Post on 26-Jun-2020
Matthew C. Lamanna, Carnegie Museum of Natural History
The origin of modern birds: new fossil
evidence from China and Antarctica
Origin of birds
Gallus
Origin of birds
Archaeopteryx
Gallus
Origin of birds
Archaeopteryx
Velociraptor Gallus
Birds are dinosaurs
Archaeopteryx
Velociraptor Gallus
Birds are dinosaurs
Gallus
Archaeopteryx
Velociraptor
Transition
well-documented
Sinosauropteryx
Caudipteryx
Microraptor
Feathered dinosaurs
The ‘Chicken from Hell’
Anzu wyliei
Lamanna et al. 2014
Birds are dinosaurs
Gallus
Archaeopteryx
Velociraptor
Transition
poorly
documented
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya) modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
Paleogene
neornithines
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
~80 million years
Paleogene
neornithines
Aves
Neornithes
(modern
birds)
Avian evolutionary tree
Liaoning Province Liaoning Province
Beijing
Liaoning Province, China
Sinosauropteryx
Caudipteryx
Microraptor
Feathered dinosaurs
Aves
Neornithes
(modern
birds)
Confuciusornis
Aves
Neornithes
(modern
birds)
Confuciusornis
Have short tail, large
breastbone,
anisodactyl foot
(reversed 1st toe);
retain separate, clawed
fingers
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
Paleogene
neornithines
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
Confuciusornis
Paleogene
neornithines
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
~60 million years
Confuciusornis
Paleogene
neornithines
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
Confuciusornis
Paleogene
neornithines
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
Confuciusornis
Paleogene
neornithines
Aves
Neornithes
(modern
birds)
Avian evolutionary tree
Aves
Neornithes
(modern
birds)
Avian evolutionary tree
(‘opposite birds’)
Eoenantiornis
Protopteryx
Cathayornis
Mostly small, terrestrial
perching birds; most retain
teeth and separate fingers
with claws
Enantiornithes (‘opposite birds’)
Eoenantiornis
Cathayornis
Mostly small, terrestrial
perching birds; most retain
teeth and separate fingers
with claws
Most abundant
Cretaceous birds, but
went extinct at its end
Enantiornithes (‘opposite birds’)
Protopteryx
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
Confuciusornis
Enantiornithes
Paleogene
neornithines
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
Confuciusornis
Paleogene
neornithines
Aves
Neornithes
(modern
birds)
Avian evolutionary tree
Aves
Neornithes
(modern
birds)
Avian evolutionary tree
Ornithurae
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Both closely related to, but not within,
modern birds (Neornithes)
Ichthyornis and Hesperornis
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis Hesperornis
Paleogene
neornithines
Liaoning Province Liaoning Province
Beijing
Liaoning Province, China
Aves
Neornithes
(modern
birds)
Avian evolutionary tree
Ornithurae
Aves
Neornithes
(modern
birds)
Avian evolutionary tree
Ornithurae
Ornithuromorpha
Archaic ornithuromorphs Hongshanornis Yanornis
Yixianornis
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Paleogene
neornithines
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Yanornis Yixianornis
Hongshanornis
Paleogene
neornithines
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
~40 million years
Yanornis Yixianornis
Hongshanornis
Paleogene
neornithines
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
~40 Ma gap in avian fossil record
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
~40 million years
Yanornis Yixianornis
Hongshanornis
Paleogene
neornithines
Gansus
Hou & Liu 1984
Northwestern China
Gansu Province
Gansu Province
Changma Basin
Changma Basin
Xiagou Formation
Xiagou Formation
Xiagou Formation
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
66
146
200
251 Ma
Age of the Xiagou Formation
Albian
Aptian
Barremian
Hauterivian
Valanginian
Berriasian
100
112
125
130
134
140
146
Ma
Maastrichtian
Campanian
Santonian
Coniacian
Turonian
Cenomanian
66
71
84
86
89
94
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
66
146
200
251 Ma
Albian
Aptian
Barremian
Hauterivian
Valanginian
Berriasian
100
112
125
130
134
140
146
Ma
Maastrichtian
Campanian
Santonian
Coniacian
Turonian
Cenomanian
66
71
84
86
89
94
Age of the Xiagou Formation
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Gansus?
Yixianornis Yanornis
Hongshanornis
Paleogene
neornithines
2002 CAGS Changma expedition
Second Changma avian fossil
You et al. 2005
Enantiornithes indet. CAGS-IG-02-0901
2004-2009 Changma expeditions
2004: ~30 partial to nearly complete birds
2004: ~30 partial to nearly complete birds
Soft-tissue preservation
feathers
Total: >100 partial to nearly complete birds
New Gansus specimens
You, Lamanna et al. 2006
New Gansus specimens
You, Lamanna et al. 2006
Gansus skeletal anatomy
You, Lamanna et al. 2006
Reconstruction: Mark Klingler
Aves
Neornithes
(modern
birds)
Ornithuromorpha
Ornithurae
Evolutionary relationships
You, Lamanna et al. 2006
Aves
Neornithes
(modern
birds)
Ornithuromorpha
Ornithurae
Evolutionary relationships
You, Lamanna et al. 2006
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Avian fossil record
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Yixianornis Yanornis
Hongshanornis
Paleogene
neornithines
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Paleogene
neornithines
Gansus fills the ‘mid-Cretaceous gap’
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Yixianornis Yanornis
Hongshanornis Gansus
Gansus anatomy and ecology
You, Lamanna et al. 2006
Gansus anatomy and ecology
You, Lamanna et al. 2006
Gansus anatomy and ecology
CAGS-IG-04-CM-008
You, Lamanna et al. 2006
Gansus anatomy and ecology
CAGS-IG-04-CM-008
You, Lamanna et al. 2006
Gansus anatomy and ecology
CAGS-IG-04-CM-008
You, Lamanna et al. 2006
Maniraptora
Paraves
Aves
Neornithes
(modern
birds)
Ornithurae
terrestrial (lives on land)
aquatic (lives partly in water)
Ornithuromorpha
Avian evolution and ecology
Mark
Klin
gle
r
Did modern birds arise in aquatic habitats?
Antarctica
Antarctica?
Antarctica?
zim
bio
.com
When did modern birds evolve?
Modified from Dyke & van Tuinen 2004
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Paleogene
neornithines
Cretaceous origin of modern birds?
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Yixianornis Yanornis
Hongshanornis Gansus
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Paleogene
neornithines
Cretaceous origin of modern birds?
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Yixianornis Yanornis
Hongshanornis Gansus
Cretaceous
neornithines?
Antarctica
Antarctic Peninsula
Robert
Nic
holls
Antarctic Peninsula
Robert
Nic
holls
Birds!
Antarctic Peninsula
James Ross Is.
Vega Is.
Antarctic Peninsula
James Ross Is.
Vega Is.
James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
López de Bertodano Formation
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
66
146
200
251 Ma
Age of the López de Bertodano Formation
Albian
Aptian
Barremian
Hauterivian
Valanginian
Berriasian
100
112
125
130
134
140
146
Ma
Maastrichtian
Campanian
Santonian
Coniacian
Turonian
Cenomanian
66
71
84
86
89
94
James Ross Is.
Vega Is.
James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
Vegavis
Clarke et al. 2005
Vegavis
Clarke et al. 2005
Mic
hael S
kre
pnic
k
Vegavis
Clarke et al. 2005
Mic
hael S
kre
pnic
k
Relationships of Vegavis
Clarke et al. 2005
Vegavis: a Cretaceous ‘duck’
Clarke et al. 2005
James Ross Is.
Vega Is.
James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
James Ross Is.
Vega Is.
James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
Polarornis
Chatterjee 2002
Polarornis: a Cretaceous loon?
Chatterjee 2002
Ara
vin
d K
rishnasw
am
y
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Paleogene
neornithines
Cretaceous origin of modern birds?
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Yixianornis Yanornis
Hongshanornis Gansus
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Yixianornis Yanornis
Hongshanornis Gansus
Antarctic Cretaceous
neornithines
Cretaceous origin of modern birds!
T I M
E
Jura
ssic
(200-1
46
Mya
)
Cre
taceous
(146-6
6 M
ya)
Cenozoic
(66-0
Mya)
Archaeopteryx
modern birds
(Neornithes)
Antarctica: cradle of modern birds?
Confuciusornis
Ichthyornis
Hesperornis
Yixianornis Yanornis
Hongshanornis Gansus
Antarctic Cretaceous
neornithines
2011 Antarctic Peninsula expedition
James Ross Is.
Vega Is.
The Naze, James Ross Island
Snow Hill Island Formation
James Ross Is.
Vega Is.
Cape Lamb & Sandwich Bluff, Vega Island
López de Bertodano Formation
Field camp, Vega Island
Field camp, Vega Island
2011 expedition discoveries R
obert
Nic
holls
Plants
Robert
Nic
holls
2011 expedition discoveries
cf. Sapindaceae Winged seed
1 cm
2011 expedition discoveries R
obert
Nic
holls
Sharks
1 cm
Robert
Nic
holls
Bony fishes
2011 expedition discoveries
Articulated vertebral column
2 cm
Robert
Nic
holls
Plesiosaurs
2011 expedition discoveries
5 cm
Articulated partial skeleton
Robert
Nic
holls
Non-avian dinosaurs
2011 expedition discoveries
Pedal phalanx (toe bone) Right side view
Tooth
1 cm
1 cm
Robert
Nic
holls
2011 expedition discoveries
Birds!
Birds!
Robert
Nic
holls
2011 expedition discoveries
Thoracic (back) vertebra
Tarsometatarsus (foot bone) Coracoid
(shoulder bone)
1 cm 1 cm 1 cm
2016 Antarctic Peninsula expedition
Target: Vega Island
Follow our expedition! Web: www.antarcticdinos.org Twitter: @antarcticdinos
February 2–March 24, 2016
Acknowledgments Collaboration and field assistance (China)
Hailu You, Jerry Harris, Daqing Li, Qiang Ji, Luis Chiappe, Jingmai O’Connor, Jessie Atterholt, Shu’an Ji, Junchang Lu, Chongxi Yuan, Xing Zhang, Peter Dodson, Ken Lacovara, Zhongcai Bai, Cuo Peng, Jinsen Liang, Tim Pirolli, and all members of the Changma Basin field team
Collaboration and field assistance (Antarctica)
Ross MacPhee, Pat O’Connor, Julia Clarke, Steve Salisbury, Eric Roberts, Joe Sertich, Eric Gorscak, Meng Jin, Nick Swanson-Hysell, Chris Strganac, Kerin Claeson, Zubair Jinnah, Jane Francis, Joe Kirschvink, Peter Ward, Dave Barbeau, Carrie Schweitzer, Rodney Feldmann, Cara Ferrier, Chris Denker, Kelley Watson, John Evans, Antarctic Support Contract, Raytheon Polar Services Corporation, Edison Chouest Offshore
Funding (China)
Discovery Quest Program for The Science Channel, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Dixie State College, Gansu Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chinese Geological Survey of the Ministry of Land and Resources of China
Funding (Antarctica)
National Science Foundation (grants ANT 1142129 [PI Lamanna] & ANT 0636639 [PI MacPhee])
Questions?