Post on 01-Sep-2014
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The Physics of the
UniverseMatter Matters:
Thermodynamics, Energy, & Matter
1The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com
• Heat - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat• Temperature - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature
• Energy - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy• Pressure - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure• Volume - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume• Entropy - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy
• Thermal + Dynamics• The physics of heat (energy)
Components
Thermodynamics
2The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com
What is Heat?System 1 System 2
Heat Energy Transferred
High Energy Density
Low Energy Density
Systems Contain a form of Energy, NOT HEAT
HEAT is what is transferred from Higher to Lower Energy System
3The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com
Fundamental Laws
of Thermodynamics
6The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com
0th Law
If A = B& B = CThen A
= C
7The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com
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- Heat is a form of energy
- Energy is conserved (It stays in the
system)
1st Law
The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com
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Entropy measures how
randomly Energy is
scattered all over a system
In a closed environment, Total Entropy
can’t decrease
2nd Law
The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com
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3rd LawWhen
Temperature (T) Kelvin = 0, Entropy = 0
T= 0 is unobtainable
(Beyond frozen point with no energy for
movement)The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com
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Phase Changes
The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com
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What is a Phase Change?
• Small Amount of Energy enters substance (system)
• Temperature remains same
• Entropy increased (more disorder, less symmetry)
• Elements of matter are totally rearranged
The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com
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Phase ChangesThrough the
Creation of theUniverse
The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com
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Temperature is Proportional to the Collision Energy of Particles
Fast = Hot
Slow = ColdThe Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com
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E = mc2
“In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the concept that
the mass of a body is a measure of its energy content.
In this concept, mass is a property of all energy, and energy is a
property of all mass, and the two properties are connected by a
constant.
This means (for example) that the total internal energy E of a body at
rest is equal to the product of its rest mass m and a
suitable conversion factor to transform from units of
mass to units of energy.” – Wikipedia
The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com
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• Energy is converted
into particle-
antiparticle pairs.
• The early universe
was full of particles
and radiation
because of its high
temperature
The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com
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4 Forces of the Universe
•Strong Force•Weak Force
• Electromagnetic Force
•GravityThe Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com
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Beginning: amounts of matter and
antimatter nearly equal (roughly 1 extra proton for
every 109 proton–antiproton pairs!)
End: matter and antimatter
annihilate leaving 10-7% matter.
The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com
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Era of Nucleosynthesis“Regular” Nuclear
reactions beginNuclei fuse making
about 1 in 12 Helium nucleiThe Physics of the Universe -
www.TheLuluChronicles.com