Post on 22-Dec-2015
Tolerancing
Chapter 10
2Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Objectives
• Describe nominal size, tolerance, limits, and allowance of two mating parts
• Identify a clearance fit, interference fit, and transition fit
• Describe the basic hole and basic shaft systems
3Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Objectives (cont.)
• Dimension mating parts using limit dimensions, unilateral tolerances, and bilateral tolerances
• Describe the classes of fit and give examples of each
• Draw geometric tolerancing symbols
• Specify geometric tolerances
4Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Understanding Tolerance
• Tolerancing is an extension of dimensioning
• It allows you to specify a range of accuracy for every feature of a product so the parts will fit together and function properly when assembled
5Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Understanding Tolerance
• To provide tolerances in CAD, you must:• Understand the fit required between
mating parts• Have a clear picture of how inspection
measurements are performed• Be able to apply tolerance symbols to
a drawing
6Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Tolerance
• Tolerance is the total amount a specific dimension is permitted to vary
• Use generous tolerances when possible because increased precision makes parts more expensive to manufacture
7Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Quality Control
• Large batches of parts may use statistical methods to control quality where a sample of parts are inspected
• Specific tolerances are based on the part’s function and fit
8Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Variations in Form
• Acceptable parts must not extend beyond boundary limits
9Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Implied 90 Degree Angles
• When lines intersect on a drawing at angles of 90 degrees, it is customary not to dimension the angle
• Implied 90 degree angles have the same general tolerances applied to them as any other angles covered by a general note
10Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Implied 90 Degree Angles
11Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Fits Between Mating Parts
• Fit is the term for the range of tightness or looseness resulting from the allowances and tolerances in mating parts
12Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Clearance Fit
13Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Interference Fit
14Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Transition Fit
15Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Definitions for Size Designation• Nominal size – used for general
identification and usually expressed in decimals
• Basic size (basic dimension) – the theoretically exact size from which limits of size are determined
16Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
• Actual size – the measured size of a finished part
• Allowance – the minimum clearance or maximum interference specified to achieve a fit between two mating parts
Definitions for Size Designation
17Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Basic Hole System
• Toleranced dimensions are commonly determined using the basic hole system in which the minimum hole size is taken as the basic size
18Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Basic Shaft System
• In this system, the maximum shaft is taken as the basic size and is used only in specific circumstances
19Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Specifying Tolerances
• The primary ways to indicate tolerances in a drawing are:• A general tolerance note• A note providing a tolerance for a
specific dimension• A reference on the drawing to another
document that specifies the required tolerances
20Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Specifying Tolerances
• (cont.)• Adding limit tolerances to dimensions• Adding direct plus/minus tolerances
to dimensions• Geometric tolerances
21Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
General Tolerance Notes
22Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Limit Tolerances
23Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Plus-or-Minus Tolerances
24Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Tolerance Stacking
25Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Tolerances and Machining Processes
26Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Metric System of Tolerances and Fits• The preceding material on limits
and fits applies to both systems of measurement
• The ISO has a system of preferred metric limits and fits• The system is specified for holes,
cylinders, and shafts and has similar definitions of terms
27Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Geometric Tolerancing
• Geometric tolerances state the maximum allowable variations of a form or its position from the perfect geometry implied in the drawing• The term “geometric” refers to forms
such as planes, cylinders, squares, etc.
28Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Geometric Tolerancing
• Tolerances of form and position (or location) control such characteristics as:• Straightness• Flatness• Parallelism• Perpendicularity (squareness)• Concentricity• Roundness• Angular displacement, etc.
29Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Geometric Characteristics and Modifying Symbols
30Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Symbols for Tolerances of Position and Form
31Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Symbols for Tolerances of Position and Form
32Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Datum Surfaces and Features• Datum surfaces and features are
used as references to control other features
33Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Maximum Material Condition• Maximum material condition
(MMC) means that a feature of a finished product contains the maximum amount of material permitted by the toleranced dimensions for that feature
34Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Tolerances of Angles
• Bilateral tolerances have traditionally been given on angles
35Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Using Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing• Geometric dimensioning and
tolerancing (GDT) considers an individual part’s dimensions and tolerances and that part’s relation to its related parts
• GDT also simplifies the inspection process
36Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Using Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing• Applying GDT principles requires:
• Defining the part’s functions• Listing the functions by priority• Defining the datum reference frame• Control selection• Calculating tolerances