Unit 1 - MatterWhat you should know at the end of this unit.

____ Lab Safety ____ States of Matter ____ Lab Equipment ____ Specific Heat____ Properties of Matter ____ Classification of ____ SI Units and Prefixes Matter____ Significant Figures ____ Physical Properties____ Metric Conversions and Changes____ Density ____ Chemical Properties____ Density Calculations and Changes____ Percent Error____ Dimensional Analysis

What is Chemistry?

Chemistry is the study of the structure, function, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes.

What are Chemicals?

Chemicals are is any substances with a definite composition.

Matter and its Properties

Matter is anything that has mass and volume.

Example: A piece of chalk has matter but

sunlight does not.

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object.

Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object.

An element is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom.Example: Gold, Silver, Sodium, Fluorine

An atom is the smallest particle of a chemical element that retains its properties.

Compounds are substances composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically bonded in a specific ratio.

Example: Water is always H2O.

A molecule is the smallest particle of a chemical compound that retains its

properties.

Example: A sample of methane is composed of CH4 molecules.

Properties are characteristics of matter that can be observed.

Example: Water boils at 1000C

and vinegar reacts with baking soda to form carbon dioxide.

Physical properties can be observed without changing the composition of the

substance.

Example: Boiling point, Odor, and Density

States of matter include solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.

Solids are closely packed, have strong attractive forces, and vibrate around fixed points. They have low compressibility, because they are tightly packed.

Liquids have a indefinite shape and definite volume. They are close together

but can move past each other. The attractive forces in a liquid are weaker

and can be overcome allowing liquids to flow.

Gases have indefinite shape and volume. They move randomly, are far from each

other, and have little attraction. They have higher compressibility, because the

particles are far apart.

Plasma is a high energy state in which electrons have been knocked off the

atoms.Example: Plasma is found in fluorescent

light tubes and in the sun.

Physical changes do not change the identity of the substance.

Example: Cutting a board in half is a physical change.

State (phase) changes are physical changes from one state to another.

Endothermic change is a change in which energy is absorbed. The

substance takes in energy and the particles move faster as a result.

Which processes are exothermic?

Exothermic change is a change in which energy is released. The

substance loses energy and the particles move slower as a result.

Which processes are endothermic?

State of Change ChartProcess Change Particle

Motion

Heat

Change

Example

Melting Solid to liquid

Speeds up

Endothermic Ice → Water

Freezing Liquid to solid

Slows

down

Exothermic Water → Ice

Vaporization Liquid to gas

Speeds

up

Endothermic Water Boiling

Condensation Gas to liquid

Slows

down

Exothermic Dew Forming

Sublimation Solid to gas

Speeds

up

Endothermic Dry Ice

Deposition Gas to solid

Slows down

Exothermic Frost

Forming

Phase Change Diagram is a graph of temperature versus energy that shows how energy added or removed from a substance affects its state. During a state change, composition does not change.

Another type of phase diagram is a graph of pressure versus temperature that shows the conditions under which

the states of matter exist.

In a chemical change, a new substance will be formed.

A chemical change usually involves a chemical reaction taking place.

The International System (S.I.) is a set of standard unit of measurement for

scientists throughout the world.

Quantity Unit ABBREVLength meter m

Mass kilogram kg

Temperature kelvin K

Amount of Substance

mole mol

S.I. Base Units

S.I. prefixes are added to the base units to increase or decrease their value by

powers of 10.Numerical prefix

Symbol Meaning Multiplier Exponential Multiplier

kilo k thousand 1,000 1 X 103

hecto h hundred 100 1 X 102

deka da ten 10 1 X 101

deci d tenth 0.1 1 X 10-1

centi c hundredth 0.01 1 X 10-2

milli m thousandth 0.001 1 X 10-3

Converting within a specific quantity requires moving the decimal place.

Example: 546 µm = .000546 m

Example: 0.00056 kL = 560 ml

Example: 1000 g = 1 kg

The Metric Number Line

We are mostly interested in measurements from the kilo to milli – region of the number line. Use a device to help

you remember the order of the prefixes. Kind Hearted Dads Make Dark Chocolate Milk

Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object. Mass does not change with location. The unit used for mass is the gram (g). The instrument we use to measure mass

is a balance.

Weight is a measure of the force of gravity between objects. Weight will vary with location and the unit of measure for weight is the Newton (N). The instrument we use to measure weight is the spring scale.

Length is the distance covered by an object.

Unit of measure for length is the meter (m). The instrument used to measure length is a ruler, meter stick, etc.

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter. The units that can be used for temperature are Kevin (K)

or Celsius (0C).

The instrument used to measure temperature is the thermometer.

Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its motion.

Gas molecules move faster than the molecules in solids and liquids, and therefore, have more kinetic energy.

Gas molecules Liquid molecules Solid Molecules

Heat is the energy transferred as a result of a temperature difference.

Left undisturbed, energy will flow from objects of high temperature to objects of low temperature until the objects have

equal temperature.

Unit – Joules (J) or Calories (cal)

1 cal – 4.184 J

1000 cal = 1 kcal also called 1 food Calorie

A calorimeter is the

Instrument used to

measure energy.

Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object. cubic m (m3) = length X length X lengthUnit = cubic centimeter (cm3) = 1 milliliter (mL)The instrument we use most often to measure volume is the graduated cylinder.

Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the actual(accepted) value.

Example: Your watch

is accurate if it is

close to the time

kept by the National

Institute of Standards

and Technology

(N.I.S.T.)

Precision is how close a set of measurements are to each other.

Example: A field goal kicker is precise if he kicks the ball through the goal posts every time.

Significant Figures or Digits

The number of reliable digits in a measurement based on accuracy of the

measuring instrument.

The last digit in the number may be an estimated one.

Rules for Significant Digits

1. Digits other than zero are significant.

Example: 947.3 - 4 significant figures

2. Zeros between other significant digits are significant. The oreo effect! 20,047 has 5 significant figures

2. Leading zeros are NEVER significant.

Put numbers with leading zeros into scientific notation

4. Ending zeros are significant if the decimal point is expressd. 500.0 4 sig. fig.

RoundingWhen rounding a number, look one place to the right of the digit you are rounding

to. If that digit is 5 or above, increase the digit by 1.

If that digit is less than 5, leave the digit the same.

Example: Round 70633 to 3 Round 66.67 to 3 sig. fig. =significant figures 70600 66.7

Significant Figures in Multiplying and Dividing

When multiplying or dividing, the answer can have no more significant figures than the measurement with the least number of significant figures.

Example:

49.600 g. / 47.40 cm3 = 1.046

Dimensional Analysis

A conversion factor is a fraction that I

a ratio equivalent to 1.

Example: 1000 m / 1 km

1 km / 1000 m

Factor – label method or dimensional analysis is a problem – solving method that uses conversion factors to change

unit.

Example 1: 60 km / hr = ? cm / s

1000 m = 1 km 100 cm = 1 m

Example 2: Helen is driving her car at

60 km / s. What is her speed

in m / h?

Example 3: How many ml are in a 3 L

of saline solution?

Specific heat (Cp) is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature

of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

Unit = J / (g X 0C)

Instrument = calorimeter

Equation = q = m x Cp X ΔT

q = heat in Joules

m = mass in grams

ΔT = change in temperature in 0C

Example: A 4 g. sample of glass was heated from 274 0C to 314 0C, a

temperature increase of 40 0C and

was found to have absorbed 32 J of

energy as heat. What is the specific

heat of this type of glass?

Equation = q = m X Cp X ΔT

Example 2: If 980 J of energy is added to 6200g of water, by how much does the

temperature change?

Cp of water = 4.184 J / g X 0C

Calorimetry:    The process of determining the heat of  a reaction by measuring the change in temperature in known liquids. Equation to know:                        q = m * c * DT                        q: Heat of reaction (Joules or Calories)m: mass of known substance (g)c: specific heat (Joules per gram celsius or calories per gram celsius )                       DT: change in temperature (celsius) 

Sometime around 250 B.C., the Greek mathematician Archimedes was given the task of determining whether a craftsman had defrauded the King of Syracuse by replacing some of the gold in the King’s crown with silver.

Archimedes thought about the problem while relaxing in a bathing pool. As he entered the pool, he noticed that water spilled over the sides of the pool. Archimedes had a moment of epiphany. He realized that the amount of water that spilled was equal in volume to the space that his body occupied.

This fact suddenly provided him with a method for differentiating a mixed silver and gold crown from a pure gold crown. Because a measure of silver occupies more space than an equivalent measure of gold, Archimedes placed the craftsman’s crown and an equivalent pure gold crown in two tubs of water. He found that more water spilled over the sides of the tub when the craftsman’s crown was submerged. It turned out that the craftsman had been defrauding the King!

Archimedes had used the concept of density to expose the fraud. Density is a physical property of matter that describes the degree of compactness of a substance, in other words, closely packed together the atoms of an element or molecules of a compound are. The more closely packed together the individual particles of a substance are, the more dense that substance is.

Density is a derived unit formed from dividing the mass of a substance by its

volume.

Unit = any mass unit divided by any volume

unit

Examples: g/ mL, kg/L

D = m / V D = density m = mass

V = volume

Example 1:

A piece of metal is 1.5 cm X 1.5 cm X 1.5 cm. It has a mass of

30.17 g. Calculate its density.

D = m / V

Example 2:

What is the volume of a 17.8 g/cm3 piece of cobalt that has a density of 8.90 g/cm3 ?

D = m / V

Physical Properties

Physical properties are properties that can be observed without changing the composition of the substance.

Boiling Point

Melting Point Color

Possible Physical ChangesChange Hair colorWear Colored ContactsLoose Weight

Possible Chemical ChangesTake drugs which effect your temperament and outlook

Chemical PropertiesChemical properties can be observed as

a substance changes into a different substance.

Chemical Change

Chemical changes are chemical reactions.

During a chemical reaction one substance is changed into another substance.

Signs of a Chemical Reaction

1. Heat is given off or absorbed.

2. Light is given off.

3. Gas or ppt formed

4. Color Change not due to moisture loss or gain.

5. Odor change.

6. Change is not easily reversed.

Classification of Matter

Substances are either elements or compounds.

Elements cannot be broken down by chemical reactions.

Compounds can be broken down to simpler compounds or elements by a

chemical change.

Example:

Water can be broken into hydrogen and oxygen gas with electrolysis.

MixturesMixtures contain more than one substance.

Their composition may vary from sample to sample. Mixtures can generally be separated by a physical change.

Methods for Classifying Matter

1. If the substance is listed on the

periodic table, then it is an element.

2. If you put an “and” in the substance’s

name, then it is a mixture.

example: peanut butter and jelly

3. If the substance has more than one

type of atom, then it is a compound.

Homogeneous Mixtures

Homogeneous mixtures or solutions are mixtures with uniform composition.

Heterogeneous Mixtures

Heterogeneous Mixtures are mixtures without uniform composition. You can see the different components that make up the mixture

Methods for Separating MixturesDifferent methods can be used to separate the parts of a mixture. Most of these methods utilize physical properties.

One method would be filtration.

Distillation

Crude oil goes through fractional distillation which utilizes differences in boiling points to separate the different

petroleum products.

Distillation of Petroleum Products

Paper Chromatography

In paper chromatography, chemical interactions with the paper make compounds travel at different rates.

Classification of Matter