Vaccines: Historical PerspectiveImmunity - state of protection from an infectious disease.430 BC – Greek historian Thucydides - Athenian plague

15th century – Chinese attempts to induce immunity

1718 – Mary Wortley Montagu – innoculated her children

1798 – Edward Jenner – milkmaids and cowpox/smallpox

Vaccines: Historical Perspective

early 1880’s – Cholera and chickens

Attenuation hypothesis

1881 – Testing the hypothesis with anthrax and sheep

1885 – Rabies vaccine

Louis Pasteur

VaccinesImmunization – the process of producing a state of immunity in a subject.

Vaccination – intentional administration of a harmless or less harmful form of a pathogen to induce a specific immune response that protects the individual against late exposure to the pathogen.

VaccinesPassive immunity adaptive immunity conferred by the transfer of immune products, such as antibody or sensitized T cells, from an immune individual to a non-immune one.

Natural maternal antibodyImmune globulinHumanized monoclonal antibodyAntitoxin

VaccinesActive immunity – adaptive immunity that is induced by a natural exposure to a pathogen or by vaccination.

Natural infection Vaccines Toxoid

VaccinesTypes of vaccines:

Live attenuated Inactivated Subunit Conjugate DNA Recombinant

VaccinesMultivalent Conjugate

VaccinesMultivalent Conjugate

VaccinesDNA Vaccines

VaccinesRecombinant Vector Vaccines