Unit 5

Different Urban Types and Different Urban Types and

Traditional Chinese Villages Traditional Chinese Villages

Types of Chinese City/TownTypes of Chinese City/Town

Authorized (government concessiongovernment concession)

Unauthorized

Administrative center at all levels Administrative center at all levels

Commercial centerCommercial center

Garrison Town (Wei-Suo)Garrison Town (Wei-Suo)

Postal StationPostal Station

Others (detached palaces; mausoleum)Others (detached palaces; mausoleum)

Smuggling harborsSmuggling harbors

Oversea China TownOversea China Town

Commercial City/Town in HistoryCommercial City/Town in History

Windows for powerful (enclosed) empires International trade and the growth of big commercial cities; strict

segregation of Chinese from foreign merchants:

Yangzhou, Quanzhou and Guangzhou

Famous handicraft towns Advanced technology and productivity; the prosperity of exporting

trade: Jingdezhen, Huzhou and Foshan

Coast smuggling harbors Government maritime restrictions and the rampaging smugglers:

Zhoushan Islands and Zhangzhou harbor

Commercial Cities of ChinaCommercial Cities of ChinaYangzhouYangzhou QuanzhouQuanzhou

GuangzhouGuangzhou

Handicraft Towns and Smuggling Harbors

Jingdezhen Huzhow

Zhoushan IslandsZhoushan Islands

Construction of Postal StationConstruction of Postal Station Postal systemPostal system Early postal relay stations starting from the Han dynasty (206 BC-220

AD); Long distance trade integrated China and the world (Silk Road)

Great progress in Yuan DynastyGreat progress in Yuan Dynasty Genghis Khan installed an empire-wide messenger and postal station

system named Örtöö within the Mongol empire. The postal stations were used not only for the transmission and delivery of official mail, but also available for traveling officials, military men, and foreign dignitaries. There were more than 1400 postal stations in China alone by the end of Kublai Khan's rule.

Function of postal stationFunction of postal station Station troops; accommodate officers and merchants; warehouse and

market; local residents and temples

Postal Station and International Postal Station and International Trade during Mongolia DominanceTrade during Mongolia Dominance

Postal Stations in 1330Postal Stations in 1330

Postal Station in Ancient ChinaPostal Station in Ancient ChinaJimingyi, Hebei P.Jimingyi, Hebei P.

Mengyuyi Jiangsu P.Mengyuyi Jiangsu P.

South China: waterways South China: waterways

North China: impregnable pass North China: impregnable pass

InternationalInternational TradeTrade and World Citiesand World Cities

Garrison System and City ConstructionGarrison System and City Construction

Guard Town (Wei-Suo) system in Ming D.Guard Town (Wei-Suo) system in Ming D. A military system directly under the central government; unified

management of the army and local government

Function and organizationFunction and organization Cultivating the wilderness (Army FarmingArmy Farming) and guarding the

frontier: 5600 soldiers for 1 Wei, which has 5 Suo (each leads 1120 soldiers) under its command; altogether there were 547 Wei (both inner and outer) and 2563 Suo in Ming Dynasty.

Cities grew from the garrison townsCities grew from the garrison towns Jinzhou, Tianjin, Yantai, Nahui (Shanghai)……

Structure of Garrison TownStructure of Garrison Town

Location of Ming GarrisonsLocation of Ming GarrisonsNinghaiwei, Ninghaiwei, Shandong P.Shandong P.

Tianjinwei, Hebei P.Tianjinwei, Hebei P.

Songfanwei, Sichuan P.Songfanwei, Sichuan P.

Major Cities Born from Wei-SuoMajor Cities Born from Wei-Suo

Shanhai-Guan, Hebei P.Shanhai-Guan, Hebei P.

Yantai, Shandong P.Yantai, Shandong P.

Tianjin Tianjin

Elements for Village ConstructionElements for Village Construction

Natural and built environment Fengshui guided village location: mountain and land geomantic

configuration; well planned infrastructure: water supply, defense

facilities and drainage system

Religious and education buildings Lineage dominance and religion: Zongci (Ancestral Hall) and

Buddhist temples, village school and stage for local operas

Layout of Chinese traditional villages Village wall and guarded gate, public space, road system, rural

market system……

Typical Chinese VillagesTypical Chinese Villages (Hongcun, Anhui Province) (Hongcun, Anhui Province)

Typical Chinese Villages Typical Chinese Villages (Dangjia, Shannxi Province) (Dangjia, Shannxi Province)

Traditional Clan Compound Traditional Clan Compound ( (Shangxi Wangjia)Shangxi Wangjia)

Road System in Chinese VillagesRoad System in Chinese Villages

Dangjiacun, Shannxi P. Dangjiacun, Shannxi P.

Hongcun, Anhui P. Hongcun, Anhui P.

Zheng He‘s Long Voyages &Zheng He‘s Long Voyages & the the Construction of Oversea China-town Construction of Oversea China-town Expansion of Ming Empire influence

Political motivation gave impetus to the great sea adventure: struggle to the throne in Ming Dynasty (1399-1402) and the demonstrate of the new empire’s power

Economic benefits and cultural exchanges Exchange of commodities between China, Southeast Asian countries

and Africa: silk, porcelain, gild gifts vs. ostriches, zebras, camels and ivory, etc. ; knowledge about various local customs and practices in daily life vs. the understanding of a highly developed civilization in the East;

Construction of China-towns in Southeast Asia (Malysia, Indonesia, Singapore……)

Voyages of Zheng He & the Discovery Voyages of Zheng He & the Discovery

Arabia Peninsula, East Africa, India, Arabia Peninsula, East Africa, India, Malay Archipelago and Thailand, Malay Archipelago and Thailand, Champa, Java, Siam, Cochin, Ceylon.....Champa, Java, Siam, Cochin, Ceylon.....Malacca became a useful transit centre Malacca became a useful transit centre for replenishment of Ming fleet for replenishment of Ming fleet suppliessupplies

Surabaya, IndonesiaSurabaya, Indonesia

Zheng He’s Navigation based on the Advanced Technology in Ship-building

Zheng He’s nautical chart Zheng He’s nautical chart

China Town in the WorldChina Town in the World

China Town in New YorkChina Town in New YorkConfuciusConfucius TowerTower