Post on 11-May-2015
description
Physical Science
The Universe Around Us
How does it Work?
What is it made of?
How does it affect us?
Astronomy
The Oldest Science
navigationcalendar systems
agriculture
Babylon & Egypt
Planetary motion
North Celestial Pole
Aristotle
Geocentrism
Perfect circles
Finite
Natural motion
Ptolemy
Retrograde motion
epicycles
Retrograde motion
Copernicus
Heliocentrism
Galileo
His evidence for Copernicanism:
Lunar valley shadowsSunspotsVenus’ phasesJupiter’s moons
Lunar Shadows
Sunspots
Venus’ Phases
Jupiter’s Moons
Planetary orbits = Ellipses
Johannes Kepler
Skywatching
The Reason for Seasons
Lunar phases
Lunar Orbit vs. Earth’s Orbit
Solar Eclipse
Solar Eclipse
Lunar Eclipse
Lunar Eclipse
Common Orbital Planes
Zodiac constellations
Planetary paths
The 7 day weekEnglish Sunday Monday Tuesda
yWednesday
Thursday Friday Saturday
French dimanche
Lundi Mardi Mercredi Jeudi Vendredi
samedi
Spanish
Domingo
Lunes Martes Miercoles Jueves Viernes
sabado
Italian Domenica
Luedi Martedi Mercoledi Giovedi Venerdi
sabato
German
Sonntag Montag Dienstag
Mittwoch Donnerstag
Freitag Samstag
Dutch Zondag Maandag
Dinsdag
Woensdag
Donderdag
Vrijdag
Zaterdag
Ecliptic = Sun’s path
Sun’s Path
Celestial Sphere
Circumpolar Constellations
Constellations
Modern Constellations
Ursa Majorvs.
“Big Dipper”
Legend of the Bear
Hibernation?
The Solar System
Beginning of the Solar System
Origins of the solar system
Solar nebula
Frequentcollisions
Many fragments
The Sun
Chief energy source(photosynthesis)
Nearest star
Mainly hydrogen & helium
Photosphere
Corona
1,000,000 K+
Highly ionizedGases
The Solar Wind
Aurora Borealis(northern lights)
Mercury
Smallest (4880 km)
88 day year
Synchronous orbit
Synchronous Rotation
Mercurian Magnetic Field
Messenger
Venus
“sister” of Earth
243 days = year
Atmosphere(100x Earth)
Venusian Atmosphere
Greenhouse effect
“Backward” Rotation
Previous Collision??
Mars
Red planet (rust)
686 days = year
Weak atmosphere(mainly CO2)
Martian Ice?
Martian Moons
Phobos & Deimos
Jupiter
12 years = year
10 hours = day
Volume = 1400Earths
Made of H, He
Great Red Spot
400+ year storm
Jupiter’s Interior
No solid surface
Galilean Moons
Saturn
29 year cycle
10 hour day
rings
Titan
Largest moon
Methane atmosphere and lakes
Solid water on surface
Uranus
First modern planet
discovered 1781
84 year cycle
Another collision victim
Neptune
Discovered mathematically (1846)
164 year cycle
Great Dark Spot
Pluto
Jan 23, 1930
Jan 29, 1930 Tombaugh
Pluto’s orbit
Plutonian Moons
Charon
Nix
Hydra
Kuiper Belt
Kuiper Belt objects
Oort Cloud
Comets
Meteors
Asteroid Belt
Ceres (1801)
Bode’s Law (1768)
Anleitung zur Kenntniss des gestirnten Himmels
“Let the distance from the Sun to Saturn be taken as 100, then Mercury is separated by 4 such parts from the Sun. Venus is 4+3=7. The Earth 4+6=10. Mars 4+12=16. Now comes a gap in this so orderly progression. After Mars there follows a space of 4+24=28 parts, in which no planet has yet been seen. Can one believe that the Founder of the universe had left this space empty? Certainly not. From here we come to the distance of Jupiter by 4+48=52 parts, and finally to that of Saturn by 4+96=100 parts.”
Planetary orbits = Ellipses
Johannes Kepler
Bode’s LawPlanet K Bode’s ActualMercury 0 0.4 AU 0.39 AUVenus 1 0.7 0.72Earth 2 1.0 1.00Mars 4 1.6 1.52
8 2.8 2.77Jupiter 16 5.2 5.2Saturn 32 10 9.54
Asteroids
Irregular shape
Cratered
small
Milky Way Galaxy
Celestial Distances
Earth - Moon 3.84 x 105 km
Earth-Sun 1.5 x 108 km
Sun-Pluto 5.9 x 109 km
Nearest Star
Proxima Centauri:
3.97 x 1013 Km
Light Year
C = 3 x 108 m/s
(3 x 108m/s) x (60 s/min) x
(60 min/hr) x (24hr/d) x (365.25 d/yr)
= 9.46 x 1015 m/yr
= 9.46 x 1012km/yr
Galaxies
Elliptical, spiral, irregular
Milky Way Galaxy
Stellar Characteristics
Brightness(magnitude)
Color(temperature)
Magnitude
Luminosity
Color
Star Sizes
Hertzsprung Russell diagram
Star Evolution
Star “Nursery”
Dust+
Gas+
Energy
Protostar Development
Fusion
4 1H -> 4He
Equilibrium
Brown Dwarf
Failed Star?
Red Giant
Triple Alphaprocess
3 He -> C
Planetary Nebula
Residual“Smoke ring”
White Dwarf
Sun Sized Star
Star Evolution
Supergiant Star
Betelgeuse
Supernova
SN1987A
105415721604
Crab Nebula
Pulsar
LGM project
Neutron Star
Black Holes
Evidence for Black holes
X-ray source
Spacetime distortion
Local Cluster of Galaxies
Red Shift
Hubble’s Law
V = H d
Steady State Model
Big Bang Theory
Evidence
Red shift
Hubble time (age)
Cosmic Backgroundradiation
Leftover Energy
The Future?
The Speed of Light
C = 3 x 108 m/s
Relativity
E = m c2
thus at c,
E = m
Relavitity
All motion is relative
Time Dilation
Time is relativeTwin paradox
Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction
€
L' = Lo 1−v2
c2
Relativistic Mass
€
m' = mo
1−v2
c2
Relativistic Time
€
to = t'
1 - v2
c2
Gravity Effect