Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?
-
Upload
carmel-stokes -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?
![Page 1: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Particle PhysicsIntroduction to Particle Physics
How to compute the Universe?
![Page 2: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What do we study?What do we study?
How did we get from here… … to here?
![Page 3: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
So, how So, how diddid we get from we get from particles to galaxies?particles to galaxies?
![Page 4: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Brief history of the Universe
![Page 5: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Thus, we have to understand Thus, we have to understand what our world is made of…what our world is made of…
![Page 6: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What is the world made of?What is the world made of?
Fire Water Earth Air
… that is, according to the Greeks!
![Page 7: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Modern understanding: the ``onion’’ pictureModern understanding: the ``onion’’ picture
Let’s see what’s inside!
Nucleus
![Page 8: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Modern understanding: the ``onion’’ pictureModern understanding: the ``onion’’ picture
Let’s see what’s inside!
![Page 9: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Modern understanding: the ``onion’’ pictureModern understanding: the ``onion’’ picture
Let’s see what’s inside!
Mesons and baryons
![Page 10: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Modern understanding: the ``onion’’ pictureModern understanding: the ``onion’’ picture
Let’s see what’s inside!
Quarks and gluons
![Page 11: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Modern understanding: the ``onion’’ pictureModern understanding: the ``onion’’ picture
… so the answer depends on the energy scale!
![Page 12: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Aside: units used in particle physicsAside: units used in particle physics
Energy: electron-volt: 1 eV = 1.6x10-19 J (energy that an electron gains going through a potential difference of 1 Volt)
E = mc2, so set c=1! natural units
Mass: electron-volt
proton mass mp = 938.27 MeV
Momentum: electron-volt
![Page 13: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
… … same thing about the interactionssame thing about the interactions
The answer depends on the energy scale….
![Page 14: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Unification of forcesUnification of forces
![Page 15: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The The Standard ModelStandard Model of Elementary of Elementary Particle PhysicsParticle Physics
``Periodic table’’ of matter Interactions: electromagnetic, weak, strong, (gravity)…
Contains 26 parameters: needs experimental inputneeds experimental input
+ Higgs particle
![Page 16: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Open questionsOpen questions
Higgs particle is not (yet) discovered
mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking
Standard Model does not have ``enough’’ asymmetry between particles and antiparticles to create the Universe as we know it
CP-violation and baryonogenesis
New Physics beyond the Standard Model?
supersymmetry, strings, extra dimensions…
![Page 18: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Example: What is CP(T)?Example: What is CP(T)?
Classical mechanics is invariant under C,P, and T!
![Page 19: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Classical Field Theory: E&MClassical Field Theory: E&M
Maxwell’s equations are invariant under C,P, and T!
![Page 20: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Why do we want to study CP-violation?Why do we want to study CP-violation?
Baryon (and lepton) number - violating processes to generategenerate asymmetry
Universe that evolves out of thermal equilibrium to keepkeep asymmetry from being washed outbeing washed out Microscopic CP-violation to keepkeep asymmetry from being washed outbeing washed out
Matter-antimatter imbalance in the Universe
A.D. Sakharov
![Page 21: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
How to observe CP-violation?How to observe CP-violation?I. Intrinsic particle properties
electric dipole moments:
Low energy strong interaction effects might complicate predictions!
![Page 22: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
II. Transitional particle properties
Low energy strong interaction effects complicate predictions!
![Page 23: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Why study B-physics?Why study B-physics?
Possibility to control strong interactions• controllable theoretical expansions
New Physics sensitivity• new physics contributions destroy SM relations
``B-factories’’ are hunting for signs of CP-violation in the decays of B-mesons
Example: CKM unitarity:
VVud ud VVubub** + V + Vcd cd VVcbcb
** + V+ Vtd td VVtbtb
**= 0= 0
![Page 24: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Experimental methodsExperimental methods
![Page 25: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Experimental methods IIExperimental methods II
Threshold (e+ e-) B-factories (CLEO, BaBar, Belle)
Hadronic (pp) machines (CDF, D0, B-Tev, LHCb) ep-machines (HERA at DESY)
Theoretical predictions can be tested experimentally!
![Page 27: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Experimental FacilitiesExperimental Facilities
Cornell University SLAC
![Page 28: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Experimental Facilities IIExperimental Facilities II
KEK (Japan)
![Page 29: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Experimental Facilities IIIExperimental Facilities III
FermiLab (Batavia, IL)
![Page 30: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Research in Particle PhysicsResearch in Particle Physics
TheoryTheory
Alexey Petrov William Rolnick
ExperimentExperiment
Giovanni Bonvichini David Cinabro Robert Harr Paul Karchin Stephen Takach
… as well as postdoctoral research associates and graduate students
![Page 31: Introduction to Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1d5503460f94c34944/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Conclusions?Conclusions? What the particle physics is Why we study particles How we study particles
Further questions? Prof. Alexey A Petrov
Physics Research, Rm. 260