TheRevolutio

nsOf 1848

TheRevolutio

nsOf 1848“The Springtime of Peoples”“The Springtime of Peoples”

The turning point at which history failed to

turn. --- George Macaulay Trevelyn [1937]

The turning point at which history failed to

turn. --- George Macaulay Trevelyn [1937]

Atmosphere in EuropeAtmosphere in Europe

G NationalismG Napoleonic

WarsG Napoleonic

CodeG Congress of

ViennaG Age of

MetternichG Industrializatio

n

Liberals vs. Nationalists in Liberals vs. Nationalists in ItalyItaly

G Italy was divided in 1815G Risorgimento – nationalist movement

aimed at liberation & unification Mazzini – Young Italy Movement (Carbonari)

goal was to create a republic

G 1848-1849 nationalist revolt & overthrew Austrian rulers in Lombardy & Venetia

Mazzini seizes Rome & set up a republic 1849 – most territories were recaptured

(Sardinia remained independent)

G Italians were divided over the government

Conservatives Liberals

Federation Constitutional Monarchy

Kingdom of SardiniaKingdom of Sardinia

G Giuseppe Mazzini established a Roman Republic in 1849 protected by Giuseppe Garibaldi.

G Pope Pius IX forced to flee.

G Victor Emmanuel II takes the throne in Sardinia-Piedmont.

Reasons for Failure in Reasons for Failure in ItalyItaly

G Rural people did not support the revolutions.

Revolutionaries focused mainly on urban middle classes.

G The revolutionaries were not united.

Fear of radicals among moderates lead to the collapse of the revolutions.

G Lack of leadership and administrative experience among the revolutionaries.

Italian Unification Italian Unification MovementMovement

5. Unification of Italy 1860

2. Cavour allies with Napoleon III

3. War with Austria 1859

4. Garibaldi and the Black Shirts Rise up

1. Young Italy Movement

Steps to UnificationSteps to Unification

G 1. Young Italy Movement – 1848-1849 Giuseppe Mazzini – organized a nationalistic movement, goal was to create a republic.

G 2. Cavour Allies with Napoleon III Cavour modernized Sardinia by… Set up an alliance against Austria

G 3. War with Austria 1858 Drove Austrians out of Italy Nap III feared Prussian interference &

signed a peace treaty with Austria Results…

G 4. Garibaldi and the Red Shirts Wanted total Italian Freedom Led the Southern States and Sicily to

independence

Steps to Unification Steps to Unification cont.cont.

5.Italy is Unified Under King Victor 5.Italy is Unified Under King Victor Emmanuel II 1860Emmanuel II 1860

TheGermanStates

TheGermanStates

The Unification of GermanyThe Unification of Germany

The “Three Germanies”The “Three Germanies”

G Wanted to unite German states (laws, currency, rulers)

G 1700’s strengthened by Frederick William I & II

Napoleon I effects

G Became military powerG 1815 creation of the

German ConfederationG Nationalist favored

Prussian rule

Prussia as a LeaderPrussia as a Leader

The ZollvereinThe Zollverein

G Inflation created by tariffs made trade btw costly.

G 1818 Junkers & others persuaded king of Prussia to abolish tariffs w/in Prussian territories

G German industrialization

G French influence National

Assembly & Const. Monarchy

Bismark & Prussian StrengthBismark & Prussian Strength

G Prime Minister Powerful army Opposed

democracy Authoritarian rule Expand Prussia

G Political policies

Three Wars of UnificationThree Wars of Unification

G Goals:

G Danish War Holstein Schleswig Danish King

Christian IX

7 Weeks War7 Weeks War

G Napoleon III remained neutral

G Allied w/ Italy to provoke Austria

G New technology

G Treaty of Prague

Ems Dispatch [1870]: Catalyst for Ems Dispatch [1870]: Catalyst for WarWar

1868 revolt in Spain.

Spanish leaders wantedPrince Leopold von Hohenz.[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king.

France protested & his name was withdrawn.

The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.

Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

Franco-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War 1870-18711870-1871

G Results: Southern

German States unite

Nap III surrenders

Prussia occupies Paris

Alsace & Lorraine

Formation of the German Formation of the German Empire 1/18/1871Empire 1/18/1871

G Constitution gave: 25 states, independent rulers w/ domestic power to govern, tax & enforce the law

G Southern StatesG Federal GovernmentG KaiserG Government

Bundesrat Reichstag

G Prussian state strongly influenced German government

Opposition for the FutureOpposition for the Future

G Problems with the EmpireG Prussian power was to influential in

the German Gov’tG “Kulturkampf” (Culture struggle)

Anti-catholic program: Reaction to Bismark – Centre Party doubled in size 1878 Bismark had to end his policy

Industrial Industrial DevelopmentDevelopment under Bismarckunder Bismarck

G Rich Natural Resources led to the development of RR & canals.

G German’s took advantage of other nation’s industrial advancement.

G Bismarck’s advancements

Socialism in GermanySocialism in Germany

G Socialism – economic system in which the society collectively or the government owns the means of production & distributes the goods, capital & land equitably.

In Germany socialist are a group of political economists who advocated for state aid to better the working class and their standard of living.

Working class demands – Social-Democratic Party – urban workers

• Gained 12 seats in the Reichstag in 1869

Anti-Socialist Anti-Socialist CampaignCampaign

G Blamed the socialists for attempted assassination of the Kaiser.

Reichstag dissolved – new elections Prohibited written socialist propaganda Banned public meetings

G 1883 Bismarck granted social reforms: Insurance against sickness & accidents Limit working hrs & certain paid holidays. Guaranteed pensions for the disabled &

retiredG *leader in gov’t initiated social reforms

G 1888 Wilhelm I diedG Prince Frederick III died

within months of confirmation

G Wilhelm II became emperor at 29

Conservative Authoritarian

control Reduce Bismarck’s

powerG 1890 socialist gained

more seats – Disagreement Erupted

The New KaiserThe New Kaiser

G Germany had a strong military, economy but a politically stiffened parliament

G Wilhelm II increased size & strength of the army & navy

After The Resignation After The Resignation of Bismarkof Bismark

THEAFTERMATH

THEAFTERMATH

Democrats Swept Out of Democrats Swept Out of EuropeEurope

Why did the Why did the 18481848 Revolutions FailRevolutions Fail??

G They failed to attract popular support from the working classes.

G The middle classes led these revolutions, but as they turned radical, the middle class held back.

G Nationalism divided more than united.G Where revolutions were successful, the Old

Guard was left in place and they turned against the revolutionaries.

G Some gains lasted [abolition of serfdom, etc.]

G BUT, in the long term, most liberal gains would be solidified by the end of the 19c:

The unification of Germany and Italy. The collapse of the Hapsburg Empire at the

end of World War I.

The Bottom Line The Bottom Line

G It looked like the Conservative forces had triumphed.

G BUT… Things had changed forever. Economic/social problems continued

to be constant challenges to the ruling order.

Conservatives would have to make concessions in order to stay in power.

Many of the limited Liberal achievements remained permanent.