More data collectionA Climate studyB Welfare studyC

www.engineering.leeds.ac.uk/cactus

b.e.evans@leeds.ac.uk

@BEonthetoilet @wateratleeds

@iphee_leeds @cgd_leeds

Cost and ClimateUrban Sanitation

What’s next?

$0

$50

$100

$150

$200

$250

$300

$350

CAPEXOPEX

CAPEXOPEX

CAPEXOPEX

Collection &Containment

Emptying & Transport

Treatment

100%

0%

6%

94%

48%

52%

100%

0%

34%

66%

50%

50%

100%

0%

82%

18%

54%

46%73%

27%

79%

21%

75%

25%

Cost Drivers for AHHC of FSM and Sewer-System

Dakar FSM

Nonthaburi FSM

Dakar Sewer

Cochabamba Sewer

1. Problem Planning sustainable urban sanitation services is hampered bythe lack of standard metrics of costs and climate impacts.Decision makers tend to avoid innovation and unbundling ofsolutions because it is not possible to readily model a range ofalternative solutions.

2. HypothesisCosts, climate and welfare impacts of sanitation services are afunction of population density and topography and can begeneralized on a regional basis to enable the ready generationof first order estimates of cost-benefits for any urban contexts.

3. Expected OutcomeCACTUS will design and develop standard cost metrics formodularized urban sanitation ‘systems’which can be applied in arange of geographical regions. The metrics will include financialcosts, and measures of climate impacts and welfare benefits.

4. Costing Data from LiteratureCAPEX

Min Max Unit Country Remarks

Collection &

Containment

113 550 Each

India, Thailand,

Senegal, Bangladesh,

Ghana, Burkina Faso

Mostly toilet + septic tank

(proper)/sealed tank

Emptying360 7500 Each

Tanzania, Kenya,

Uganda, Bangladesh

Diaphragm pump, MAPET, Vacutug,

Gulper (Mechanised emptying)

Transport

200 1500 per m'Senegal, Bangladesh,

USSewer PVC

7500 19000 Each BangladeshTruck/tanker without desludging

pump

Emptying & Transport31000 20700 Each

Thailand, Malaysia,

SenegalTruck capacity 2.5 - 10 m3

Treatment 6540 46000 per m3 capacity Thailand, Senegal FSTP

OPEX

Min Max Unit Country Remarks

Collection &

ContainmentAssumed none – unless water consumption estimated

Emptying 8.8 21.5 Per 1000 Lt Kenya, Tanzania MAPET and Gulper

Transport

66 Per HH per year Senegal Sewer

0.08 0.19 Per km per vehicle Bangladesh (rural)Transport by truck/tanker excluding

labour

Emptying & Transport 14750 45000 Per truck per year Thailand, Senegal

Treatment453 3000

Per m3 day capacity

per yearThailand, Senegal

FEES & CHARGES

Min Max Unit Country Remarks

Collection &

Containment0.12 162 HH per year

Philippines, Senegal,

MalaysiaSanitation tax paid by HH

Emptying

Transport 62 Senegal Connection fee to sewer

Emptying & Transport

7 152 HH per year

India, Thailand,

Malaysia, Senegal,

Bangladesh, Ghana,

Burkina Faso, Kenya,

Haiti, Peru, Uganda

Emptying fee, incl. CBS system

Treatment 2 73.2 Per truck Uganda, Malaysia Discharging fee to FSTP

Values reported in USD$2016

Project Descriptions

6. Costed Shit Flow Diagram

5. Study cases (literature based)

7. Data Collection

8. Climate Study 9. Welfare StudyOn-Site

(Manual FSM)

On-Site (Mechanical FSM)

Off-Site (Simplified Sewers)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Job Creation and Job Loss*

Skilled Labour Unskilled Labour Unpaid Labour

Job

Loss

Job

Creation

*Hypothetical scenarios; variation between and within systems

• There is not a lot of cost data globally

• By type of cost data, more CAPEX data

than OPEX

• By sanitation value chain, there is big

gap of data in emptying and transport

• There is very few cost information to

calculate a functioning sanitation system

as a whole system

• No standard unit of cost

• Ambiguity between actual cost and

tariff/price

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

To

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ld (

US

$)

Population density (Persons/ha)

Economic costs for different sanitation option

Simplified sewer Onsite sanitation1 Nonthaburi FSM

Dakar FSM Dakar Sewer Cochabamba Sewer

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Dir

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)

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CS

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Containment Emptying Transport Treatment

$ 2

016

Annualised Cost per Household

Prof. Barbara Evans Works citedLane, J. 2017. Design and Life-cycle Cost Models for the Sanitation Service Chain: Faecal Sludge Treatment in Kampala, Uganda, MSc Dissertation.

School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, UK

Johnson, J. 2018. GHG Emissions Emanating From On-Sanitation Systems: A Case Study of Kampala, MSc Dissertation. School of Civil

Engineering, University of Leeds, UK

Manga, M. 2011. An Investigative study to assess the lifecycle costs of low-cost sanitation technology options in the informal settlement and slum

areas in Soweto (Johannesburg): Focus on simplified sewerage system. MSc Dissertation. School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, UK

OSS Technologies (correspond to CH4 type)

Septic

Tank

Anaerobic environment. Half of BOD

settles in tank.

Latrine

Type 1

Household latrines in dry climate, with

ground water table well below bottom of

pit

Latrine

Type 2

Communal latrines in dry climate, ground

water table well below bottom of pit,

Many users, higher volume of FS leading

to a more anaerobic environment. These

latrines are often poorly maintained.

Latrine

Type 3

Wet climate/flush water use, ground

water table higher than latrine. These

types of latrine have more anaerobic

conditions.

Latrine

Type 4

UD and composting toilets, aerobic

environments. Regular sediment removal

for fertiliser. Bucket latrines may also fall

into this category providing waste is

correctly disposed of.

Open

Sewer

Stagnant open sewers are often the site

for illegal emptying of waste. They are

heated by the sun which can lead to ideal

conditions for methanogenesis however

depending on the depth the sludge the

top layers may be in aerobic conditions

which would inhibit methane production.

N2O Category

A nitrification in the upper layers of the pits,

not much denitrification is predicted to

occur at the bottom

B simple latrines, where the conditions are

predicted to be slightly less aerobic in the

upper layers of the sludge

C account for both denitrification and some

nitrification

D increased nitrification in VIPs and more

denitrification occurring deeper within the

pits

E simple latrines with less nitrification

occurring at the surface

F septic tanks in warmer climated countries

G composting latrines designed for arobic

decompositions and open defecation

practices

maintenance

Direct operations

Indirect

operationsadministrations

Fuel Electricity

MAKE

(Labour Cost)

BUY

(Assets, input

materials and

input services)

Water Manufactured

Equipment

Other

consumables

Construction and installation of

plants, facilities and related

infrastructure Other

service

s

Full vertical integration along the

sanitation value chain

FinancingTaxes

EXCLUDED

from the

Analysis

Cost of licenses and administrative permits

- Subsidies

- Transaction costs along the sanitation Value chain. E.g. emptying fees, collection

fees.

- Revenue streams

No Vertical integration along the construction,

production and manufacturing supply chains

Fieldwork Case Studies

(Bangladesh)

DSK

(NGO),

Dhaka

WSUP-

SWEEP

(PPP),

Dhaka

Practical

Action

(NGO),

Faridpur

TOT Annualised Cost

($2016)30,401 117, 395 37,495

per FS volume

($2016/m3) 28 25 32

per # Trips ($2016/trips) 55 9 27

per Containments

($2016/

Containments)

58 2 Unknown

Predicted Emissions of Each Individual Storage Technology per User (kgCO2e/cap/year)