The Industrial Age The Industrial Age (1865 - 1914)(1865 - 1914)

The Industrial Age The Industrial Age (1865 - 1914)(1865 - 1914)

Railroad Railroad ExpansionExpansionRailroad Railroad

ExpansionExpansion•After the Civil War, railroad system grew quickly and After the Civil War, railroad system grew quickly and drove economic growth in the U.S.drove economic growth in the U.S.•650% increase in miles of track from 1860 to 1900650% increase in miles of track from 1860 to 1900•Enough miles of track in U.S. in 1900 to go around Enough miles of track in U.S. in 1900 to go around Earth 7.75 timesEarth 7.75 times•Consolidation- many railroad companies driven out of Consolidation- many railroad companies driven out of business by larger companies, eliminating competitionbusiness by larger companies, eliminating competition•Cornelius Vanderbilt - owned most of railroads from Cornelius Vanderbilt - owned most of railroads from NYC to Great Lakes. Very aggressive (unfair) business NYC to Great Lakes. Very aggressive (unfair) business tactics not regulated by governmenttactics not regulated by government

•After the Civil War, railroad system grew quickly and After the Civil War, railroad system grew quickly and drove economic growth in the U.S.drove economic growth in the U.S.•650% increase in miles of track from 1860 to 1900650% increase in miles of track from 1860 to 1900•Enough miles of track in U.S. in 1900 to go around Enough miles of track in U.S. in 1900 to go around Earth 7.75 timesEarth 7.75 times•Consolidation- many railroad companies driven out of Consolidation- many railroad companies driven out of business by larger companies, eliminating competitionbusiness by larger companies, eliminating competition•Cornelius Vanderbilt - owned most of railroads from Cornelius Vanderbilt - owned most of railroads from NYC to Great Lakes. Very aggressive (unfair) business NYC to Great Lakes. Very aggressive (unfair) business tactics not regulated by governmenttactics not regulated by government

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$155 Billion in 2011$155 Billion in 2011

Either Second or Third Wealthiest American of Either Second or Third Wealthiest American of all Timeall Time

(Behind John D. Rockefeller and maybe Andrew (Behind John D. Rockefeller and maybe Andrew Carnegie)Carnegie)

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Railroads Stimulate Railroads Stimulate EconomyEconomy

Railroads Stimulate Railroads Stimulate EconomyEconomy

•Carried raw materials to factories, finished goods to Carried raw materials to factories, finished goods to

marketmarket•Drove up demand for steel (tracks), lumber (ties), Drove up demand for steel (tracks), lumber (ties),

coal (fuel)coal (fuel)•Provided work for thousands in construction/operationProvided work for thousands in construction/operation•New Technologies for trains - air bakes, refrigerated New Technologies for trains - air bakes, refrigerated

cars, Pullman sleeping carscars, Pullman sleeping cars•RebatesRebates - secret discounts given to important - secret discounts given to important

customers forced smaller companies out of businesscustomers forced smaller companies out of business•PoolsPools - Several RR lines work together to “fix” prices - Several RR lines work together to “fix” prices

artificially high and increase profits. Illegal but artificially high and increase profits. Illegal but

government does nothing (government does nothing (laissez-fairelaissez-faire).).

•Carried raw materials to factories, finished goods to Carried raw materials to factories, finished goods to

marketmarket•Drove up demand for steel (tracks), lumber (ties), Drove up demand for steel (tracks), lumber (ties),

coal (fuel)coal (fuel)•Provided work for thousands in construction/operationProvided work for thousands in construction/operation•New Technologies for trains - air bakes, refrigerated New Technologies for trains - air bakes, refrigerated

cars, Pullman sleeping carscars, Pullman sleeping cars•RebatesRebates - secret discounts given to important - secret discounts given to important

customers forced smaller companies out of businesscustomers forced smaller companies out of business•PoolsPools - Several RR lines work together to “fix” prices - Several RR lines work together to “fix” prices

artificially high and increase profits. Illegal but artificially high and increase profits. Illegal but

government does nothing (government does nothing (laissez-fairelaissez-faire).).

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Inventions of the Inventions of the Late 1800sLate 1800s

Inventions of the Inventions of the Late 1800sLate 1800s

Be Thinking of Which You Feel is Most Be Thinking of Which You Feel is Most

ImportantImportantBe Thinking of Which You Feel is Most Be Thinking of Which You Feel is Most

ImportantImportant

Invention Boom

• 1860 t0 1890 saw 400,000 new patents

• Patent - government approval of a product that prohibits others from copying it

Patent Patent CertificateCertificate

Patent Patent CertificateCertificate

Communications

• Telegraph (1844) - used wires to transmit electric pulses in Morse Code

• Transatlantic Cable (1866) - Telegraph cable placed at the bottom of the Atlantic to connect Europe to North America

• Telephone (1876) - Alexander Graham Bell creates the phone. By 1890s, he had sold over 200,000 (businesses)

TelegraphTelegraphTelegraphTelegraph

Transatlantic CableTransatlantic CableTransatlantic CableTransatlantic Cable

Bell and his Bell and his TelephoneTelephone

Bell and his Bell and his TelephoneTelephone

Business Inventions

• Typewriter (1868) - allows for faster and neater writing

• Adding Machine (1888) - allows businesses to quickly and accurately add sales and inventory

Early TypewriterEarly TypewriterEarly TypewriterEarly Typewriter

Adding MachineAdding MachineAdding MachineAdding Machine

Personal Inventions

• Kodak Camera (1888) - allows for regular people to take pictures. Invented by George Eastman of Rochester, NY

• Vacuum Cleaner (1899) - eases housework and allows carpets to be cleaned quickly

• Light Bulb (1879) - Thomas Alva Edison creates the first practical light bulb - safer than lanterns, candles

Kodak Kodak CameraCameraKodak Kodak

CameraCameraGeorge Eastman was George Eastman was

from Rochester, NYfrom Rochester, NYGeorge Eastman was George Eastman was

from Rochester, NYfrom Rochester, NY

Early Vacuum Early Vacuum CleanerCleaner

Early Vacuum Early Vacuum CleanerCleaner

See how happy she See how happy she

is!is!See how happy she See how happy she

is!is!

Inventors• Thomas Alva Edison - “Wizard of Menlo

Park” - runs and invention factory in Menlo Park, NJ. Company creates the phonograph (record player), motion picture projector, storage battery, light bulb. Had 1093 patents.

• George Westinghouse - Competitor to Edison. Created alternating current (AC) in 1885, allowing for safe electricity for lighted buildings, factories, trolleys, street lamps, and cities.

Changing Society• Gasoline powered automobile (1888) -

Karl Benz develops the car in Germany. Early cars only for very wealthy

• Model T - Henry Ford develops this affordable car for the masses. Identical for 18 years of production (black)

• Assembly Line - Ford creation. Product moves past workers who add parts. Boring and hard on workers, this kept costs down by making many products quickly.

Karl Benz’ Automobile

Assembly Line

Changing Society• Mass Production - producing large

numbers of identical products to keep costs down. Usually uses machines.

• Mail Order (1863) - Stores sell items via catalogs and mail items to consumers. Montgomery Ward and Sears and Roebuck do this well.

• Chain Stores - Woolworth’s and Kresge’s open “5 and 10 Cent” stores across the U.S. to sell cheap merchandize. Hurts small businesses (think Wal-Mart)

Sears Sears and and

RoebuckRoebuck

Sears Sears and and

RoebuckRoebuckFrom 1897From 1897From 1897From 1897

Kresge’s Kresge’s KatalogKatalogKresge’s Kresge’s KatalogKatalog

Sears Competition!Sears Competition!Sears Competition!Sears Competition!

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