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The Great War 1914-1918

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Long Term Causes The 3-ims: Nationalism- belief that national concerns are more important than global ones Imperialism - nations compete for control of colonies, raw materials, and markets Militarism - buildup of the military, military aggression

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Long Term Causes The Alliance System European nations make alliances promising to protect each other if attacked - Often enter into alliances in an attempt to avoid war Brought many nations into war When a nation went to war, their allies and their enemies allies joined as well Triple Entente: France, Britain, Russia (also had alliance with Serbia) Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

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The Spark Europe wanted control of the Balkan Peninsula because it was surrounded by several seas (ports for trade and resources) Russia wanted an outlet to the Mediterranean Sea Germany wanted to extend their railroad to the Ottoman Empire Austria-Hungary resented Serbia for encouraging Bosnia to reject Austrian rule (after they had annexed Bosnia)

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The Powder Keg The Balkans were nicknamed The Powder Keg of Europe. incited by the Austria-Hungarian annexation of the former Turkish province of Bosnia Serbia threatened war on Austria-Hungary. Russia had pledged their support to Serbia, so they began to mobilize, which caused Germany, allied with Austria-Hungary, to threaten war on Russia. (Russia backed down )

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June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austrian throne) and his wife Sophie were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip Princip was a Serbian nationalist and member of the Black Hand Society Radical nationalist group that favored an alliance between Bosnia and Serbia Opposed Austria-Hungarys annexation of Bosnia

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Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia (for the assassination) and issued an ultimatum (answer within 48 hours) Serbia was to suppress all anti-Austrian newspapers/organizations Austrian police would help control rebellions in Serbia Austrian courts would help prosecute accused conspirators in Serbia Serbia rejected the proposal

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Germany offered Austria- Hungary unconditional support if they declared war (known as the blank check) July 28, 1914Austria- Hungary declares war on Serbia (exactly one month after the assassination) The Alliance system of the previous years begins dragging other nations into the war as well turned into the domino effect

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Nations Take Sides Allies: France, Britain, Russia, Japan (previously had a treaty with Britain), Italy (changed sidespossibly because they were losing and wanted a port in Austria Hungary), USA (joined in 1917) Australia, Belgium, Greece, India, Montenegro, New Zealand, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, South Africa, Etc... (Approximately 25 nations) Central Powers: Austria- Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, Ottoman Empire

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Leaders AlliesCentral Powers France Premier Georges Clemenceau Great Britain Prime Minister David Lloyd George and King George V Russia Czar Nicholas II Italy Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando and King Victor Emmanuel III Japan Emperor Yoshihito United States President Woodrow Wilson Austria-Hungary Emperor Franz Joseph I Bulgaria Czar Ferdinand I Germany Kaiser Wilhelm II Ottoman Empire Minister of War Enver Pasha

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American Neutrality US remains neutral See the war as a European conflict that didnt threaten US lives or property But ties to homelands divide many Americans (example - German- Americans generally supported the Central Powers, and French- Americans generally supported the Allies) 3 factors increase US support for Allies: Common ties with Britain (language and ancestry) Stronger economic ties to the Allies (through trade) Germanys invasion of neutral Belgium

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War Before US Involvement Schlieffen Plan=Germanys plan to avoid fighting a 2-front war Western Front=Germanys border with France 500 miles of trenches Eastern Front=Germanys border with Russia Trench Warfare: Exchange heavy casualties for very little land gains Battle of Verdun--gained only 4 miles in 10 months Battle of the Somme--1/2 million casualties, gained only 5 miles Horrible Conditions: muddy, lice and rat-infested, disease, trench foot

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America Enters the War Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: German u-boats would sink any ship in Allied waters one reason is to limit trade, by doing this you hurt the enemies economy thus hurting them in war.

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America Enters the War The Sinking of The Lusitania: May 7, 1915British passenger ship was sunk by a German u-boat (on its way from New York to Britain) 1,200 people were killed (including 128 Americans)

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America Enters the War Germany claimed the Lusitania was carrying war materials (we denied it, but it was later revealed to be true) US remained neutral, but public opinion began turning in favor of war (especially when Germany sank 4 US merchant ships) Germany temporarily stops Unrestricted Submarine Warfare http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= AYKdXABWaFg

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America Enters the War The Zimmermann Note: January 1917Britain intercepted a telegram from Germany to Mexico Germany asked Mexico to invade the US to keep us out of the war Germany would return to them lands lost during the Mexican War Present-day Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas April 4, 1917US declares war on Germany

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American Expeditionary Force US soldiersnicknamed doughboys Turn the tide of the war because of their freshness and enthusiasm (the Allies were losing the war) Other Allies were worn out after 3 years of fighting Russia dropped out because of a revolution Provisional government and the Bolshevik Revolution

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American Expeditionary Force Commanded by General John J. Pershing Originally used as replacements (for other divisions) Pershing wanted the US to be an independent force - it would give us a greater voice at the peace talks Opposed fighting a defensive war

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Weapons of the War The Zeppelin - Used for bombing and spying Machine Guns Fire- power of 100 guns

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Weapons of War Poison Gas & Gas Masks

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Weapons of the War Tanks Barbed Wire

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Weapons of the War Airplanes Big Bertha

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The War at Home Convert to a war economy War Industries Board required companies to mass produce to increase efficiency Citizens are expected to cut out frivolous items such as long dresses, heeled shoes, silk stockings, etc Also expected to save food and even preserve fruits and vegetablesencouraged many to plant victory gardens. Even changed the name of Sauerkraut

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The War at Home National War Labor Board - solve disputes between workers and management keep production running and running smoothly promised to keep minimum wage and short hours in order to disallow strikes

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The War at Home Encouraged women to join the workforce (because men were needed to fight) Women work on production lines building tanks, guns, and other war materials

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The War at Home Committee on Public Information 1 st propaganda agency Goal is to sell the war Produce posters and pamphlets explaining the war Sell war bonds (or liberty bonds) Propaganda encouraged Americans to support the Allies and hate the Central Powers

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The War at Home Opportunities for Minorities African Americans join the army to show patriotism (hoping to reduce racial inequality) President Wilson calls for the 19 th amendment to reward women for their role in the war (grants the right to vote)

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The Great Migration Due to Jim Crow laws, African Americans in the south trickled North, but during WWI this escalated. Known as The Great Migration, hundreds of thousands African Americans moved to cities in the north.

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The Great Migration Reasons behind the migration Escape Jim Crow laws The boll weevil infestation destroying cotton More job opportunities in the North Less immigration War left many jobs open Northern manufactures sent recruiting agents to distribute free railroad passes through the south.

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Espionage and Sedition Acts June 1917 the Espionage and Sedition Acts were passed A person could be fined $10,000 and sentenced up to 20 years in jail Interfering with the war effort Saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the govt. or the war effort

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Espionage and Sedition Acts Led to over 2,000 prosecutions, about half were convicted Targeted socialists and labor leaders Eugene Debs was handed a 10 year prison sentence for speaking out against the war and the draft

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The Flu! The Influenza Epidemic 1918 in the US contract the flu 500,000 die within a year in the US alone (40 million worldwide) The epidemic shut down factories, mines, telephone service, etc.

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Armistice Day Germany runs out of money, their allies pull out of the war, and they are too exhausted to continue alone Sign armistice on November 11, 1918 11 th day of the 11 th month at the 11 th hour

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Now for some foreshadowing During the war several revolutions broke out in Germany led by radical socialists (many Jewish) takes away from the war effort Same groups helped and encouraged strikes in factories hurt the war Both of these actions caused Germany to hate communism and Jews. The people associated the two together.

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The Fourteen Points Wilsons plan for peace: End secret treaties and alliances Allow free trade and freedom of the seas Reduce military forces Boundary changes(to keep one country from getting too much territory/power) Self-determination (they choose their own form of government) Create a League of Nations (Wilson believed the League of Nations was the most important part of his proposed peace agreement) Purpose was to prevent war through diplomacy Many Americans feared it would allow other nations to restrict our actions and our ability to defend ourselves

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The Treaty of Versailles The Big Four Georges Clemenceau France David Lloyd George Britain Vittorio Orlando Italy Woodrow Wilson USA Wilson wanted the treaty to be lenient, but Britain and France wanted Germany punished Signed June 28, 1919 Officially ends the Great War Signed 5 years to the day after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand

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The Treaty of Versailles Major provisions: New nations Austria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia (most taken from Germany) League of Nations peace keeping organization Demilitarized Germany greatly reduced army, not allowed a navy or air force War reparations Germany was forced to pay $33 billion to the Allies (US protested) War Guilt Clause Germany was forced to accept full blame for the war (again US protested)

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The Treaty of Versailles Called the Peace built on Quicksand Supposed to bring peace, but creates more anger and resentment Became a major cause of World War II Italy and Japan felt cheated in the land divisions Russia was ignored Too harsh on Germany - led to the rise of Hitler; people were looking for someone to pull them out of their disaster 1918 1 mark 1922 163 marks 1923 200,000,000,000 marks

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Legacy of the War WorldwideUnited States Lasted 4 years Involved more than 30 nations 22 million dead half are civilians 20 million wounded 10 million refugees (a person who flees to escape conflict or disaster) $350 billion in war damages/debt European lands and economies are destroyed Battle casualties=48,000 Disease casualties=62,000 Wounded=200,000 Return to isolationism Women must give up jobs to returning soldiers US becomes a world power (and the only nation that profits from the war)