THE US BECOMES A GLOBAL POWERAMERICA ENTERS THE WORLD

American Imperialism

Patterns: Old or New

Bemis – aberrationNew

Populated Commercial reasons No settlements No statehood

Lafeber –culmination

Continuation of manifest destiny

Patterns continue Bully compromise

Factors that push towards imperialism

Commerce/trade – investment US investments 1869-1908

US Foreign Trade: 1870-1914

Racism and Social DarwinismFiske & Strong – Anglo-Saxon

superiority

The Hierarchyof Race

The Hierarchyof Race

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurden

Military and Strategic Interests

Tracy & Mahan – The Influence of Sea Power

New Navy

Great Power Status – Jingoism

Missionary Impulse

American Missionariesin China, 1905

American Missionariesin China, 1905

Closing of the American Frontier – Turner’s thesis

Pressure

The people want it – support for expansion

Support in the press“A new consciousness seems to have come

upon us – a consciousness of strength – and with it a new appetite, the yearning to show our strength. The taste of empire is in the mouth of the people even as the taste of blood in the jungle….” Washington Post

Spheres of Influence

Latin America Asia and Pacific

Imperialism/Foreign Policy 1867-1900

Alaska - 1867Seward’s Folly

Fingers into the Pacific

Midway – 1867 Samoa -1889Goal = the “plum” China

Latin America

Tariff Reciprocity - BlainePan Americanism – Washington Conf.Venezuela Crisis – Cleveland & Olney

Challenges to Monroe Doctrine – Britain Resolution? (1895)

Hawaii

Missionaries and Missionary Boys

Imiola Church 1820sImiola Church 1820s

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiU. S. Business Interests In HawaiiU. S. Business Interests In HawaiiU. S. Business Interests In Hawaii

1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity Treaty Treaty

1890 – 1890 – McKinley TariffMcKinley Tariff

1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed businessmen backed ananuprising against uprising against Queen Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole proclaims the proclaims the Republic Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Spanish American War 1898

Background

Marti – Cuban insurgencyWilson –Gorman Tariff – hurt Cuba’s

economy Reconcentration Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

““YellowYellow Journalism” & Journalism” & JingoismJingoism““YellowYellow Journalism” & Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

De LômeDe Lôme Letter LetterDe LômeDe Lôme Letter Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and weak and aabidder for the bidder for the admirationadmirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be being a would-be politicianpoliticianwho tries to leave a who tries to leave a doordooropen behind himself open behind himself whilewhilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.

Remember the Maine and to Hell with Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!Spain!Remember the Maine and to Hell with Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!Spain!

McKinley’s Role

Spanish refusal of the “ultimatum” War Declaration

End barbarities Protect American lives & investment

Teller Amendment – no annexation – Cuban ‘independence”

Leutchenburg assessment

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.

Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his Resigns his position to fight in position to fight in Cuba.Cuba.

The Spanish-American War (1898):The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War (1898):The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

Most Significant Front: The Philippines

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

The Rough Riders

The American Anti-Imperialist The American Anti-Imperialist LeagueLeagueThe American Anti-Imperialist The American Anti-Imperialist LeagueLeague

Founded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Arguments against Imperialism

Tradition – “isolationism” unilateralismOwn colonial experiences – violated self

determination Expense and use of resources Racism Labor fears End of Reform – focus on own

needs/problems

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the

island of Guam.island of Guam. The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for theThe U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the

Philippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomes an The U. S. becomes an imperial imperial power!power!

Significance of the Spanish American War

Am acquires an Empire – world power – reinforces manifest destiny ideas Governing an empire

Tensions between internationalists and isolationists

Presidential power and activism increase – foreign affairs

Military changes Increased size army & navy; centralized

planning – joint chief of staff; military training schools – Leavenworth; federalized the national guard

Racism –Philippine insurrection

Philippine Insurrection - Aguinaldo

Leader of the FilipinoLeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

IroniesTime and cost Strategies and TacticsAmerican methods worse than Spain in

CubaTaft – excellent administration

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

Non-Colonizing Imperialism William Appleman Williams

Control – economically, politically Don’t own

Examples:

Cuban Independence

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements withwith foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if 2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.independent govt.

3. Cuba must lease 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. to the U.S. forfor naval and coaling station. naval and coaling station.

4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.debt.

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

The Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist Taylor

Does Citizenship Follow the Flag?

Foraker Act 1900– Puerto RicoOrganic Act 1900 - HawaiiInsular Cases 1901-1904

Incorporated and unincorporated territories DeLima v Bidwell; Dooley v US; Downes v

Bidwell –Maybe – Congress determines

Jones Act 1917Foner: Two Freedoms abandoned

No taxation w/o representation Gov’t by consent of the governed

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay. .

Two Open Door Notes 1899 & 1900Two Open Door Notes 1899 & 1900

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

Stereotypes of the Chinese Stereotypes of the Chinese ImmigrantImmigrant

Stereotypes of the Chinese Stereotypes of the Chinese ImmigrantImmigrant

Chinese Exclusion Act,

1887

Chinese Exclusion Act,

1887

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900The Boxer Rebellion: 1900The Boxer Rebellion: 1900The Boxer Rebellion: 1900

The Open Door Policy

America as a Pacific PowerAmerica as a Pacific PowerAmerica as a Pacific PowerAmerica as a Pacific Power

The Cares of a Growing FamilyThe Cares of a Growing FamilyThe Cares of a Growing FamilyThe Cares of a Growing Family

Roosevelt: “Big Stick” Diplomacy

Panama

1850 1850 Clayton-Clayton-BulwerBulwer Treaty Treaty..

1901 1901 Hay-Hay-PauncefortePaunceforte Treaty Treaty. .

Philippe Bunau-Varilla,Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.agent provocateur.

Dr. Walter Reed.Dr. Walter Reed.

Colonel W. Goethals.Colonel W. Goethals.

1903 1903 Hay-Bunau-Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty Varilla Treaty..

Building the Canal - 1904

The The RooseveltRoosevelt Corollary Corollary The The RooseveltRoosevelt Corollary Corollary

Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Asia and the Pacific: Japan

Taft-Katsura Treaty 1905 Japan/Korea; US/Philippines recognized

Gentleman’s Agreement 1908 Great White Fleet 1907-1909

Demonstrated US Naval power

Root-Takahira Treaty 1908 Respect each nation’s Pacific possession

Support Open Door in China Guaranteed China’s Territorial Integrity

The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908

Issue = discrimination against Japanese in SF – segregated school; US fears workers re labor

Japan restricted worker emigration

TR persuaded SF to repeal discriminatory laws

Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905

Russo-Japanese War 1904

Policing the World Policing the World Policing the World Policing the World

Taft: Dollar Diplomacy Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for US opportunities for US businesses.businesses.

Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther US interestsfurther US interestsoverseas.overseas.

Therefore, the US Therefore, the US should create stability and should create stability and order abroad that would order abroad that would best promote America’s best promote America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.

Banana Republics –”El Banana Republics –”El Pulpo” United Fruit Pulpo” United Fruit CompanyCompany

RR in ManchuriaRR in Manchuria

US Investment: Global and Latin America

Lodge Corollary: 1912

Non-European Non-European powers,powers,like like Japan,Japan, would be would beexcluded from excluded from owningowningterritory in the territory in the WesternWesternHemisphere.Hemisphere.

Concerns – Japan’s Concerns – Japan’s interest in Baja, CA -interest in Baja, CA -harborsharbors

CompetitionCompetition

RacismRacism

Offends Japan & LAmOffends Japan & LAm

Relationship with Japan

California limits property ownership for Japanese in 1913

Twenty-One Demands – Japan demands authority over China – desires to extend Sphere of Influence in SE Asia

Wilson: Moral Diplomacy Bryan = Sec. of StateArbitration –

promote peace – “cooling off” treaties

Reconciliation – “Right past wrongs” – Colombia paid; citizenship to PR

Spread democracy Decrease militarismRespect the rights of

other nationsCondemn

colonialism –Jones Act 1917 – Philippines

BUT – intervenes often

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.

Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.

The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.

Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

Emiliano Zapata

Emiliano Zapata

Venustiano Carranza

Venustiano Carranza

Francisco I Madero

Francisco I Madero

Pancho Villa

Pancho Villa

Porfirio Diaz

Porfirio Diaz

Border WarsPershing and Villa 1914

US Intervention in Latin America

Impact

Latin America

Resentment American desire for

stability -support for dictators (Caudillos)

Violated democratic principles

Asia & Pacific

Competition and rivalry w/ other growing nation – Japan

Pacific and China regarded as Japanese sphere of influence

Changes to Military Structure

Increase size of army & navy Federal gov’t > national guardMilitary training college – Ft

LeavenworthChief of Staff Centralized planning agency