Post on 05-Apr-2018
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Dynamic Fracture of Aggregate
and Its Importance toSustainable Materials
Stan Vitton, PhD, PE
Associate Professor
Michigan Technological University
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Jakes Law
Anything hit with a big
enough hammer will fallapart
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Dynamic Fracture of Aggregateand Its Importance toSustainable Materials
High Strain Rate Behavior
Dynamic Aggregate Testing
Other Transportation Applications
Aggregate Interlock
Green Concrete
Crushing and Grinding
Conclusions
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Acknowledgements
Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT)
Graduate Students
Rich Verstrate
Travis Davidsavior
Research Engineer - Torsten Mayberger
Turunen Quarry Pelkie, MI
Michigan Tech University
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Dynamic Effects??Strain Rate??
o
L
Strain L
StrainStrain RateTime
L
Lo
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Dynamic Strength & Stiffness
Strain Rate
Strengthand
/or
Stiffness
10-6/second
ASTM Concrete
Testing
102/second
Blasting
100/sec
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Fragmentation
Strain Rate
F
ragmenta
tion
10-6/second
ASTM Concrete
Testing
102/second
Blasting
100/sec
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Why?
Slow Fast
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Why?
Slow Fast
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Split Hopkinson Pressure BarEquipment Setup
StrikerBar
Incident Bar Transmission Bar
Specimen
Nicolet Digital Oscilloscope
WheatstoneBridge
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Large-Diameter SHPB:
SHPB - Output Bar (left), Input Bar (right)
SHPB - Canon, Striker Bar, Input Bar (left)
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Sample Data Air
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012
StrainGageOutput(V)
Time (s)
Bars Apart
(total impedance mismatch)
3ft Input
6ft Input
3ft Output
6ft Output
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Sample Data Steel
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012
StrainGageOutput(V)
Time (s)
Bars Together
(no impedance mismatch)
3ft Input
6ft Input
3ft Output
6ft Output
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Sample Data Aluminum
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012
StrainGageOutput(V)
Time (s)
6061-T6 Strain Gage Data
3ft Input
6ft Input
3ft Output
6ft Output
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Dynamic Fracture of Aggregateand Its Importance toSustainable Materials
High Strain Rate Behavior
Dynamic Aggregate Testing
Other Transportation Applications
Aggregate Interlock
Green Concrete
Crushing and Grinding
Conclusions
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Aggregate Location
Ontario TraprockQuarry
Algoma Steel Co.Moyle Quarry
Port InlandQuarry Cedarville
QuarryPresque Isle StoneBay County RoadCommission Quarry
EDW. C. Levy Company
Rockwood Stone QuarryFrance Stone Co.DennistonFarms Quarry
MichiganUSA
OntarioCanadaLake Superior
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Aggregate Type and Specific Gravity
#
Source
(MDOT ID) Material Type
Orientation to
Bedding Gab GB GB,SSD
Porosity
(%)1.
Algoma SteelAir-Cooled Blast
Furnace Slag
Porous Region
Dense Region
2.973
2.888
2.09
2.40
2.41
2.57
30
17
2 Algoma Steel Water Quenched BlastFurnace Slag Random 2.942 2.43 2.61 17
3 Levy Co. Water Quenched BlastFurnace Slag Random 2.985 2.42 2.61 19
4 Presque Isle Stone Limestone Random 2.687 2.51 2.58 6
5 Bay CountyLimestone Perpendicular 2.697 2.63 2.68 2
6 Port InlandLimestone Random 2.69 2.68 2.68
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Water-quenched Slag
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Air-Cooled Slag
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Presque Isle Limestone
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Bay County Limestone
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Port Inland Limestone
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Cedarville Dolomite
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Dennison Farms Dolomite
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France Stone Dolomite
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Basalt - Rapid Geologic Cooling(Flood Basalt)
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Diabase - Slower Geologic Cooling(Traprock)
S C
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Dynamic & Static CompressionStrength Results
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Sample Type
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
FailureStrength(MPa)
Dry Rock
1.5
2.5
3.5
AggregateBulkDensityB(g/cm
3)
Dynamic
Static
Bulk Density
A
B
CD
E
A' -- Super High Strength
A -- Very High Strength
B -- High Strength
C -- Medium Strength
D -- Low Strength
E -- Very Low Strength
A'
Sla g Lime stone Dolomite Igneous
next geometric progression
Slag
LimestoneDolomite
Igneous
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0
100
200
300
400
500
2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0
Bulk Density B (Mg/m3)
MeanCompressiv
eStrength(MPa) Dynamic
Static
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Dynamic to Static Strength Ratio, D/S
d
s
Dynamic Strength D
Static Strength S
d sf
d
s
dd(log )
log
Strain Rate Sensitivity Factor,
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Dynamic to Static Strength Ratios
Material Dynamic/Static(Dry) Dynamic/Static(Saturated)Slag 1.93 2.68Limestone
2.30 2.23Dolomite
1.64 1.83Igneous 1.78 2.55
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Strain Rate Sensitivity ValuesIDNumber
Strain Rate Sensitivity, Aggregate
Average
1.0 Algoma air cooled blast furnace slag
porous section 3.00
4.2
1.2 Algoma air-cooled blast furnace slag dense section 9.81
2 Algoma water-quenched blast furnace slag 2.93
3 Levy water-quenched blast furnace slag 1.27
4 Limestone, Presque Isle 9.97
5 Limestone, Bay County 13.59 16.46 Limestone, Port Inland 25.52
7 Dolomite, Cedarville 10.27
8.6
8 Dolomite, Denniston
8.779 Dolomite, Rockwood 4.52
10 Dolomite, France Stone 10.81
11 Basalt, Portage Lake Lava Series, Moyle 26.90
29.112 Diabase, Ontario Traprock 31.30
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Rate Sensitivity Parameter
M
aximumL
AAbrasionValue
Slag
Carbonates
IgneousSlag (1)
Slag (3)
Dolomite (9)
Limestone (5)
Dolomite (8)
Dolomite (7)
Dolomite (10)
Limestone (4)
Limestone (6)
Basalt (11)Diabase (12)
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Aggregate Dynamic & StaticStrength Conclusions
D/S: Ranged from 1.3 to 2.7 Slag and igneous had similar D/S and were
affected by saturation
Carbonates: limestone had a significantly higher
D/S than dolomite while neither were affected by
saturation
Strain Rate Sensitivity Parameter, :
Igneous:
= 29.1 Limestone: = 16.4
Dolomite: = 8.6
Slag: = 4.2
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Aggregate Dynamic & StaticStrength Conclusions Continued
Variations in appear to be due to the aggregate'smicrostructure, e.g.,
Limestone primary precipitate
Dolomite secondary replacement
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Dynamic Fracture of Aggregateand Its Importance to
Sustainable Materials
High Strain Rate Behavior
Dynamic Aggregate Testing Other Transportation Applications
Aggregate Interlock
Green Concrete
Crushing and Grinding
Conclusions
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Aggregate Interlock Test Setup
0.50 inch
3 kip
3 kip
NormalForceReaction
Test Frame
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Concrete Fracture Device
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Aggregate Interlock System
Vertical Actuator(Shear loading)
Horizontal Actuator(Normal resistance)
a
a
projectedface
Load-bearing holder
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Aggregate Interlock System
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Aggregate Interlock System
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High Strain Rate Behavior in
Transportation Materials
High Strain Rate Behavior
Dynamic Aggregate Testing Other Transportation Applications
Aggregate Interlock
Green Concrete
Crushing and Grinding
Conclusions
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Reasons
Fast track scheduling
Construction areas arebecoming more dense
Quarries are subjected tourban encroachment
Society is becoming morelitigious
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Time of Concrete Mixing
Used thermocouplesPlaced in concretecylinders
Compare to ambienttemperature
Maturity occurs wheninternal temperaturereturns to ambient
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Concrete Maturity Curve
60
70
80
90
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (Hrs)
Temp(F)
Cylinder #2 Cylinder #1 Cylinder #3 Cylinder #4 Ambient
Open
Door
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Project Site: Turunen Quarry
Located Near Pelkie, MI
Active Limestone/Dolomite Quarry
Work Area
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Blast Components
BlastingCaps
Explosives
Hole Loading
Seismometers
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Sample Preparation - Field Batch
Components
MixComponents
5-2-4 Minutes
ConsolidateConcrete at10,500 rpm(175 Hz)
PlaceContainers atAppropriateSite
Dynamic Compression Testing
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Dynamic Compression TestingParameters
SHPB was used
35psi chamber
pressure fired striker
bar Pennies were used to
transform square waveto triangular wave
Specimens completelycrushed
Data collected usingoscilloscope
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Conclusions
There is generally no difference in the meansof the data
More evidence supports a gain of strength at
2 hours than a loss at any other age Weak bonds may be broken and concrete
experiences self-healing
Vibrations up to 10.6 in/s MaxPPV have littleor no detrimental affect on this mixof greenconcrete
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Dynamic Fracture of Aggregateand Its Importance to
Sustainable Materials
High Strain Rate Behavior
Dynamic Aggregate Testing Other Transportation Applications
Aggregate Interlock
Green Concrete
Crushing and Grinding
Conclusions
Various Crushing & Grinding
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Various Crushing & GrindingUnits
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Cone, Jaw, Hammer Crushers
Vertical Shaft Impact (VSI)
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Vertical Shaft Impact (VSI)Crusher
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Crushing & Grinding - Aggregate
Crushing
Hammer
Cone Jaw
VSI
Grinding
LA Abrasion
Micro-Deval
Aggregate Interlock(PCC)
Handling & Storage
Resilient Modulus Friction-Polishing
Effects of Blasting on Rock
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gRecent International Society of ExplosiveEngineers:
The Effects of Blasting on Crushing and GrindingEfficiency and Energy Consumption
Effects of Blasting on the Strength of Rock Fragmentation
Small Scale Study of Damage Due to Blasting andImplication on Crushing and Grinding
Effects of Blasting on the Strength of Rock Fragments
Degree of Fragmentation Under High Strain Rates
Blasting Induced Rock Fragmentation Prediction Usingthe RHT Constitutive Model for Brittle Materials
Damage to Rocks and Cementitous Materials from SolidImpact Erosion (wear) of rock and concrete
Autogenous
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Abrasion(Wear)Crushing
Differential
BreakageR
ate
SizeLarge (
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Abrasion(Wear)CrushingD
ifferential
BreakageR
ate
SizeLarge Small (20 m)
Grinding Mill
Size Range
for
Aggregates
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General Conclusions:
Increased evidence indicates that blastinghas a significant impact on crushing andgrinding
Blasting affects both the physical and rockmechanics properties
An important component of optimum
fragmentation appears to be micro-fracturingwithin individual fragments
D i F t f A t
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Dynamic Fracture of Aggregateand Its Importance to
Sustainable Materials
High Strain Rate Behavior
Dynamic Aggregate Testing Other Transportation Applications
Aggregate Interlock
Green Concrete
Crushing and Grinding
Conclusions
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Conclusions/Thoughts
Aggregate and concrete materials are rate
sensitive
The D/S ratio appears to indicates the
degree of crystalline structure
The rate sensitivity parameter appears to
correlate with microstructure
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Conclusions/Thoughts
Dynamic fracture testing may provide a
means to test micro-structure to better
understand friction and other properties
There are a number of areas in transportation
materials where high strain rate behavior hassignificant application
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Thank You Questions ?