Post on 22-May-2018
TECHNO INDIA NJR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Survey Report on
“PURITY OF PETROLEUM”
Submitted by-
Mr. Shubham Gandhi
Mr. Ujjwal Sharma
Mr. Manvendra Singh Balot
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and final outcome of this survey required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and we are extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of our survey work. Whatever we have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and we would not forget to thank them.
We are highly indebted to Dr Pankaj Porwal, Principal TINJRIT, for giving us an opportunity to do the survey work on “PURITY OF PETROL” and providing us all support and guidance which made us to complete the project on time .We would also like to express our special gratitude and thank to them for giving us such attention and for their kind co-operation.
We owe our profound gratitude to our project guide Mr Lokesh Malviya, asst. Professor TINJRIT, who took keen interest on our survey work and guided us all along, till the completion of our survey work by providing all the necessary information for developing a good system.
Our thanks and appreciation also to our college and family members for developing the project and the people who have willingly helped us out with the abilities.
We are thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance from all Teaching staffs of Department of Mechanical engineering which helped us in successfully completing our survey work. Also, we would like to extend our sincere regards to all the non-teaching staff for their timely support.
PREFACE
This report presents the research, findings and recommendations resulting from the survey “PURITY OF PETROL”. We had to go through some books and surf through the internet to get this project done and going through these stuffs was really interesting and informative. We have tried to include much information about the topic.
This report consists of an introduction to Petrol and its uses, containing its history of origin, its formation, the result of journey of our survey and some measures to which can be taken in future. We hope the contents of this report will give a quick look of the awareness on purity of petrol and will be informative. The findings and recommendations of this report address data and information gaps and needs, and provide valuable information for guiding the next steps in the process of developing a better system.
This report and the project relate many associated components, provide a wealth of information about the Purity of Petrol and associated politics related to it.
ABSTRACT
The project present is based on the survey to check purity of petroleum. Petroleum
is recovered mostly through oil drilling. This comes after the studies of structural
geology, sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization. It is refined and
separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products,
from petrol and to asphalt. It is used in manufacturing a wide variety of
materials, and it is estimated that the world consumes about 88 million barrels each
day.
Many consumers complain about the quality and quantity of petroleum products,
but are not aware of the simple tests which they can demand from every dealer to
ensure value for their money. Two simple tests were performed during the survey
of purity check namely Filter paper test and Density check test. If the test fails the
consumer can immediately report. To curb this growing malpractice, a number of
initiatives have been undertaken. Regular raids are conducted by government
agencies to keep an eye on these activities and also to send a clear message
to petrol pump owners. Customer awareness on the issue is crucial. They must
insist that the oil be tested and should also look at the density of the quantity in
order to curb the abuses of contaminated oil.
Many problems were identified during the survey which can be rectified in future.
Various filling stations of the city were observed and the quality of their petrol was
tested using filter paper. Their consumption level, hydrometer and thermometer
readings were recorded. This resulted in depicting the level of service provided by
the stations.
INTRODUCTION
Petroleum is a product from which multitudes of things are made and are
used in almost in each and every nook and cranny. It is oil which is found
underground. It is commonly called crude oil or fossil fuel because it was formed
from the remains of tiny plants and animals that died millions of years ago. Long
ago, people didn’t dig for oil. They gathered oil that seeped from under the ground
into ponds. It floated on the water. The petroleum we use today was made millions
of years ago. It took millions of years to form. The buried of sand and sediment,
which turned into sedimentary rock, increased the pressure on the decayed remains
at the bottom. The heat and pressure changed the remains and, eventually,
petroleum was formed. Various forms of petroleum are gasoline, kerosene, and
heating oil. Factories use oil to make plastics and paints, medicines and soaps. Oil
is even burnt to make electricity. The quality of various petroleum fuels depends
on their composition and types of hydrocarbons present in the mixture.
History
Petroleum is being used since ancient times. The ancient Chinese and Egyptians
burned oil to light their homes. Before the 1850s, Americans used whale oil to
light their homes. When whale oil became scarce, people skimmed the oil that
seeped to the surface of ponds and streams. The demand for oil grew, and in 1859,
Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well near Titusville, Pennsylvania.
At first, the crude oil was refined or made into kerosene for lighting. Gasoline and
other products made during refining were thrown away because people had no use
for them. All this changed when Henry Ford began to proliferate producing
automobiles in 1913. Everyone wanted an automobile and they all ran on gasoline.
Gasoline was the fuel of choice because it provided the greatest amount of energy
and satisfied consumer’s equilibrium need.
How we get it:
a) By Drilling Oil Wells
1. Petroleum is buried underground in tiny pockets of rocks.
2. Wells are drilled into the rocks to pump out the oil. Some wells are more than
two miles deep.
3. A lot of oil is under the bed of oceans along the shores. Oil rigs that can float are
used to reach this oil.
4. After the oil is drilled, it is sent to refineries. At the refineries, it is cleaned and
made into varied fuels.
5. Most of the oil is made into gasoline.
6. The oil is moved from one place to another by ships and trucks, and through
pipelines.
7. In India Bombay high drill the maximum oil.
b) Oil extraction is simply the removal of oil from the reservoir. Oil is often
recovered as a water-in-oil emulsion, called demulsifiers and are used to separate
the oil from water. Oil extraction is costly and sometimes environmentally
damaging. Offshore exploration and extraction of oil disturbs the surrounding
marine environment.
WORK DONE BEFORE
1. According to “THE HINDU” HYDERABAD, MARCH 18
A simple test using a filter paper is enough to check the purity of the petrol. In
this purity test filter paper should evaporate when two drops of petrol are put on it
without leaving a patch or stain.
"Every petrol bunk has filter papers and calibrated measures can be supplied by the
Legal Metrology Department. Consumers can demand them and complain to the
Civil Supplies or Legal Metrology Department for any discrepancy,"
Another simple test to check the density of petrol is the use of hydrometer and
thermometer. The density at a given temperature should be within the range of
standard levels chart given by oil companies. A consumer can always ask for
density check and any variation beyond permitted levels means it is adulterated.
2. To find the purity of gasoline we should know the octane number of gasoline.
For the study of octane number we should have knowledge about following terms -
A Generalized Interaction Method for the Prediction of Octane Numbers for
Gasoline Blends
The octane number of a motor gasoline is one of the most important measures of
gasoline quality. It has always been the goal of refiners to predict accurately the
octane ratings of blending gasoline. The research and motor octane numbers of a
gasoline are measurements of its quality of performance as a fuel. The octane
number scale itself is based on the linear blending of isooctane and n-heptane. The
octane number of a gasoline is measured on a scale that ranges from that
equivalent to isooctane (octane number of 100) to that of n-heptane (octane
number of 0). Octane number is affected by the saturates, aromatics, and olefins
contents of gasoline. When gasoline components are blended together, the octane
number of the blend may have an octane number quite different from that of either
component, even when the two components are of equal octane number. The blend
octane number may be greater than, equal to or less than that calculated from the
volumetric average of the octane numbers of the blend components, which
indicates nonlinear blending. Blending would be linear if octane number of a blend
was equal to that predicted by summing the octane numbers of the components in
proportion to their concentrations. In practices, the discrepancies between the
octane numbers of blends and the linearly predicted values have been correlated by
specific empirical equations and these have been used to correct the linear
predictions. It is clear, however, that an accurate octane blending method is needed
to optimize the blending of gasoline components.
Research Octane Number
The research octane number of a sample of gasoline is burned inside a test engine
and compared with standards of known value burned in the same test engine. The
standards consist of mixtures of iso-octane and n-heptane. Since iso-octane has a
rating of 100 and n-heptane has a rating of 0, mixtures of intermediates can be
created to meet a specific number in between those limits.
Motor Octane Number
Motor octane number (MON) is normally less in value than RON. As an example,
a fuel evaluated as 91 RON could give a MON of only 83. Adding these two
together and dividing by two would give (91 + 83)/2 = 87 PON. How is the motor
octane number determined? It is done in somewhat similar fashion to the method
of determining the research octane number. One of the differences is the test
engine is run at 900 rpm instead of 600 rpm. This provides an octane value
determined under load conditions, and tempers the value for operation under more
realistic functioning conditions.
WORK DONE ORIGINALLY
Filter Paper Test (for Petrol)
1. Clean the mouth of the dispensing nozzle to remove stains.
2. Put a drop of petrol on the filter paper from the nozzle.
3. It should evaporate in about 2 minutes without leaving a trace on the filter
paper. If a stain is left on the filter paper, there is a possibility of
adulteration.
Customer can immediately lodge a complaint if filter paper is not available at
Retail outlet for testing of Petrol. It is the duty of the Dealer to provide the
filter paper on demand by the customer.
Density Check (for Petrol)
A 500 ml jar, calibrated hydrometer & thermometer and ASTM (American Society
for Testing of Materials) conversion charts are required to carry out density test. A
hydrometer is a very simple instrument for measuring density of any liquid, which
would be different for petrol and diesel.
Fill about 3/4th of the jar with the product taken through the nozzle of the
Dispensing unit.
Dip the thermometer and the hydrometer in the jar and record the
temperature and density.
The actual density observed is then converted into density at 15 degree
centigrade with the help of the conversion chart. This converted density is
then compared with reference density taken from the register maintained at
the Retail Outlet.
It was identified that the most common adulterants are kerosene and nap as
they mix easily with petrol and diesel. They are also available at cheaper
price. They not only produce more emissions, but also unburnt soot which
has known carcinogens
PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED
Octane rating reflects the quality, purity, refinement, efficiency and heat
bearing capacity of petrol. Hence there are different grades of Petrol for
different uses ranging from bikes to spacecrafts. But in India Octane numbers
are not shown. There should be display of octane numbers on filling stations.
Another problem is the irregular check-ups of density of petrol. The relative
density of petrol ranges from 0.71–0.77 kg/, higher densities having a greater
volume of aromatics. Whereas in India there is no guarantee of proper density
of petrol.
Fuel dispensers are used to pump petrol into vehicles and calculate the financial
cost of the fuel transferred to the vehicle. But the price is not feed to the
machine and the counter starts from zero to the value which may either result in
profit or loss of the customer.
In most of the parts of India customers are allowed to pump before settling the
bill. And afterwards even when demanded the bill is not given.
There is no proper inspection of meters of Gas Stations and the frequency at
which the petrol is fed is not checked timely.
Petrol pumps are the places which are prone to unwanted accidents. Still proper
precautionary measures of safety are not taken. The place is provided with
safety equipments but they are not in the optimum usage of them.
These problems have not only raised concerns for consumers but also for the
treasury of the government and oil companies. In addition, these adulterated
products cause irreparable damage to the environment by significantly adding to
the pollution meter. . In 2004 according to a report by Hindu around fifty percent
of petrol pumps along the National Highway in Chennai were selling adulterated
petroleum. The issue of the purity of fuel products, even after paying a steep price
for them, is a big cause for concern. Indeed, adulteration of petrol and diesel in fuel
bunkers is a flourishing market, here. This long standing malpractice has plagued
the Indian market and the transportation and use of adulterated fuel with close
substitutes are rampant.
RESULT AND CONCLUSION
After the successful completion of survey, it is concluded that the average density
and the total consumption of petrol in the city is 744.02 gm/ml and 86200 liters
daily respectively. With the tests it was observed that the quality and density of
petrol is good and better services are rendered but has a reckless consumption. A
report prepared by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) had questioned
the efficacy of testing labs in the city and raised the need for a chemical or bio-
marker, of the kind currently under trial, which could be readily used to conduct
on-the-spot quality checks on fossil fuels like petrol and diesel.