Transcript of The Great War 1914-1918. Long Term Causes The 3-“ims”: –Nationalism- belief that national...
- Slide 1
- The Great War 1914-1918
- Slide 2
- Long Term Causes The 3-ims: Nationalism- belief that national
concerns are more important than global ones Imperialism - nations
compete for control of colonies, raw materials, and markets
Militarism - buildup of the military, military aggression
- Slide 3
- Long Term Causes The Alliance System European nations make
alliances promising to protect each other if attacked - Often enter
into alliances in an attempt to avoid war Brought many nations into
war When a nation went to war, their allies and their enemies
allies joined as well Triple Entente: France, Britain, Russia (also
had alliance with Serbia) Triple Alliance: Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Italy
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- The Spark Europe wanted control of the Balkan Peninsula because
it was surrounded by several seas (ports for trade and resources)
Russia wanted an outlet to the Mediterranean Sea Germany wanted to
extend their railroad to the Ottoman Empire Austria-Hungary
resented Serbia for encouraging Bosnia to reject Austrian rule
(after they had annexed Bosnia)
- Slide 6
- The Powder Keg The Balkans were nicknamed The Powder Keg of
Europe. incited by the Austria-Hungarian annexation of the former
Turkish province of Bosnia Serbia threatened war on
Austria-Hungary. Russia had pledged their support to Serbia, so
they began to mobilize, which caused Germany, allied with
Austria-Hungary, to threaten war on Russia. (Russia backed down
)
- Slide 7
- June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austrian
throne) and his wife Sophie were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip
Princip was a Serbian nationalist and member of the Black Hand
Society Radical nationalist group that favored an alliance between
Bosnia and Serbia Opposed Austria-Hungarys annexation of
Bosnia
- Slide 8
- Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia (for the assassination) and
issued an ultimatum (answer within 48 hours) Serbia was to suppress
all anti-Austrian newspapers/organizations Austrian police would
help control rebellions in Serbia Austrian courts would help
prosecute accused conspirators in Serbia Serbia rejected the
proposal
- Slide 9
- Germany offered Austria- Hungary unconditional support if they
declared war (known as the blank check) July 28, 1914Austria-
Hungary declares war on Serbia (exactly one month after the
assassination) The Alliance system of the previous years begins
dragging other nations into the war as well turned into the domino
effect
- Slide 10
- Nations Take Sides Allies: France, Britain, Russia, Japan
(previously had a treaty with Britain), Italy (changed
sidespossibly because they were losing and wanted a port in Austria
Hungary), USA (joined in 1917) Australia, Belgium, Greece, India,
Montenegro, New Zealand, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, South Africa,
Etc... (Approximately 25 nations) Central Powers: Austria- Hungary,
Bulgaria, Germany, Ottoman Empire
- Slide 11
- Leaders AlliesCentral Powers France Premier Georges Clemenceau
Great Britain Prime Minister David Lloyd George and King George V
Russia Czar Nicholas II Italy Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando and
King Victor Emmanuel III Japan Emperor Yoshihito United States
President Woodrow Wilson Austria-Hungary Emperor Franz Joseph I
Bulgaria Czar Ferdinand I Germany Kaiser Wilhelm II Ottoman Empire
Minister of War Enver Pasha
- Slide 12
- American Neutrality US remains neutral See the war as a
European conflict that didnt threaten US lives or property But ties
to homelands divide many Americans (example - German- Americans
generally supported the Central Powers, and French- Americans
generally supported the Allies) 3 factors increase US support for
Allies: Common ties with Britain (language and ancestry) Stronger
economic ties to the Allies (through trade) Germanys invasion of
neutral Belgium
- Slide 13
- War Before US Involvement Schlieffen Plan=Germanys plan to
avoid fighting a 2-front war Western Front=Germanys border with
France 500 miles of trenches Eastern Front=Germanys border with
Russia Trench Warfare: Exchange heavy casualties for very little
land gains Battle of Verdun--gained only 4 miles in 10 months
Battle of the Somme--1/2 million casualties, gained only 5 miles
Horrible Conditions: muddy, lice and rat-infested, disease, trench
foot
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- America Enters the War Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: German
u-boats would sink any ship in Allied waters one reason is to limit
trade, by doing this you hurt the enemies economy thus hurting them
in war.
- Slide 16
- America Enters the War The Sinking of The Lusitania: May 7,
1915British passenger ship was sunk by a German u-boat (on its way
from New York to Britain) 1,200 people were killed (including 128
Americans)
- Slide 17
- America Enters the War Germany claimed the Lusitania was
carrying war materials (we denied it, but it was later revealed to
be true) US remained neutral, but public opinion began turning in
favor of war (especially when Germany sank 4 US merchant ships)
Germany temporarily stops Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= AYKdXABWaFg
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- America Enters the War The Zimmermann Note: January 1917Britain
intercepted a telegram from Germany to Mexico Germany asked Mexico
to invade the US to keep us out of the war Germany would return to
them lands lost during the Mexican War Present-day Arizona, New
Mexico, and Texas April 4, 1917US declares war on Germany
- Slide 20
- American Expeditionary Force US soldiersnicknamed doughboys
Turn the tide of the war because of their freshness and enthusiasm
(the Allies were losing the war) Other Allies were worn out after 3
years of fighting Russia dropped out because of a revolution
Provisional government and the Bolshevik Revolution
- Slide 21
- American Expeditionary Force Commanded by General John J.
Pershing Originally used as replacements (for other divisions)
Pershing wanted the US to be an independent force - it would give
us a greater voice at the peace talks Opposed fighting a defensive
war
- Slide 22
- Weapons of the War The Zeppelin - Used for bombing and spying
Machine Guns Fire- power of 100 guns
- Slide 23
- Weapons of War Poison Gas & Gas Masks
- Slide 24
- Weapons of the War Tanks Barbed Wire
- Slide 25
- Weapons of the War Airplanes Big Bertha
- Slide 26
- The War at Home Convert to a war economy War Industries Board
required companies to mass produce to increase efficiency Citizens
are expected to cut out frivolous items such as long dresses,
heeled shoes, silk stockings, etc Also expected to save food and
even preserve fruits and vegetablesencouraged many to plant victory
gardens. Even changed the name of Sauerkraut
- Slide 27
- The War at Home National War Labor Board - solve disputes
between workers and management keep production running and running
smoothly promised to keep minimum wage and short hours in order to
disallow strikes
- Slide 28
- The War at Home Encouraged women to join the workforce (because
men were needed to fight) Women work on production lines building
tanks, guns, and other war materials
- Slide 29
- The War at Home Committee on Public Information 1 st propaganda
agency Goal is to sell the war Produce posters and pamphlets
explaining the war Sell war bonds (or liberty bonds) Propaganda
encouraged Americans to support the Allies and hate the Central
Powers
- Slide 30
- The War at Home Opportunities for Minorities African Americans
join the army to show patriotism (hoping to reduce racial
inequality) President Wilson calls for the 19 th amendment to
reward women for their role in the war (grants the right to
vote)
- Slide 31
- The Great Migration Due to Jim Crow laws, African Americans in
the south trickled North, but during WWI this escalated. Known as
The Great Migration, hundreds of thousands African Americans moved
to cities in the north.
- Slide 32
- The Great Migration Reasons behind the migration Escape Jim
Crow laws The boll weevil infestation destroying cotton More job
opportunities in the North Less immigration War left many jobs open
Northern manufactures sent recruiting agents to distribute free
railroad passes through the south.
- Slide 33
- Espionage and Sedition Acts June 1917 the Espionage and
Sedition Acts were passed A person could be fined $10,000 and
sentenced up to 20 years in jail Interfering with the war effort
Saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the govt. or
the war effort
- Slide 34
- Espionage and Sedition Acts Led to over 2,000 prosecutions,
about half were convicted Targeted socialists and labor leaders
Eugene Debs was handed a 10 year prison sentence for speaking out
against the war and the draft
- Slide 35
- The Flu! The Influenza Epidemic 1918 in the US contract the flu
500,000 die within a year in the US alone (40 million worldwide)
The epidemic shut down factories, mines, telephone service,
etc.
- Slide 36
- Armistice Day Germany runs out of money, their allies pull out
of the war, and they are too exhausted to continue alone Sign
armistice on November 11, 1918 11 th day of the 11 th month at the
11 th hour
- Slide 37
- Now for some foreshadowing During the war several revolutions
broke out in Germany led by radical socialists (many Jewish) takes
away from the war effort Same groups helped and encouraged strikes
in factories hurt the war Both of these actions caused Germany to
hate communism and Jews. The people associated the two
together.
- Slide 38
- The Fourteen Points Wilsons plan for peace: End secret treaties
and alliances Allow free trade and freedom of the seas Reduce
military forces Boundary changes(to keep one country from getting
too much territory/power) Self-determination (they choose their own
form of government) Create a League of Nations (Wilson believed the
League of Nations was the most important part of his proposed peace
agreement) Purpose was to prevent war through diplomacy Many
Americans feared it would allow other nations to restrict our
actions and our ability to defend ourselves
- Slide 39
- The Treaty of Versailles The Big Four Georges Clemenceau France
David Lloyd George Britain Vittorio Orlando Italy Woodrow Wilson
USA Wilson wanted the treaty to be lenient, but Britain and France
wanted Germany punished Signed June 28, 1919 Officially ends the
Great War Signed 5 years to the day after the assassination of
Franz Ferdinand
- Slide 40
- The Treaty of Versailles Major provisions: New nations Austria,
Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia (most taken from
Germany) League of Nations peace keeping organization Demilitarized
Germany greatly reduced army, not allowed a navy or air force War
reparations Germany was forced to pay $33 billion to the Allies (US
protested) War Guilt Clause Germany was forced to accept full blame
for the war (again US protested)
- Slide 41
- The Treaty of Versailles Called the Peace built on Quicksand
Supposed to bring peace, but creates more anger and resentment
Became a major cause of World War II Italy and Japan felt cheated
in the land divisions Russia was ignored Too harsh on Germany - led
to the rise of Hitler; people were looking for someone to pull them
out of their disaster 1918 1 mark 1922 163 marks 1923
200,000,000,000 marks
- Slide 42
- Legacy of the War WorldwideUnited States Lasted 4 years
Involved more than 30 nations 22 million dead half are civilians 20
million wounded 10 million refugees (a person who flees to escape
conflict or disaster) $350 billion in war damages/debt European
lands and economies are destroyed Battle casualties=48,000 Disease
casualties=62,000 Wounded=200,000 Return to isolationism Women must
give up jobs to returning soldiers US becomes a world power (and
the only nation that profits from the war)