TECHNO INDIA NJR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Survey Report on

“PURITY OF PETROLEUM”

Submitted by-

Mr. Shubham Gandhi

Mr. Ujjwal Sharma

Mr. Manvendra Singh Balot

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this survey required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and we are extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of our survey work. Whatever we have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and we would not forget to thank them.

We are highly indebted to Dr Pankaj Porwal, Principal TINJRIT, for giving us an opportunity to do the survey work on “PURITY OF PETROL” and providing us all support and guidance which made us to complete the project on time .We would also like to express our special gratitude and thank to them for giving us such attention and for their kind co-operation.

We owe our profound gratitude to our project guide Mr Lokesh Malviya, asst. Professor TINJRIT, who took keen interest on our survey work and guided us all along, till the completion of our survey work by providing all the necessary information for developing a good system.

Our thanks and appreciation also to our college and family members for developing the project and the people who have willingly helped us out with the abilities.

We are thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance from all Teaching staffs of Department of Mechanical engineering which helped us in successfully completing our survey work. Also, we would like to extend our sincere regards to all the non-teaching staff for their timely support.

PREFACE

This report presents the research, findings and recommendations resulting from the survey “PURITY OF PETROL”. We had to go through some books and surf through the internet to get this project done and going through these stuffs was really interesting and informative. We have tried to include much information about the topic.

This report consists of an introduction to Petrol and its uses, containing its history of origin, its formation, the result of journey of our survey and some measures to which can be taken in future. We hope the contents of this report will give a quick look of the awareness on purity of petrol and will be informative. The findings and recommendations of this report address data and information gaps and needs, and provide valuable information for guiding the next steps in the process of developing a better system.

This report and the project relate many associated components, provide a wealth of information about the Purity of Petrol and associated politics related to it.

ABSTRACT

The project present is based on the survey to check purity of petroleum. Petroleum

is recovered mostly through oil drilling. This comes after the studies of structural

geology, sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization. It is refined and

separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products,

from petrol and to asphalt. It is used in manufacturing a wide variety of

materials, and it is estimated that the world consumes about 88 million barrels each

day.

Many consumers complain about the quality and quantity of petroleum products,

but are not aware of the simple tests which they can demand from every dealer to

ensure value for their money. Two simple tests were performed during the survey

of purity check namely Filter paper test and Density check test. If the test fails the

consumer can immediately report. To curb this growing malpractice, a number of

initiatives have been undertaken. Regular raids are conducted by government

agencies to keep an eye on these activities and also to send a clear message

to petrol pump owners. Customer awareness on the issue is crucial. They must

insist that the oil be tested and should also look at the density of the quantity in

order to curb the abuses of contaminated oil.

Many problems were identified during the survey which can be rectified in future.

Various filling stations of the city were observed and the quality of their petrol was

tested using filter paper. Their consumption level, hydrometer and thermometer

readings were recorded. This resulted in depicting the level of service provided by

the stations.

INTRODUCTION

Petroleum is a product from which multitudes of things are made and are

used in almost in each and every nook and cranny. It is oil which is found

underground. It is commonly called crude oil or fossil fuel because it was formed

from the remains of tiny plants and animals that died millions of years ago. Long

ago, people didn’t dig for oil. They gathered oil that seeped from under the ground

into ponds. It floated on the water. The petroleum we use today was made millions

of years ago. It took millions of years to form. The buried of sand and sediment,

which turned into sedimentary rock, increased the pressure on the decayed remains

at the bottom. The heat and pressure changed the remains and, eventually,

petroleum was formed. Various forms of petroleum are gasoline, kerosene, and

heating oil. Factories use oil to make plastics and paints, medicines and soaps. Oil

is even burnt to make electricity. The quality of various petroleum fuels depends

on their composition and types of hydrocarbons present in the mixture.

History

Petroleum is being used since ancient times. The ancient Chinese and Egyptians

burned oil to light their homes. Before the 1850s, Americans used whale oil to

light their homes. When whale oil became scarce, people skimmed the oil that

seeped to the surface of ponds and streams. The demand for oil grew, and in 1859,

Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well near Titusville, Pennsylvania.

At first, the crude oil was refined or made into kerosene for lighting. Gasoline and

other products made during refining were thrown away because people had no use

for them. All this changed when Henry Ford began to proliferate producing

automobiles in 1913. Everyone wanted an automobile and they all ran on gasoline.

Gasoline was the fuel of choice because it provided the greatest amount of energy

and satisfied consumer’s equilibrium need.

How we get it:

a) By Drilling Oil Wells

1. Petroleum is buried underground in tiny pockets of rocks.

2. Wells are drilled into the rocks to pump out the oil. Some wells are more than

two miles deep.

3. A lot of oil is under the bed of oceans along the shores. Oil rigs that can float are

used to reach this oil.

4. After the oil is drilled, it is sent to refineries. At the refineries, it is cleaned and

made into varied fuels.

5. Most of the oil is made into gasoline.

6. The oil is moved from one place to another by ships and trucks, and through

pipelines.

7. In India Bombay high drill the maximum oil.

b) Oil extraction is simply the removal of oil from the reservoir. Oil is often

recovered as a water-in-oil emulsion, called demulsifiers and are used to separate

the oil from water. Oil extraction is costly and sometimes environmentally

damaging. Offshore exploration and extraction of oil disturbs the surrounding

marine environment.

WORK DONE BEFORE

1. According to “THE HINDU” HYDERABAD, MARCH 18

A simple test using a filter paper is enough to check the purity of the petrol. In

this purity test filter paper should evaporate when two drops of petrol are put on it

without leaving a patch or stain.

"Every petrol bunk has filter papers and calibrated measures can be supplied by the

Legal Metrology Department. Consumers can demand them and complain to the

Civil Supplies or Legal Metrology Department for any discrepancy,"

Another simple test to check the density of petrol is the use of hydrometer and

thermometer. The density at a given temperature should be within the range of

standard levels chart given by oil companies. A consumer can always ask for

density check and any variation beyond permitted levels means it is adulterated.

2. To find the purity of gasoline we should know the octane number of gasoline.

For the study of octane number we should have knowledge about following terms -

A Generalized Interaction Method for the Prediction of Octane Numbers for

Gasoline Blends

The octane number of a motor gasoline is one of the most important measures of

gasoline quality. It has always been the goal of refiners to predict accurately the

octane ratings of blending gasoline. The research and motor octane numbers of a

gasoline are measurements of its quality of performance as a fuel. The octane

number scale itself is based on the linear blending of isooctane and n-heptane. The

octane number of a gasoline is measured on a scale that ranges from that

equivalent to isooctane (octane number of 100) to that of n-heptane (octane

number of 0). Octane number is affected by the saturates, aromatics, and olefins

contents of gasoline. When gasoline components are blended together, the octane

number of the blend may have an octane number quite different from that of either

component, even when the two components are of equal octane number. The blend

octane number may be greater than, equal to or less than that calculated from the

volumetric average of the octane numbers of the blend components, which

indicates nonlinear blending. Blending would be linear if octane number of a blend

was equal to that predicted by summing the octane numbers of the components in

proportion to their concentrations. In practices, the discrepancies between the

octane numbers of blends and the linearly predicted values have been correlated by

specific empirical equations and these have been used to correct the linear

predictions. It is clear, however, that an accurate octane blending method is needed

to optimize the blending of gasoline components.

Research Octane Number

The research octane number of a sample of gasoline is burned inside a test engine

and compared with standards of known value burned in the same test engine. The

standards consist of mixtures of iso-octane and n-heptane. Since iso-octane has a

rating of 100 and n-heptane has a rating of 0, mixtures of intermediates can be

created to meet a specific number in between those limits.

Motor Octane Number

Motor octane number (MON) is normally less in value than RON. As an example,

a fuel evaluated as 91 RON could give a MON of only 83. Adding these two

together and dividing by two would give (91 + 83)/2 = 87 PON. How is the motor

octane number determined? It is done in somewhat similar fashion to the method

of determining the research octane number. One of the differences is the test

engine is run at 900 rpm instead of 600 rpm. This provides an octane value

determined under load conditions, and tempers the value for operation under more

realistic functioning conditions.

WORK DONE ORIGINALLY

Filter Paper Test (for Petrol)

1. Clean the mouth of the dispensing nozzle to remove stains.

2. Put a drop of petrol on the filter paper from the nozzle.

3. It should evaporate in about 2 minutes without leaving a trace on the filter

paper. If a stain is left on the filter paper, there is a possibility of

adulteration.

Customer can immediately lodge a complaint if filter paper is not available at

Retail outlet for testing of Petrol. It is the duty of the Dealer to provide the

filter paper on demand by the customer.

Density Check (for Petrol)

A 500 ml jar, calibrated hydrometer & thermometer and ASTM (American Society

for Testing of Materials) conversion charts are required to carry out density test. A

hydrometer is a very simple instrument for measuring density of any liquid, which

would be different for petrol and diesel.

Fill about 3/4th of the jar with the product taken through the nozzle of the

Dispensing unit.

Dip the thermometer and the hydrometer in the jar and record the

temperature and density.

The actual density observed is then converted into density at 15 degree

centigrade with the help of the conversion chart. This converted density is

then compared with reference density taken from the register maintained at

the Retail Outlet.

It was identified that the most common adulterants are kerosene and nap as

they mix easily with petrol and diesel. They are also available at cheaper

price. They not only produce more emissions, but also unburnt soot which

has known carcinogens

PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED

Octane rating reflects the quality, purity, refinement, efficiency and heat

bearing capacity of petrol. Hence there are different grades of Petrol for

different uses ranging from bikes to spacecrafts. But in India Octane numbers

are not shown. There should be display of octane numbers on filling stations.

Another problem is the irregular check-ups of density of petrol. The relative

density of petrol ranges from 0.71–0.77 kg/, higher densities having a greater

volume of aromatics. Whereas in India there is no guarantee of proper density

of petrol.

Fuel dispensers are used to pump petrol into vehicles and calculate the financial

cost of the fuel transferred to the vehicle. But the price is not feed to the

machine and the counter starts from zero to the value which may either result in

profit or loss of the customer.

In most of the parts of India customers are allowed to pump before settling the

bill. And afterwards even when demanded the bill is not given.

There is no proper inspection of meters of Gas Stations and the frequency at

which the petrol is fed is not checked timely.

Petrol pumps are the places which are prone to unwanted accidents. Still proper

precautionary measures of safety are not taken. The place is provided with

safety equipments but they are not in the optimum usage of them.

These problems have not only raised concerns for consumers but also for the

treasury of the government and oil companies. In addition, these adulterated

products cause irreparable damage to the environment by significantly adding to

the pollution meter. . In 2004 according to a report by Hindu around fifty percent

of petrol pumps along the National Highway in Chennai were selling adulterated

petroleum. The issue of the purity of fuel products, even after paying a steep price

for them, is a big cause for concern. Indeed, adulteration of petrol and diesel in fuel

bunkers is a flourishing market, here. This long standing malpractice has plagued

the Indian market and the transportation and use of adulterated fuel with close

substitutes are rampant.

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

After the successful completion of survey, it is concluded that the average density

and the total consumption of petrol in the city is 744.02 gm/ml and 86200 liters

daily respectively. With the tests it was observed that the quality and density of

petrol is good and better services are rendered but has a reckless consumption. A

report prepared by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) had questioned

the efficacy of testing labs in the city and raised the need for a chemical or bio-

marker, of the kind currently under trial, which could be readily used to conduct

on-the-spot quality checks on fossil fuels like petrol and diesel.