Urban Sanitation Cost and Climate - CACTU$...
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More data collection A Climate study B Welfare study C www.engineering.leeds.ac.uk/cactus [email protected] @BEonthetoilet @wateratleeds @iphee_leeds @cgd_leeds Cost and Climate Urban Sanitation What’s next? $0 $50 $100 $150 $200 $250 $300 $350 CAPEX OPEX CAPEX OPEX CAPEX OPEX Collection &Containment Emptying & Transport Treatment 100% 0% 6% 94% 48% 52% 100% 0% 34% 66% 50% 50% 100% 0% 82% 18% 54% 46% 73% 27% 79% 21% 75% 25% Cost Drivers for AHHC of FSM and Sewer-System Dakar FSM Nonthaburi FSM Dakar Sewer Cochabamba Sewer 1. Problem Planning sustainable urban sanitation services is hampered by the lack of standard metrics of costs and climate impacts. Decision makers tend to avoid innovation and unbundling of solutions because it is not possible to readily model a range of alternative solutions. 2. Hypothesis Costs, climate and welfare impacts of sanitation services are a function of population density and topography and can be generalized on a regional basis to enable the ready generation of first order estimates of cost-benefits for any urban contexts. 3. Expected Outcome CACTUS will design and develop standard cost metrics for modularized urban sanitation ‘systems’ which can be applied in a range of geographical regions. The metrics will include financial costs, and measures of climate impacts and welfare benefits. 4. Costing Data from Literature CAPEX Min Max Unit Country Remarks Collection & Containment 113 550 Each India, Thailand, Senegal, Bangladesh, Ghana, Burkina Faso Mostly toilet + septic tank (proper)/sealed tank Emptying 360 7500 Each Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Bangladesh Diaphragm pump, MAPET, Vacutug, Gulper (Mechanised emptying) Transport 200 1500 per m' Senegal, Bangladesh, US Sewer PVC 7500 19000 Each Bangladesh Truck/tanker without desludging pump Emptying & Transport 31000 20700 Each Thailand, Malaysia, Senegal Truck capacity 2.5 - 10 m 3 Treatment 6540 46000 per m 3 capacity Thailand, Senegal FSTP OPEX Min Max Unit Country Remarks Collection & Containment Assumed none – unless water consumption estimated Emptying 8.8 21.5 Per 1000 Lt Kenya, Tanzania MAPET and Gulper Transport 66 Per HH per year Senegal Sewer 0.08 0.19 Per km per vehicle Bangladesh (rural) Transport by truck/tanker excluding labour Emptying & Transport 14750 45000 Per truck per year Thailand, Senegal Treatment 453 3000 Per m 3 day capacity per year Thailand, Senegal FEES & CHARGES Min Max Unit Country Remarks Collection & Containment 0.12 162 HH per year Philippines, Senegal, Malaysia Sanitation tax paid by HH Emptying Transport 62 Senegal Connection fee to sewer Emptying & Transport 7 152 HH per year India, Thailand, Malaysia, Senegal, Bangladesh, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Kenya, Haiti, Peru, Uganda Emptying fee, incl. CBS system Treatment 2 73.2 Per truck Uganda, Malaysia Discharging fee to FSTP Values reported in USD$2016 Project Descriptions 6. Costed Shit Flow Diagram 5. Study cases (literature based) 7. Data Collection 8. Climate Study 9. Welfare Study On-Site (Manual FSM) On-Site (Mechanical FSM) Off-Site (Simplified Sewers) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Job Creation and Job Loss* Skilled Labour Unskilled Labour Unpaid Labour Job Loss Job Creation *Hypothetical scenarios; variation between and within systems • There is not a lot of cost data globally • By type of cost data, more CAPEX data than OPEX • By sanitation value chain, there is big gap of data in emptying and transport • There is very few cost information to calculate a functioning sanitation system as a whole system • No standard unit of cost • Ambiguity between actual cost and tariff/price 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Total annual costs per household (US$) Population density (Persons/ha) Economic costs for different sanitation option Simplified sewer Onsite sanitation1 Nonthaburi FSM Dakar FSM Dakar Sewer Cochabamba Sewer 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Direct Sealed Infiltrating pit CBS toilet Manual Mechanical Vacuum truck Road Mechanical Pipe (SS) Pipe (CS) Anarobic Disgestion Aerated System Composting Ponds & Wetlands Containment Emptying Transport Treatment $ 2016 Annualised Cost per Household Prof. Barbara Evans Works cited Lane, J. 2017. Design and Life-cycle Cost Models for the Sanitation Service Chain: Faecal Sludge Treatment in Kampala, Uganda, MSc Dissertation. School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, UK Johnson, J. 2018. GHG Emissions Emanating From On-Sanitation Systems: A Case Study of Kampala, MSc Dissertation. School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, UK Manga, M. 2011. An Investigative study to assess the lifecycle costs of low-cost sanitation technology options in the informal settlement and slum areas in Soweto (Johannesburg): Focus on simplified sewerage system. MSc Dissertation. School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, UK OSS Technologies (correspond to CH 4 type) Septic Tank Anaerobic environment. Half of BOD settles in tank. Latrine Type 1 Household latrines in dry climate, with ground water table well below bottom of pit Latrine Type 2 Communal latrines in dry climate, ground water table well below bottom of pit, Many users, higher volume of FS leading to a more anaerobic environment. These latrines are often poorly maintained. Latrine Type 3 Wet climate/flush water use, ground water table higher than latrine. These types of latrine have more anaerobic conditions. Latrine Type 4 UD and composting toilets, aerobic environments. Regular sediment removal for fertiliser. Bucket latrines may also fall into this category providing waste is correctly disposed of. Open Sewer Stagnant open sewers are often the site for illegal emptying of waste. They are heated by the sun which can lead to ideal conditions for methanogenesis however depending on the depth the sludge the top layers may be in aerobic conditions which would inhibit methane production. N 2 O Category A nitrification in the upper layers of the pits, not much denitrification is predicted to occur at the bottom B simple latrines, where the conditions are predicted to be slightly less aerobic in the upper layers of the sludge C account for both denitrification and some nitrification D increased nitrification in VIPs and more denitrification occurring deeper within the pits E simple latrines with less nitrification occurring at the surface F septic tanks in warmer climated countries G composting latrines designed for arobic decompositions and open defecation practices maintenance Direct operations Indirect operations administrations Fuel Electricity MAKE (Labour Cost) BUY (Assets, input materials and input services) Water Manufactured Equipment Other consumables Construction and installation of plants, facilities and related infrastructure Other service s Full vertical integration along the sanitation value chain Financing Taxes EXCLUDED from the Analysis Cost of licenses and administrative permits - Subsidies - Transaction costs along the sanitation Value chain. E.g. emptying fees, collection fees. - Revenue streams No Vertical integration along the construction, production and manufacturing supply chains Fieldwork Case Studies (Bangladesh) DSK (NGO), Dhaka WSUP- SWEEP (PPP), Dhaka Practical Action (NGO), Faridpur TOT Annualised Cost ($2016) 30,401 117, 395 37,495 per FS volume ($2016/m 3) 28 25 32 per # Trips ($2016/trips) 55 9 27 per Containments ($2016/ Containments) 58 2 Unknown Predicted Emissions of Each Individual Storage Technology per User (kgCO 2 e/cap/year)
Transcript of Urban Sanitation Cost and Climate - CACTU$...
More data collectionA Climate studyB Welfare studyC
www.engineering.leeds.ac.uk/cactus
@BEonthetoilet @wateratleeds
@iphee_leeds @cgd_leeds
Cost and ClimateUrban Sanitation
What’s next?
$0
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300
$350
CAPEXOPEX
CAPEXOPEX
CAPEXOPEX
Collection &Containment
Emptying & Transport
Treatment
100%
0%
6%
94%
48%
52%
100%
0%
34%
66%
50%
50%
100%
0%
82%
18%
54%
46%73%
27%
79%
21%
75%
25%
Cost Drivers for AHHC of FSM and Sewer-System
Dakar FSM
Nonthaburi FSM
Dakar Sewer
Cochabamba Sewer
1. Problem Planning sustainable urban sanitation services is hampered bythe lack of standard metrics of costs and climate impacts.Decision makers tend to avoid innovation and unbundling ofsolutions because it is not possible to readily model a range ofalternative solutions.
2. HypothesisCosts, climate and welfare impacts of sanitation services are afunction of population density and topography and can begeneralized on a regional basis to enable the ready generationof first order estimates of cost-benefits for any urban contexts.
3. Expected OutcomeCACTUS will design and develop standard cost metrics formodularized urban sanitation ‘systems’which can be applied in arange of geographical regions. The metrics will include financialcosts, and measures of climate impacts and welfare benefits.
4. Costing Data from LiteratureCAPEX
Min Max Unit Country Remarks
Collection &
Containment
113 550 Each
India, Thailand,
Senegal, Bangladesh,
Ghana, Burkina Faso
Mostly toilet + septic tank
(proper)/sealed tank
Emptying360 7500 Each
Tanzania, Kenya,
Uganda, Bangladesh
Diaphragm pump, MAPET, Vacutug,
Gulper (Mechanised emptying)
Transport
200 1500 per m'Senegal, Bangladesh,
USSewer PVC
7500 19000 Each BangladeshTruck/tanker without desludging
pump
Emptying & Transport31000 20700 Each
Thailand, Malaysia,
SenegalTruck capacity 2.5 - 10 m3
Treatment 6540 46000 per m3 capacity Thailand, Senegal FSTP
OPEX
Min Max Unit Country Remarks
Collection &
ContainmentAssumed none – unless water consumption estimated
Emptying 8.8 21.5 Per 1000 Lt Kenya, Tanzania MAPET and Gulper
Transport
66 Per HH per year Senegal Sewer
0.08 0.19 Per km per vehicle Bangladesh (rural)Transport by truck/tanker excluding
labour
Emptying & Transport 14750 45000 Per truck per year Thailand, Senegal
Treatment453 3000
Per m3 day capacity
per yearThailand, Senegal
FEES & CHARGES
Min Max Unit Country Remarks
Collection &
Containment0.12 162 HH per year
Philippines, Senegal,
MalaysiaSanitation tax paid by HH
Emptying
Transport 62 Senegal Connection fee to sewer
Emptying & Transport
7 152 HH per year
India, Thailand,
Malaysia, Senegal,
Bangladesh, Ghana,
Burkina Faso, Kenya,
Haiti, Peru, Uganda
Emptying fee, incl. CBS system
Treatment 2 73.2 Per truck Uganda, Malaysia Discharging fee to FSTP
Values reported in USD$2016
Project Descriptions
6. Costed Shit Flow Diagram
5. Study cases (literature based)
7. Data Collection
8. Climate Study 9. Welfare StudyOn-Site
(Manual FSM)
On-Site (Mechanical FSM)
Off-Site (Simplified Sewers)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Job Creation and Job Loss*
Skilled Labour Unskilled Labour Unpaid Labour
Job
Loss
Job
Creation
*Hypothetical scenarios; variation between and within systems
• There is not a lot of cost data globally
• By type of cost data, more CAPEX data
than OPEX
• By sanitation value chain, there is big
gap of data in emptying and transport
• There is very few cost information to
calculate a functioning sanitation system
as a whole system
• No standard unit of cost
• Ambiguity between actual cost and
tariff/price
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
To
tal
an
nu
al
co
sts
pe
r h
ou
se
ho
ld (
US
$)
Population density (Persons/ha)
Economic costs for different sanitation option
Simplified sewer Onsite sanitation1 Nonthaburi FSM
Dakar FSM Dakar Sewer Cochabamba Sewer
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Dir
ect
Sea
led
Infiltra
tin
g p
it
CB
S t
oile
t
Ma
nu
al
Me
ch
an
ical
Vacu
um
tru
ck
Ro
ad
Me
ch
an
ica
l
Pip
e (
SS
)
Pip
e (
CS
)
Ana
rob
ic D
isg
estio
n
Aera
ted S
yste
m
Co
mp
ostin
g
Pon
ds &
We
tla
nd
s
Containment Emptying Transport Treatment
$ 2
016
Annualised Cost per Household
Prof. Barbara Evans Works citedLane, J. 2017. Design and Life-cycle Cost Models for the Sanitation Service Chain: Faecal Sludge Treatment in Kampala, Uganda, MSc Dissertation.
School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, UK
Johnson, J. 2018. GHG Emissions Emanating From On-Sanitation Systems: A Case Study of Kampala, MSc Dissertation. School of Civil
Engineering, University of Leeds, UK
Manga, M. 2011. An Investigative study to assess the lifecycle costs of low-cost sanitation technology options in the informal settlement and slum
areas in Soweto (Johannesburg): Focus on simplified sewerage system. MSc Dissertation. School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, UK
OSS Technologies (correspond to CH4 type)
Septic
Tank
Anaerobic environment. Half of BOD
settles in tank.
Latrine
Type 1
Household latrines in dry climate, with
ground water table well below bottom of
pit
Latrine
Type 2
Communal latrines in dry climate, ground
water table well below bottom of pit,
Many users, higher volume of FS leading
to a more anaerobic environment. These
latrines are often poorly maintained.
Latrine
Type 3
Wet climate/flush water use, ground
water table higher than latrine. These
types of latrine have more anaerobic
conditions.
Latrine
Type 4
UD and composting toilets, aerobic
environments. Regular sediment removal
for fertiliser. Bucket latrines may also fall
into this category providing waste is
correctly disposed of.
Open
Sewer
Stagnant open sewers are often the site
for illegal emptying of waste. They are
heated by the sun which can lead to ideal
conditions for methanogenesis however
depending on the depth the sludge the
top layers may be in aerobic conditions
which would inhibit methane production.
N2O Category
A nitrification in the upper layers of the pits,
not much denitrification is predicted to
occur at the bottom
B simple latrines, where the conditions are
predicted to be slightly less aerobic in the
upper layers of the sludge
C account for both denitrification and some
nitrification
D increased nitrification in VIPs and more
denitrification occurring deeper within the
pits
E simple latrines with less nitrification
occurring at the surface
F septic tanks in warmer climated countries
G composting latrines designed for arobic
decompositions and open defecation
practices
maintenance
Direct operations
Indirect
operationsadministrations
Fuel Electricity
MAKE
(Labour Cost)
BUY
(Assets, input
materials and
input services)
Water Manufactured
Equipment
Other
consumables
Construction and installation of
plants, facilities and related
infrastructure Other
service
s
Full vertical integration along the
sanitation value chain
FinancingTaxes
EXCLUDED
from the
Analysis
Cost of licenses and administrative permits
- Subsidies
- Transaction costs along the sanitation Value chain. E.g. emptying fees, collection
fees.
- Revenue streams
No Vertical integration along the construction,
production and manufacturing supply chains
Fieldwork Case Studies
(Bangladesh)
DSK
(NGO),
Dhaka
WSUP-
SWEEP
(PPP),
Dhaka
Practical
Action
(NGO),
Faridpur
TOT Annualised Cost
($2016)30,401 117, 395 37,495
per FS volume
($2016/m3) 28 25 32
per # Trips ($2016/trips) 55 9 27
per Containments
($2016/
Containments)
58 2 Unknown
Predicted Emissions of Each Individual Storage Technology per User (kgCO2e/cap/year)
