for Week 9
Practice declining adjectives in the first and second declension using magnus (masc), magna (fem), magnum (neut)
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative magn-us magn-a magn-um
Singular Genitive magn-ī magn-ae magn-ī
Singular Dative magn-ō magn-ae magn-ō
Singular Accusative magn-um magn-am magn-um
Singular Ablative magn-ō magn-ā magn-ō
Plural Nominative magn-ī magn-ae magn-a
Plural Genitive magn-ōrum magn-ārum magn-ōrum
Plural Dative magn-īs magn-īs magn-īs
Plural Accusative magn-ōs magn-ās magn-ā
Plural Ablative magn-īs magn-īs magn-īs
Week 10
Additional Rules from the Reading:
1. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number and case.
2. Adjectives of QUANTITY generally precede their nouns.
3. Adjectives of QUALITY generally follow their nouns.
Review above rules:
1. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number and case.
2. Adjectives of QUANTITY generally precede their nouns.
3. Adjectives of QUALITY generally follow their nouns.
Practice for week 10
Decline adjectives from the vocabulary
magnus, a, um – great, large
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative magn-us magn-a magn-um
Singular Genitive magn-ī magn-ae magn-ī
Singular Dative magn-ō magn-ae magn-ō
Singular Accusative magn-um magn-am magn-um
Singular Ablative magn-ō magn-ā magn-ō
Plural Nominative magn-ī magn-ae magn-a
Plural Genitive magn-ōrum magn-ārum magn-ōrum
Plural Dative magn-īs magn-īs magn-īs
Plural Accusative magn-ōs magn-ās magn-ā
Plural Ablative magn-īs magn-īs magn-īs
altus, a, um – high, deep
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative alt-us alt-a alt- um
Singular Genitive alt- ī alt-ae alt- ī
Singular Dative alt- ō alt-ae alt- ō
Singular Accusative alt- um alt-am alt- um
Singular Ablative alt- ō alt-ā alt- ō
Plural Nominative alt- ī alt-ae alt- a
Plural Genitive alt- ōrum alt- ārum alt- ōrum
Plural Dative alt- īs alt- īs alt- īs
Plural Accusative alt- ōs alt- ās alt- ā
Plural Ablative alt- īs alt- īs alt- īs
S1W10
bonus, a, um - good
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative bon- us bon-a bon- um
Singular Genitive bon- ī bon-ae bon- ī
Singular Dative bon- ō bon-ae bon- ō
Singular Accusative bon- um bon-am bon- um
Singular Ablative bon- ō bon -ā bon- ō
Plural Nominative bon- ī bon-ae bon- a
Plural Genitive bon- ōrum bon- ārum bon- ōrum
Plural Dative bon- īs bon- īs bon- īs
Plural Accusative bon- ōs bon- ās bon- ā
Plural Ablative bon- īs bon- īs bon- īs
longus, a, um - long
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative long-us long- a long- um
Singular Genitive long- ī long-ae long- ī
Singular Dative long- ō long- ae long- ō
Singular Accusative long- um long- am long- um
Singular Ablative long- ō long- ā long- ō
Plural Nominative long- ī long- ae long- a
Plural Genitive long- ōrum long- ārum long- ōrum
Plural Dative long- īs long- īs long- īs
Plural Accusative long- ōs long- ās long- ā
Plural Ablative long- īs long- īs long- īs
S1W10
malus, a, um - bad
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative mal- us mal- a mal- um
Singular Genitive mal- ī mal- ae mal- ī
Singular Dative mal- ō mal- ae mal- ō
Singular Accusative mal- um mal- am mal- um
Singular Ablative mal- ō mal- ā mal- ō
Plural Nominative mal- ī mal- ae mal- a
Plural Genitive mal- ōrum mal- ārum mal- ōrum
Plural Dative mal- īs mal- īs mal- īs
Plural Accusative mal- ōs mal- ās mal- ā
Plural Ablative mal- īs mal- īs mal- īs
multus, a, um – much (pl. many)
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative mult- us mult- a mult- um
Singular Genitive mult- ī mult- ae mult- ī
Singular Dative mult- ō mult- ae mult- ō
Singular Accusative mult- um mult- am mult- um
Singular Ablative mult- ō mult- ā mult- ō
Plural Nominative mult- ī mult- ae mult- a
Plural Genitive mult- ōrum mult- ārum mult- ōrum
Plural Dative mult- īs mult- īs mult- īs
Plural Accusative mult- ōs mult- ās mult- ā
Plural Ablative mult- īs mult- īs mult- īs
S1W10
sāntus, a, um – holy, saint
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative sānt- us sānt- a sānt- um
Singular Genitive sānt- ī sānt- ae sānt- ī
Singular Dative sānt- ō sānt- ae sānt- ō
Singular Accusative sānt- um sānt- am sānt- um
Singular Ablative sānt- ō sānt- ā sānt- ō
Plural Nominative sānt- ī sānt- ae sānt- a
Plural Genitive sānt- ōrum sānt- ārum sānt- ōrum
Plural Dative sānt- īs sānt- īs sānt- īs
Plural Accusative sānt- ōs sānt- ās sānt- ā
Plural Ablative sānt- īs sānt- īs sānt- īs
prīmus, a, um – first
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative prīm- us prīm- a prīm- um
Singular Genitive prīm- ī prīm- ae prīm- ī
Singular Dative prīm- ō prīm- ae prīm- ō
Singular Accusative prīm- um prīm- am prīm- um
Singular Ablative prīm- ō prīm- ā prīm- ō
Plural Nominative prīm- ī prīm- ae prīm- a
Plural Genitive prīm- ōrum prīm- ārum prīm- ōrum
Plural Dative prīm- īs prīm- īs prīm- īs
Plural Accusative prīm- ōs prīm- ās prīm- ā
Plural Ablative prīm- īs prīm- īs prīm- īs
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Week 11
Additional Rules from the Reading:
1. Adjectives may also be linked to their noun by means of a linking verb like sum, I am. These adjectives are called predicate adjectives.
2. The rule of agreement is the SAME for attributive and predicate adjectives.
3. The preposition prō ALWAYS takes the ABLATIVE. In expressions of PLACE, prō means in front of.
Review the above rules:
1. Adjectives may also be linked to their noun by means of a linking verb like sum, I am. These adjectives are called predicate adjectives.
2. The rule of agreement is the SAME for attributive and predicate adjectives.
3. The preposition prō ALWAYS takes the ABLATIVE. In expressions of PLACE, prō means in front of.
Practice for week 11
Decline adjectives from the vocabulary
angustus, a, um - narrow
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative angust-us angust-a angust-um
Singular Genitive angust-ī angust-ae angust-ī
Singular Dative angust-ō angust-ae angust-ō
Singular Accusative angust-um angust-am angust-um
Singular Ablative angust-ō angust-ā angust-ō
Plural Nominative angust-ī angust-ae angust-a
Plural Genitive angust-ōrum angust-ārum angust-ōrum
Plural Dative angust-īs angust-īs angust-īs
Plural Accusative angust-ōs angust-ās angust-ā
Plural Ablative angust-īs angust-īs angust-īs
reliquus, a, um - remaining, the rest of
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative reliqu-us reliqu-a reliqu-um
Singular Genitive reliqu-ī reliqu-ae reliqu-ī
Singular Dative reliqu-ō reliqu-ae reliqu-ō
Singular Accusative reliqu-um reliqu-am reliqu-um
Singular Ablative reliqu-ō reliqu-ā reliqu-ō
Plural Nominative reliqu-ī reliqu-ae reliqu-a
Plural Genitive reliqu-ōrum reliqu-ārum reliqu-ōrum
Plural Dative reliqu-īs reliqu-īs reliqu-īs
Plural Accusative reliqu-ōs reliqu-ās reliqu-ā
Plural Ablative reliqu-īs reliqu-īs reliqu-īs
S1W11
tūtus, a, um - safe
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative tūt-us tūt-a tūt-um
Singular Genitive tūt-ī tūt-ae tūt-ī
Singular Dative tūt-ō tūt-ae tūt-ō
Singular Accusative tūt-um tūt-am tūt-um
Singular Ablative tūt-ō tūt-ā tūt-ō
Plural Nominative tūt-ī tūt-ae tūt-a
Plural Genitive tūt-ōrum tūt-ārum tūt-ōrum
Plural Dative tūt-īs tūt-īs tūt-īs
Plural Accusative tūt-ōs tūt-ās tūt-ā
Plural Ablative tūt-īs tūt-īs tūt-īs
Rōmānus, a um - Roman
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative Rōmān-us Rōmān -a Rōmān-um
Singular Genitive Rōmān-ī Rōmān-ae Rōmān-ī
Singular Dative Rōmān-ō Rōmān-ae Rōmān-ō
Singular Accusative Rōmān-um Rōmān-am Rōmān-um
Singular Ablative Rōmān-ō Rōmān-ā Rōmān-ō
Plural Nominative Rōmān-ī Rōmān-ae Rōmān-a
Plural Genitive Rōmān-ōrum Rōmān-ārum Rōmān-ōrum
Plural Dative Rōmān-īs Rōmān-īs Rōmān-īs
Plural Accusative Rōmān-ōs Rōmān-ās Rōmān-ā
Plural Ablative Rōmān-īs Rōmān-īs Rōmān-īs
S1W11
Chrīstiānus, a, um - Christian
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative Chrīstiān-us Chrīstiān-a Chrīstiān-um
Singular Genitive Chrīstiān-ī Chrīstiān-ae Chrīstiān-ī
Singular Dative Chrīstiān-ō Chrīstiān-ae Chrīstiān-ō
Singular Accusative Chrīstiān-um Chrīstiān-am Chrīstiān-um
Singular Ablative Chrīstiān-ō Chrīstiān-ā Chrīstiān-ō
Plural Nominative Chrīstiān-ī Chrīstiān-ae Chrīstiān-a
Plural Genitive Chrīstiān-ōrum Chrīstiān-ārum Chrīstiān-ōrum
Plural Dative Chrīstiān-īs Chrīstiān-īs Chrīstiān-īs
Plural Accusative Chrīstiān-ōs Chrīstiān-ās Chrīstiān-ā
Plural Ablative Chrīstiān-īs Chrīstiān-īs Chrīstiān-īs
Review Nouns:
inopia, ae – scarcity, want
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative inopi-a scarcity Subject
Singular Genitive inopi -ae Of the scarcity Possessive
Singular Dative inopi -ae To or for the scarcity Indirect object
Singular Accusative inopi -am The (a) scarcity Direct object
Singular Ablative inopi -ā By, with, from the (a) scarcity
Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative inopi -ae scarcities Subject
Plural Genitive inopi -ārum Of the scarcities Possessive
Plural Dative inopi -īs To or for the scarcities Indirect object
Plural Accusative inopi -ās scarcities Direct object
Plural Ablative inopi - īs By, with, from the scarcities Object of the Preposition
S1W11
dominus, ī – master, Lord
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative domin-us master, the master Subject
Singular Genitive domin -ī Of the master, the master 's Possessive
Singular Dative domin -ō To or for the master Indirect object
Singular Accusative domin -um master, the master Direct object
Singular Ablative domin -ō By, with, from the master Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative domin -ī masters, the masters Subject
Plural Genitive domin -ōrum Of the masters, the masters' Possessive
Plural Dative domin -īs To or for the masters Indirect object
Plural Accusative domin -ōs masters, the masters Direct object
Plural Ablative domin -īs By, with, from the masters Object of the Preposition
mūrus, ī - wall
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative mūr-us wall, the wall Subject
Singular Genitive mūr -ī Of the wall, the wall 's Possessive
Singular Dative mūr -ō To or for the wall Indirect object
Singular Accusative mūr -um wall, the wall Direct object
Singular Ablative mūr -ō By, with, from the wall Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative mūr -ī walls, the walls Subject
Plural Genitive mūr -ōrum Of the walls, the walls' Possessive
Plural Dative mūr -īs To or for the walls Indirect object
Plural Accusative mūr -ōs walls, the walls Direct object
Plural Ablative mūr -īs By, with, from the walls Object of the Preposition
S1W11
frūmentum, ī – grain, (pl. crops)
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative frūment-um The grain Subject
Singular Genitive frūment-ī Of the grain Possessive
Singular Dative frūment-ō To or for the grain Indirect object
Singular Accusative frūment-um The grain Direct object
Singular Ablative frūment-ō By, with, from the grain Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative frūment-ā The crops Subject
Plural Genitive frūment-ōrum Of the crops Possessive
Plural Dative frūment-īs To or for the crops Indirect object
Plural Accusative frūment-a the crops Direct object
Plural Ablative frūment-īs By, with, from the crops Object of the Preposition
legiō, legiōnis, f. - legion
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative legiō The legion Subject
Singular Genitive legiōn-is Of the legion, legion’s Possessive
Singular Dative legiōn -ī To or for the legion Indirect object
Singular Accusative legiōn-em The legion Direct object
Singular Ablative legiōn-e By, with, from the legion Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative legiōn-ēs The legions Subject
Plural Genitive legiōn-um Of the legions Possessive
Plural Dative legiōn-ibus To or for the legions Indirect object
Plural Accusative legiōn-ēs the legions Direct object
Plural Ablative legiōn-ibus By, with, from the legions Object of the Preposition
Grammar Semester 1 Week 12
Grammar No. 78:
Gravis, e, - heavy, severe, serious is declined thus:
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Nominative grav-is grav-is grav-e
Singular Genitive grav-is grav-is grav-is
Singular Dative grav-ī grav-ī grav-ī
Singular Accusative grav-em grav-em grav-e
Singular Ablative grav-ī grav-ī grav-ī
Plural Nominative grav-ēs grav-ēs grav-iaPlural Genitive grav-ium grav-ium grav-iumPlural Dative grav-ibus grav-ibus grav-ibus
Plural Accusative grav-ēs grav-ēs grav-iaPlural Ablative grav-ibus grav-ibus grav-ibus
Additional Rules from the Reading.
1. All adjectives with -IS, -E in the nominative singular are declined like gravis, e.
2 Prepositional phrases which modify adjectives are often translated into Latin by the genitive or dative or ablative WITHOUT A PREPOSITION. THE PROPER CASE TO BE USED IS DETERMINED BY THE ADJECTIVE.
Practice for Week 12
Grammar No. 78:
Decline gravis, e, - heavy, severe, serious
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Nominative grav-is grav-is grav-e
Singular Genitive grav-is grav-is grav-is
Singular Dative grav-ī grav-ī grav-ī
Singular Accusative grav-em grav-em grav-e
Singular Ablative grav-ī grav-ī grav-ī
Plural Nominative grav-ēs grav-ēs grav-iaPlural Genitive grav-ium grav-ium grav-iumPlural Dative grav-ibus grav-ibus grav-ibus
Plural Accusative grav-ēs grav-ēs grav-iaPlural Ablative grav-ibus grav-ibus grav-ibus
Review:
Additional Rules from the Reading.
1. All adjectives with -IS, -E in the nominative singular are declined like gravis, e.
2 Prepositional phrases which modify adjectives are often translated into Latin by the genitive or dative or ablative WITHOUT A PREPOSITION. THE PROPER CASE TO BE USED IS DETERMINED BY THE ADJECTIVE.
Practice for week 12
Decline adjectives from the vocabulary
brevis, e – short
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Nominative brev-is brev -is brev -e
Singular Genitive brev -is brev -is brev -is
Singular Dative brev -ī brev -ī brev -ī
Singular Accusative brev -em brev -em brev -e
Singular Ablative brev -ī brev -ī brev -ī
Plural Nominative brev -ēs brev -ēs brev -iaPlural Genitive brev -ium brev -ium brev -iumPlural Dative brev -ibus brev -ibus brev -ibus
Plural Accusative brev -ēs brev -ēs brev -iaPlural Ablative brev -ibus brev -ibus brev-ibus
commūnis, e – common
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Nominative commūn-is commūn -is commūn -e
Singular Genitive commūn -is commūn -is commūn -is
Singular Dative commūn -ī commūn -ī commūn -ī
Singular Accusative commūn -em commūn -em commūn -e
Singular Ablative commūn -ī commūn -ī commūn -ī
Plural Nominative commūn -ēs commūn -ēs commūn -iaPlural Genitive commūn -ium commūn -ium commūn -iumPlural Dative commūn -ibus commūn -ibus commūn -ibus
Plural Accusative commūn -ēs commūn -ēs commūn -ia
Plural Ablative commūn -ibus commūn -ibus commūn -ibus
S1W12
fortis, e – brave, strong
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Nominative fort-is fort -is fort -e
Singular Genitive fort -is fort -is fort -is
Singular Dative fort -ī fort -ī fort -ī
Singular Accusative fort -em fort -em fort -e
Singular Ablative fort -ī fort -ī fort -ī
Plural Nominative fort -ēs fort -ēs fort -iaPlural Genitive fort -ium fort -ium fort -iumPlural Dative fort -ibus fort -ibus fort -ibus
Plural Accusative fort -ēs fort -ēs fort -iaPlural Ablative fort -ibus fort -ibus fort -ibus
nōbilis, e - noble, renowned
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Nominative nōbil-is nōbil -is nōbil -e
Singular Genitive nōbil -is nōbil -is nōbil -is
Singular Dative nōbil -ī nōbil -ī nōbil -ī
Singular Accusative nōbil -em nōbil -em nōbil -e
Singular Ablative nōbil -ī nōbil -ī nōbil -ī
Plural Nominative nōbil -ēs nōbil -ēs nōbil -iaPlural Genitive nōbil -ium nōbil -ium nōbil -iumPlural Dative nōbil -ibus nōbil -ibus nōbil -ibus
Plural Accusative nōbil -ēs nōbil -ēs nōbil -iaPlural Ablative nōbil -ibus nōbil -ibus nōbil -ibus
S1W12
difficilis, e - difficult
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Nominative fort-is fort -is difficil -e
Singular Genitive difficil -is difficil -is difficil -is
Singular Dative difficil -ī difficil -ī difficil -ī
Singular Accusative difficil -em difficil -em difficil -e
Singular Ablative difficil -ī difficil -ī difficil -ī
Plural Nominative difficil -ēs difficil -ēs difficil -iaPlural Genitive difficil -ium difficil -ium difficil -iumPlural Dative difficil -ibus difficil -ibus difficil -ibus
Plural Accusative difficil -ēs difficil -ēs difficil -iaPlural Ablative difficil -ibus difficil -ibus difficil -ibus
facilis, e – easy
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Nominative facil-is facil -is facil -e
Singular Genitive facil -is facil -is facil -is
Singular Dative facil -ī facil -ī facil -ī
Singular Accusative facil -em facil -em facil -e
Singular Ablative facil -ī facil -ī facil -ī
Plural Nominative facil -ēs facil -ēs facil -iaPlural Genitive facil -ium facil -ium facil -iumPlural Dative facil-ibus facil -ibus facil -ibus
Plural Accusative facil -ēs facil -ēs facil -iaPlural Ablative facil -ibus facil -ibus facil -ibus
S1W12
omnis, e – all, every
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Nominative omn-is omn -is omn -e
Singular Genitive omn -is omn -is omn -is
Singular Dative omn -ī omn -ī omn -ī
Singular Accusative omn -em omn -em omn -e
Singular Ablative omn -ī omn -ī omn -ī
Plural Nominative omn -ēs omn -ēs omn -iaPlural Genitive omn -ium omn -ium omn -iumPlural Dative omn -ibus omn -ibus omn -ibus
Plural Accusative omn -ēs omn -ēs omn -iaPlural Ablative omn -ibus omn -ibus omn -ibus
similis, e; w. gen or dat. - like, similar
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Nominative simil-is simil -is simil -e
Singular Genitive simil -is simil -is simil -is
Singular Dative simil -ī simil -ī simil -ī
Singular Accusative simil -em simil -em simil -e
Singular Ablative simil -ī simil -ī simil -ī
Plural Nominative simil -ēs simil -ēs simil -iaPlural Genitive simil -ium simil -ium simil -ium
Plural Dative simil -ibus simil -ibus simil -ibus
Plural Accusative simil -ēs simil -ēs simil -iaPlural Ablative simil -ibus simil -ibus simil -ibus
S1W12
Review 1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives
cupidus, a, um; w. gen – eager, desirous
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative cupid-us cupid-a cupid-um
Singular Genitive cupid-ī cupid-ae cupid-ī
Singular Dative cupid-ō cupid-ae cupid-ō
Singular Accusative cupid-um cupid-am cupid-um
Singular Ablative cupid-ō cupid-ā cupid-ō
Plural Nominative cupid-ī cupid-ae cupid-a
Plural Genitive cupid-ōrum cupid-ārum cupid-ōrum
Plural Dative cupid-īs cupid-īs cupid-īs
Plural Accusative cupid-ōs cupid-ās cupid-ā
Plural Ablative cupid-īs cupid-īs cupid-īs
plēnus, a, um; w. gen or abl. - full
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative plēn-us plēn-a plēn-um
Singular Genitive plēn-ī plēn-ae plēn-ī
Singular Dative plēn-ō plēn-ae plēn-ō
Singular Accusative plēn-um plēn-am plēn-um
Singular Ablative plēn-ō plēn-ā plēn-ō
Plural Nominative plēn-ī plēn-ae plēn-a
Plural Genitive plēn-ōrum plēn-ārum plēn-ōrum
Plural Dative plēn-īs plēn-īs plēn-īs
Plural Accusative plēn-ōs plēn-ās plēn-ā
Plural Ablative plēn-īs plēn-īs plēn-īs
S1W12
fīnitimus, a, um; w. dat. - neighboring, next
Masculinelike servus
Femininelike porta
Neuterlike bellum
Singular Nominative fīnitim-us fīnitim-a fīnitim-um
Singular Genitive fīnitim-ī fīnitim-ae fīnitim-ī
Singular Dative fīnitim-ō fīnitim-ae fīnitim-ō
Singular Accusative fīnitim-um fīnitim-am fīnitim-um
Singular Ablative fīnitim-ō fīnitim-ā fīnitim-ō
Plural Nominative fīnitim-ī fīnitim-ae fīnitim-a
Plural Genitive fīnitim-ōrum fīnitim-ārum fīnitim-ōrum
Plural Dative fīnitim-īs fīnitim-īs fīnitim-īs
Plural Accusative fīnitim-ōs fīnitim-ās fīnitim-ā
Plural Ablative fīnitim-īs fīnitim-īs fīnitim-īs
Review:
Nouns
Special noun: Jēsūs, ū - Jesus
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative Jēsūs Jesus Subject
Singular Genitive Jēsū Of Jesus, Jesus’s Possessive
Singular Dative Jēsū to or for Jesus Indirect object
Singular Accusative Jēsūm Jesus Direct object
Singular Ablative Jēsū by, with, from Jesus Object of the Preposition
S1W12
urbs, urbis – city
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative urbs The city Subject
Singular Genitive urb-is Of the city; city’s Possessive
Singular Dative urb-ī To or for the city Indirect object
Singular Accusative urb-em The city Direct object
Singular Ablative urb-e By, with, from the city Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative urb-ēs The cities Subject
Plural Genitive urb-ium Of the cities, cities’ Possessive
Plural Dative urb-ibus To or for the cities Indirect object
Plural Accusative urb-ēs the cities Direct object
Plural Ablative urb-ibus By, with, from the cities Object of the Preposition
pōns, pontis, m. - bridge
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative pōns The bridge Subject
Singular Genitive pont-is Of the bridge; bridge’s Possessive
Singular Dative pont-ī To or for the bridge Indirect object
Singular Accusative pont-em The bridge Direct object
Singular Ablative pont-e By, with, from the bridge Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative pont-ēs The bridges Subject
Plural Genitive pont-ium Of the bridges, bridges’ Possessive
Plural Dative pont-ibus To or for the bridges Indirect object
Plural Accusative pont-ēs the bridges Direct object
Plural Ablative pont-ibus By, with, from the bridges Object of the Preposition
S1W12
signum, ī - standard, signal, sign
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative sign-um The standard Subject
Singular Genitive sign-ī Of the standard Possessive
Singular Dative sign-ō To or for the standard Indirect object
Singular Accusative sign-um The standard Direct object
Singular Ablative sign-ō By, with, from the standard Object of the Preposition
Plural Nominative sign-ā The standards Subject
Plural Genitive sign-ōrum Of the standards Possessive
Plural Dative sign-īs To or for the standards Indirect object
Plural Accusative sign-a the standards Direct object
Plural Ablative sign-īs By, with, from the standards Object of the Preposition
eques, equitis - horseman (pl. calvary)
Form Meaning Use
Singular Nominative eques The horseman Subject
Singular Genitive equit-is Of the horseman Possessive
Singular Dative equit -ī To or for the horseman Indirect object
Singular Accusative equit -em The horseman Direct object
Singular Ablative equit -e By, with, from the horseman Object of the
Preposition
Plural Nominative equit -ēs The cavalry Subject
Plural Genitive equit -um Of the cavalry Possessive
Plural Dative equit -ibus To or for the cavalry Indirect object
Plural Accusative equit -ēs the cavalry Direct object
Plural Ablative equit -ibus By, with, from the cavalry Object of the Preposition
Grammar Semester 1 Week 13
No 162: Present Tense (present stem)
Singular - 1. laud-ō - I praise, I am praising, I do praise 2. laud-ās - you praise, you are praising, you do praise 3. laud-at – he, she, it praises; he, she, it are praising; he, she it does praise
Plural - 1. laud-āmus - we praise, we are praising, we do praise2. laud-ātis -you praise, you are praising, you do praise3. laud-ant – they praise, they are praising, they do praise
Additional Rules from the Reading:
1. In both English and Latin, verbs change their form to express tense, person, and number.
2. All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in - ĀRE belong to the first conjugation.
3. First conjugation final personal signs.
Singular Plural
1 (I) …. (we) -mus2 (you) -s (you) -tis
3 (he, she, it) -t (they) -nt
(Generally, ō or m is a sign of the first person singular, I.)
4. : A finite verb agrees with its subject in PERSON and NUMBER.
Grammar Semester 1 Week 13
No 162: Present Tense (present stem)
Give form and meaning for laudō, 1. tr., praise
Form MeaningSingular 1st P laud-ō I praise, I am praising, I do praiseSingular 2nd P laud-ās you praise, you are praising, you do praiseSingular 3rd P laud-at he, she, it praises; he, she, it are praising;
he, she it does praise
Plural 1st P laud-āmus we praise, we are praising, we do praisePlural 2nd P laud-ātis you praise, you are praising, you do praisePlural 3rd P laud-ant they praise, they are praising, they do praise
Review:
Additional Rules from the Reading:
1. In both English and Latin, verbs change their form to express tense, person, and number.
2. All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in - ĀRE belong to the first conjugation.
3. First conjugation final personal signs.
Fill in the final personal signs below:
Singular Plural
1 (I) …. (we) - mus
2 (you) -s (you) - tis
3 (he, she, it) -_t (they) - nt
(Generally, ō or m is a sign of the first person singular, I.)
4. : A finite verb agrees with its subject in PERSON and NUMBER.
Additional Practice for Week 13
Practice the Present Tense (present stem) using words in the vocabulary
occupō, 1. tr., seize
Form MeaningSingular 1st P occup-ō I seize, I am seizing, I do seizeSingular 2nd P occup-ās you seize, you are seizing, you do seizeSingular 3rd P occup-at he, she, it seizes; he, she, it are seizing; he,
she it does seize
Plural 1st P occup-āmus we seize, we are seizing, we do seizePlural 2nd P occup-ātis you seize, you are seizing, you do seizePlural 3rd P occup-ant they seize, they are seizing, they do seize
oppugnō, 1, tr., attack, assault
Form MeaningSingular 1st P oppugn-ō I attack, I am attacking, I do attackSingular 2nd P oppugn-ās you attack, you are attacking, you do attackSingular 3rd P oppugn-at he, she, it attacks; he, she, it are attacking;
he, she it does attack
Plural 1st P oppugn-āmus we attack, we are attacking, we do attackPlural 2nd P oppugn-ātis you attack, you are attacking, you do attackPlural 3rd P oppugn-ant they attack, they are attacking, they do
attack
ōrō, 1, tr., beg, pray
Form MeaningSingular 1st P ōr-ō I pray, I am praying, I do praySingular 2nd P ōr-ās you pray, you are praying, you do praySingular 3rd P ōr-at he, she, it prays; he, she, it are praying; he,
she it does pray
Plural 1st P ōr-āmus we pray, we are praying, we do prayPlural 2nd P ōr-ātis you pray, you are praying, you do prayPlural 3rd P ōr-ant they pray, they are praying, they do pray
parō, 1, tr., prepare, get ready
Form MeaningSingular 1st P par-ō I prepare, I am preparing, I do prepareSingular 2nd P par -ās you prepare, you are preparing, you do
prepareSingular 3rd P par -at he, she, it prepares; he, she, it are preparing;
he, she it does prepare
Plural 1st P par -āmus we prepare, we are preparing, we do preparePlural 2nd P par -ātis you prepare, you are preparing, you do
preparePlural 3rd P par -ant they prepare, they are preparing, they do
prepare