Post on 12-Jan-2016
description
The Influence of Family The Influence of Family Importance on Human Capital Importance on Human Capital
AccumulationAccumulation
John Paolo R. RiveraRosanina A. Sayoc
Dustin Timothy D. Ang
School of EconomicsDe La Salle University
27 November 2012
Source: Alesina & Giuliano, (2010)
Strength of Family Ties Index
japan
china
Country Situationer
korea
The Family• Represents society in a micro-level
perspective determined by family relationships, behavior, incentives and expectations
• Affects multidimensional aspects of an individual
• Family ties exhibit stronger in other nations due to differences in history, culture and traditions
• Central force in shaping childhood outcomes Transmission of genetic attributes and
cultural values from parents to children
INTRODUCTION
To state a working definition for the term family tiesTo establish quantitative measure for the strength
of family ties using qualitative and behavioral responses from the World Values Survey (WVS)
To measure the likelihood of an individual attaining a level of education given his or her strength of family ties
Human Capital Accumulation• Family ties influence decisions on
investments in education Choice initially made by parents on behalf
of their children
Research Objectives
INTRODUCTION
Human Capital Theory views education as an investment where the costs and benefits are considered.
Demonstration effect illustrates the intergenerational decisions and influence of parents in shaping children’s preference, behavior and outcomes.
Socio-demographic factors include individual household characteristics such as the age, sex, marital status, employment status, income of the household head.
LITERATURE REVIEW
How do we go about this?
Qualitative Response Model (QRM) Ordered probit model Dependent variable is ordinal and
categorical in nature: level of educational attainment
World Values Survey (WVS) Qualitative household characteristics and
demographics Cross-section data from WVS Wave 1999-
2004 for 7 East Asian economies
How do we model this scenario?
Where
• EDUCAi is the level of educational attainment of the household given by 5 categorical outcomes
• STRFTi is a vector comprising of five different aspects of the family
• COUNTRYi is a vector of country dummies for selected East Asian economies
• Other social demographics to be explained further
Parameter Description
Level of Educational Attainment (EDUCAi )
COMEEi Completed elementary education
INCSEi Incomplete secondary education
COMSEi Complete secondary education
UNWODi University without degree
UNIWDi University with degree
How do we model this scenario?
Parameter Description
Family Importance
VERYIMPORTANTi 1 if the household head regards the family as very important; 0 otherwise
RATHERIMPORTANTi
1 if the household head regards the family as rather important; 0 otherwise
Parental duties
RESPBESTi 1 if the household head believes that the parents’ duty is to do their best for their children even at the expense of their own well-being; 0 otherwise
RESPLIFEi 1 if the household head believes that parents have a life of their own and should not be asked to sacrifice their own well-being for the sake of their children; 0 otherwise
How do we model this scenario?
Parameter Description
Respect and love parents
RESPECTALWAYSi 1 if household head believes that one must always love and respect parents regardless of their qualities and faults; 0 otherwise
RESPECTEARNEDi 1 if household head believes that one does not have the duty to respect and love parents who have not earned it by their behavior and attitudes; 0 otherwise
One of main goals in life has been to make my parents proud
PROUDSTRONGAi 1 if household head strongly agrees that a main goal in life is to make his/her parents proud; 0 otherwise
PROUDAi 1 if household head agrees that a main goal in life is to make his/her parents proud; 0 otherwise
More emphasis on family life
EMPHGOODi 1 if household head perceives more emphasis on family life as a good thing; 0 otherwise
EMPHBADi 1 if household head perceives more emphasis on family life as a bad thing; 0 otherwise
How do we model this scenario?
Parameter Description
Country Dummies (CNTRYi )
INDOi, JAPNi , PRCH , RPHILi , SKORi ,
SINGi
1 if household resides in the respective East Asian economy; 0 otherwise. Base country is Viet Nam.
Marital Status (MARRIi )
MARRIEDi, DIVORCEDi,
SEPARATEDi, SINGLEi
1 if household head is either married, divorced, separated or single respectively; 0 otherwise
Employment Status (EMPLOi )
FULLTIMEi, PARTTIMEi, SELFEMPi,
HOUSEWIFEi, STUDENTi,
UNEMPi
1 if household head is employed as full time, part time, self-employed, housewife, student or unemployed respectively; 0 otherwise
How do we model this scenario?
Parameter Description
Income Level Dummies (INCOMi )
LOWi, HIGHi
1 if household resides is categorized to earn low income or high income respectively; 0 otherwise
Other Soci0-Demographic Variables
AGEi Age of the household head
AGESQi Squared age of the household head
MALEHHHi 1 if household head is male; 0 otherwise
• Note: If all categories of dummy variables above assume a value of 0, then that is the base category
How do we model this scenario?
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Family Importance
Variable
Marginal Effects After Ordered Probit
Completed Elementary
Incomplete Secondary
Complete Secondary University without degree
University with degree
VERYIMPORTANTi -0.0104* -0.0077** 0.0080 0.0367* 0.0134*
RATHERIMPORTANTi
-0.0054 -0.0032 0.0045 0.0192 0.0066
INDOi -0.0056 -0.0034 0.0047 0.0202 0.0070
JAPNi -0.0154*** -0.0136* 0.0110*** 0.0540*** 0.0209***
PRCHi -0.0065** -0.0041 0.0054** 0.0232** 0.0081**
RPHLi -0.0145*** -0.0123 0.0105*** 0.0508*** 0.0194***
SKORi -0.0242*** -0.0268** 0.0147*** 0.0832*** 0.0357***
SINGi 0.0041 0.0011 -0.0040 -0.0151 -0.0047
AGEi 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0002 -0.0001
AGESQi 0.0000** 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000** -0.0000*
MALEHHHi 0.0031 0.0010 -0.0030* -0.0115* -0.0036*
MARRIEDi 0.0005 0.0002 -0.0004 -0.0017 -0.0005
DIVORCEDi -0.0056 -0.0034 0.0047 0.0201 0.0069
SEPARATEDi -0.0019 -0.0009 0.0017 0.0069 0.0023
SINGLEi 0.0068* 0.0011 -0.0071* -0.0258* -0.0077
FULLTIMEi 0.0069*** 0.0011 -0.0072** -0.0259*** -0.0077**
PARTIMEi 0.0029 0.0009 -0.0028 -0.0107 -0.0033
SELFEMPi 0.0003 0.0001 -0.0003 -0.0010 -0.0003
RETIREDi -0.0121*** -0.0096 0.0091*** 0.0428*** 0.01589**
HOUSEWIFEi 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0000
STUDENTi 0.0180*** -0.0087 -0.0239*** -0.0738*** -0.0191***
UNEMPi 0.0044 0.0011 -0.0044 -0.0164 -0.0050
LOWi 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0000
HIGHi -0.0035 -0.0019 0.0030 0.0126 0.0042
Predicted Probability
0.0966 0.3392 0.1162 0.2105 0.0348
*** Significant at the 1%** Significant at the 5%* Significant at the 10%
Parental Duties
Variable
Marginal Effects After Ordered Probit
Completed Elementary
Incomplete Secondary
Complete Secondary University without degree
University with degree
RESPBESTi -0.0038 -0.0034 0.0028 0.0136 0.0052
RESPLIFEi 0.0025 0.0017 -0.0020 -0.0089 -0.0032
INDOi -0.0075* -0.0074 0.0050* 0.0261* 0.0104*
JAPNi -0.0186*** -0.0233*** 0.0100*** 0.0632*** 0.0288***
PRCHi -0.0059** -0.0055 0.0041** 0.0206** 0.0080**
RPHLi -0.0163*** -0.0195** 0.0092*** 0.0554*** 0.0245***
SKORi -0.0034*** -0.0362*** 0.0117*** 0.0857*** 0.0424***
SINGi 0.0000 0.0022 -0.0027 -0.0120 -0.0042
AGEi 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0000
AGESQi 0.0033** 0.0000 -0.0000** -0.0000** -0.0000**
MALEHHHi 0.0004* 0.0022 -0.0026* -0.0116* -0.0041*
MARRIEDi -0.0055 0.0003 -0.0003 -0.0013 -0.0005
DIVORCEDi -0.0018 -0.0051 0.0038 0.0192 0.0075
SEPARATEDi 0.0073 -0.0015 0.0013 0.0064 0.0024
SINGLEi 0.0073* 0.0039 -0.0063* -0.0264* -0.0089
FULLTIMEi 0.0075*** 0.0040 -0.0065** -0.0270*** -0.0091**
PARTIMEi 0.0032 0.0022 -0.0026 -0.0114 -0.0040
SELFEMPi 0.0003 0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0010*** -0.0004
RETIREDi -0.0129*** -0.0143* 0.0078*** 0.0441 0.0187**
HOUSEWIFEi 0.0001 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0002 -0.0001
STUDENTi 0.0200*** -0.0001 -0.02223*** -0.0773*** -0.0224***
UNEMPi 0.0048 0.0030 -0.0040 -0.0173 -0.0060
LOWi 0.0001 0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0004 -0.0002
HIGHi -0.0037 -0.0032 0.0026 0.0129 0.0049
Predicted Probability 0.0911 0.3359 0.1208 0.2302 0.0416
*** Significant at the 1%** Significant at the 5%* Significant at the 10%
Respect and love parents
Variable
Marginal Effects After Ordered Probit
Completed Elementary
Incomplete Secondary
Complete Secondary University without degree
University with degree
RESPECTALWAYSi-0.0045 -0.0040 0.0033 0.0159 0.0061
RESPECTEARNEDi-0.0042 -0.0036 0.0030 0.0147 0.0056
INDOi-0.0072* -0.0068 0.0049* 0.0252* 0.0099*
JAPNi-0.0179*** -0.0217*** 0.0099*** 0.0608*** 0.0271***
PRCHi-0.0058** -0.0053* 0.0041** 0.0204** 0.0079**
RPHLi-0.0156*** -0.0181*** 0.0091*** 0.0534*** 0.0232***
SKORi-0.0250*** -0.0345*** 0.0118*** 0.0839*** 0.0408***
SINGi0.0037 0.0023 -0.0031 -0.0133 -0.0046
AGEi0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0002 -0.0001
AGESQi0.0000** 0.0000 -0.0000*** -0.0000* -0.0000**
MALEHHHi0.0033* 0.0021 -0.0037* -0.0117* -0.0041*
MARRIEDi0.0002 0.0001 -0.002 -0.0007 -0.0003
DIVORCEDi-0.0056 -0.0051 0.0040 0.0197 0.0076
SEPARATEDi-0.0018 -0.0014 0.0013 0.0063 0.0023
SINGLEi0.0074* 0.0037 -0.0065* -0.0267* -0.0089*
FULLTIMEi0.0075*** 0.0038 -0.0066** -0.0271*** -0.0091***
PARTIMEi0.0033 0.0021 -0.0027 -0.0118 -0.0041
SELFEMPi0.0004 0.0003 -0.0003 -0.0014 -0.0005
RETIREDi-0.0126*** -0.0136** 0.0078*** 0.0432*** 0.0181**
HOUSEWIFEi0.0001 0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0003 -0.0001
STUDENTi0.0199*** -0.0008 -0.0225*** -0.0770*** -0.0222***
UNEMPi0.0049 0.0029 -0.0042 -0.0177 -0.0061
LOWi0.0001 0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0004 -0.0002
HIGHi-0.0036 -0.0030 0.0026 0.0126 0.0048
Predicted Probability 0.0916 0.3361 0.1204 0.2287 0.0411
*** Significant at the 1%** Significant at the 5%* Significant at the 10%
One of main goals has been to make parents proud
Variable
Marginal Effects After Ordered Probit
Completed Elementary
Incomplete Secondary
Complete Secondary University without degree
University with degree
PROUDSTRONGAi-0.0009 -0.0009 0.0006 0.0032 0.0013
PROUDAi-0.0002 -0.0017 0.0001 0.0006 0.0002
INDOi-0.0071 -0.0081 0.0042 0.0143 0.0104
JAPNi-0.0169*** -0.0233*** 0.0081*** 0.0570*** 0.0283***
PRCHi-0.0059** -0.0065* 0.0036** 0.0203** 0.0085*
RPHLi-0.0159*** -0.0215*** 0.0078*** 0.0546*** 0.0254***
SKORi-0.0254*** -0.0400*** 0.0097*** 0.0843*** 0.0450***
SINGi0.0036 0.0031 -0.0027 -0.0128 -0.0048
AGEi0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0001
AGESQi0.0000** 0.0000** -0.0000** -0.0000** -0.0000**
MALEHHHi0.0034* 0.0029* -0.0024* -0.0118* -0.0045*
MARRIEDi0.0002 0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0008 -0.0003
DIVORCEDi-0.0059 -0.0065 0.0036 0.0201 0.0084
SEPARATEDi-0.0016 -0.0016 0.0011 0.0056 0.0022
SINGLEi0.0078* 0.0056 -0.0061* -0.0275* -0.0100*
FULLTIMEi0.0076*** 0.0056** -0.0060** -0.0270*** -0.0098***
PARTIMEi0.0034 0.0029 -0.0024 -0.0118 -0.0045
SELFEMPi0.0003 0.0003 -0.0002 -0.0010 -0.0004
RETIREDi-0.0130*** -0.0166** 0.0068*** 0.0439*** 0.0201***
HOUSEWIFEi-0.0001 -0.0001 0.0000 0.0002 0.0001
STUDENTi0.0209*** 0.0049 -0.0210*** -0.0782*** -0.0243***
UNEMPi0.0050 0.0040 -0.0037 -0.0185 -0.0065
LOWi0.0001 0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0003 -0.0001
HIGHi-0.0037 -0.0039 0.0023* 0.0127 0.0052
Predicted Probability 0.0879 0.3330 0.1231 0.2416 0.0460
*** Significant at the 1%** Significant at the 5%* Significant at the 10%
More emphasis on family life
Variable
Marginal Effects After Ordered Probit
Completed Elementary
Incomplete Secondary
Complete Secondary University without degree
University with degree
EMPHGOODi-0.0072*** -0.0059** 0.0053** 0.0252*** 0.0095***
EMPHBADi0.0048 -0.0036 0.0038 0.0169 0.0062
INDOi-0.0070 -0.0058 0.0052 0.0246 0.0092
JAPNi-0.0164*** -0.0185*** 0.0102*** 0.0563*** 0.0235***
PRCHi-0.0055** -0.0043 0.0042** 0.0193** 0.0071*
RPHLi-0.154*** -0.0161*** 0.0098*** 0.0533*** 0.0220***
SKORi-0.0246*** -0.0323*** 0.0130*** 0.0835*** 0.0384***
SINGi0.0039 0.0019 -0.0035 -0.0141 -0.0047
AGEi0.0001 0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0002 -0.0001
AGESQi0.0000** 0.0000 -0.0000*** -0.0000* -0.0000*
MALEHHHi0.0031* 0.0016 -0.0028* -0.0114* -0.0038*
MARRIEDi0.0003 0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0010 -0.0003
DIVORCEDi-0.0057 -0.0045 0.0043 0.0201 0.0074
SEPARATEDi-0.0019 -0.0013 0.0015 0.0066 0.0023
SINGLEi0.0073* 0.0028 -0.0069* -0.0269* -0.0086*
FULLTIMEi0.0073*** 0.0028 -0.0069** -0.0268*** -0.0085***
PARTIMEi0.0033 0.0018 -0.0029 -0.0120 -0.0040
SELFEMPi0.0004 0.0003 -0.0004 -0.0015 -0.0005
RETIREDi-0.0123*** -0.0118* 0.0083*** 0.0426*** 0.0169**
HOUSEWIFEi0.0001 0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0003 -0.0001
STUDENTi0.0190*** -0.0039 -0.0229*** -0.0752*** -0.0207***
UNEMPi0.0048 0.0022 -0.0042 -0.0172 -0.0056
LOWi-0.0001 -0.0001 0.0001 0.0004 0.0001
HIGHi-0.0036 -0.0026 0.0029* 0.0129* 0.0047
Predicted Probability 0.0936 0.3377 0.1188 0.2212 0.0384
*** Significant at the 1%** Significant at the 5%* Significant at the 10%
What are our findings?• Only two out
of five definitions of family ties influence level of educational attainment
• Consistency in current and future perceptions evidence demonstration effect
• Prestige and value for the family translates to self
• Overall impact exhibits larger influence
• Explains constraint of socio-economic characteristics
• Age, sex and income levels are consistent with literature
• Variables not captured by the model that are country specific may be at work
What can we conclude?
CONCLUSION• We were able to contribute an empirical
definition of family ties by utilizing significant aspects Family importance and more emphasis on
family life comprise the definition Evident of the demonstration effect Valuing the family translates to valuing the
self• Two out of five aspects of family ties
influence the likelihood of individuals to obtain a certain educational attainment Widespread insignificant estimates despite
distinctions in location and levels of education for other three
CONCLUSION• Certain socio-demographic variables hold
an even more significant weight Generally consistent with literature Effectively captures true financial and
economic capacity to invest in education Inconsistencies
- In marital status due to prioritizing other self-interests
- In employment status due to work and study trade-off
In relation, family support can ease financial problems and shoulder costs of higher education
• Overall, five sub-definitions of family ties converge to a general result for the seven East Asian economies Demographics matter more which are
attuned to country specific factors There is no one definition that is all-
encompassing• Country dummies indicate varying capacities
of East Asian economies to achieve higher educational attainment Unobserved heterogeneity ascribed to
different standards, facilitation and provision for education
CONCLUSION
Each economy can define family ties differently based on norms
Achieving higher educational attainment can be facilitated by economic, behavioral or psychological factors
CONCLUSION
The Influence of Family The Influence of Family Importance on Human Capital Importance on Human Capital
AccumulationAccumulation
John Paolo R. RiveraRosanina A. Sayoc
Dustin Timothy D. Ang
School of EconomicsDe La Salle University
20 October 2012