Post on 25-Dec-2015
Vitamins A vitamin is an organic molecule required by a living organism in minute amounts A vitamin is an organic molecule required by a living organism in minute amounts
for proper health. An organism deprived of all sources of a particular vitamin will for proper health. An organism deprived of all sources of a particular vitamin will eventually suffer from disease symptoms specific to that vitamin.eventually suffer from disease symptoms specific to that vitamin.
Vitamins can be classified as either water soluble, which means they dissolve easily in water, or fat soluble, which means they are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids.
In general, an organism must obtain vitamins or their metabolic precursors from outside the body, most often from the organism's diet.
The word vitamin was coined by the Polish biochemist Casimir Funk in 1912. Vita in Latin is life and the -amin suffix is short for amine; at the time it was thought that all vitamins were amines. Though this is now known to be incorrect, the name has stuck.
Proper – řádnýDeprived – zbavenýSuffer - trpět
Human vitaminsIn humans, there are thirteen vitamins, divided into two groups, the four fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and the nine water soluble vitamins (eight B vitamins and
vitamin C).Vitamin Name
Chemical Name
SolubilityDeficiency Disease
Overdose
Example Estimated Average Minimum
Daily
Vitamin A Retinol Fat
Night-blindness, Keratomalacia 25,000 IUs 620μg
Vitamin B1 Thiamine Water Beriberi n/a 1mg
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin WaterAriboflavinosis n/a 1.1mg
Vitamin B3 Niacin Water Pellagra 2,500 mg 12mg
Vitamin B5Pantothenic acid Water
Paresthesias n/a
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Water n/a 400 mg 1.1 mg
Vitamin B7 Biotin Water n/a n/a 30 µg
Vitamin B9 Folic acid Water * 1,000 µg 320 μg
Vitamin B12Cyanocobalamin Water
Pernicious anemia n/a 2 µg
Vitamin CAscorbic acid Water Scurvy n/a 75 mg
Vitamin D1-D4
7-dehydrositosterol Fat Rickets 50,000 IU
2 µg for all Vitamin D
Vitamin E Tocopherol Fat n/a 50,000 IU 12 mg
Vitamin KNaphthoquinone Fat n/a n/a 75 µg
Vitamins fat solubleVitamin A
Retinol, the dietary form of vitamin A, is a fat-soluble, antioxidant vitamin important in vision and bone growth. It belongs to the family of chemical compounds known as retinoids.
Retinol is ingested in a precursor form; animal sources (milk and eggs) contain retinyl esters, whereas plants (carrots, spinach) contain pro-vitamin A carotenoids.
Ingested – přijatý (potrava)
Precursor - předchůdce
Vitamin A is used in the production of rhodopsin, the visual pigment used in low light levels
Vitamin A is essential for the correct functioning of epithelial cells. In Vitamin A deficiency, muscus-secreting cells are replaced by keratin producing cells, leading to xerosis.
Vitamin A may be needed for normal haemopoiesis; deficiency causes abnormalities in iron metobolism.
Vitamin A affects the production of human growth hormone.
Vitamin E Tocopherol, or Vitamin E, is a fat-
soluble vitamin in eight forms that is an important antioxidant.
Antioxidants such as vitamin E act to protect cells against the effects of free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-products of the body's metabolism. Free radicals can cause cell damage that may contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease and cancer
Protect – chránitDamaging – ničeníSuppressors – tlumičeDue to – v důsledku
Vitamin C and other anti-oxidants recycle vitamin E end-products back into effective suppressors of free radicals.
Vegetable oils, nuts, wheat germ and green leafy vegetables are the main dietary sources of vitamin E.
A vitamin E deficiency is usually characterized by neurological problems due to poor(bad) nerve conduction.
Vitamin K
Vitamin K denotes a group of 2-methilo-naphthoquinone derivatives. They are human vitamins, lipophilic (i.e., soluble in lipids) and therefore hydrophobic (i.e., insoluble in water). They are needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins, mostly required for blood coagulation.
Normally it is produced by bacteria in the intestines, and dietary deficiency is extremely rare unless the intestines are heavily damaged.
Denote – značitIntestines – střevaRare – vzácnýUnless – jestliže ne
Vitamins watter soluble
a) B1 = Thiamin
- colorless compound, insoluble in alcohol
- Discovered by Umetaro Suzuki
- Important function in the metabolism of carbohydrates, while transketolase functions in the penthose phosphate to synthesize NADPH and the pentose
sugars deoxyribose and ribose.
I) Vitamin B – complex of a several vitamins:
b) B2 = Riboflavin
- easily absorbed, water – soluble micronutrient
- Is reguired for red cells formations, respirations, reproduction, essential for healthy skin, nails…
- sources: milk, cheese, liver, almond and soybeans
Micronutrient – stopový prvek
Reguired – potřebný
Sources - zdroje
c) B3 = Niacin
- Also known as nicotinic acid
- Derivates (NADH) has essential roles in the energy metabolism
- Is used in nutritional treatments of alcoholism, cancer, shizophrenia and other mental ilnesses
- Sources: liver, chicken, milk, eggs, nuts, mushrooms, broccoli, carrots…
Derivates – derivátyNutritional – výživnýCancer - rakovina
d) B5 = Pantotheic acid
- Is an antioxidant
- Is needed to break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats
- Is used in natural medicine
- Sources: whole grain cereals, legumes, eggs, meat, royal jelly
Legumes – luskoviny
Royal jelly – mateří kašička
II) Vitamin C = Ascorbic acid
- Nutrient essential for life, it´s a weak acid and
strong antioxidant
- It´s used for many purpose: - important for production of collagen in the
connective tissues- It´s required for syntesis of dopamin,
noradrenalin and adrenalin in the nervous systém
Purpose – účel
Tissues - tkáně
III) Vitamin H = Biotin
- Also known as a B7
- It´s important in the catalysis, in gluconeogenesis and to metabolize leucin
- It plays role in the Crebs cycle, in which is energy released from food
- It´s used in the cosmetics ( healthy hair and nails,…)
Released - uvolněný