Post on 25-Dec-2015
Europe Loses Her BalanceEurope Loses Her Balance
1.1. New Strong Nations Emerge: New Strong Nations Emerge:a.a. Germany: From Prussia and German speaking lands 1871 Germany: From Prussia and German speaking lands 1871established as a result of the Franco-Prussian War or 1870-established as a result of the Franco-Prussian War or 1870-7171b.b. Italy: Kingdom of Italy proclaimed in 1861 Italy: Kingdom of Italy proclaimed in 1861
2.2. Sense of Balance is lost as new strong nations begin to compete Sense of Balance is lost as new strong nations begin to compete economically and militarily.economically and militarily.a.a. of the two, Germany was the up and coming powerhouse. of the two, Germany was the up and coming powerhouse.Victories over Austria in the Seven Weeks War(1866), and Victories over Austria in the Seven Weeks War(1866), and over France in the Franco-Prussian War(1870-71)over France in the Franco-Prussian War(1870-71)
3.3. Loss of Established Strength Loss of Established Strengtha.a. Ottoman (Turkish) Empire Ottoman (Turkish) Empireb.b. Becomes Weak ““The Sick Man of EuropeThe Sick Man of Europe””c.c. Europeans Jockey for position here Europeans Jockey for position here
Shift: Balance of FearShift: Balance of FearLate 19Late 19thth -20 -20thth Century Century
A.A. IndustrializationIndustrialization
1. Nations prosper with strong national 1. Nations prosper with strong national economies economies Arms raceArms race
2. new 2. new ““high techhigh tech”” weapons, but…low tech weapons, but…low tech strategiesstrategies
a. machine guna. machine gun
b. trench warfareb. trench warfare ““no manno man’’s lands land””
BB. Colonization: Scramble for Africa (& Asia). Colonization: Scramble for Africa (& Asia)
Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism
National Newspapers National Newspapers spread hatred and spread hatred and nationalismnationalism
Two Main Blocks Two Main Blocks Develop:Develop:
Triple AllianceTriple Alliance Triple EntenteTriple Entente
The Powder Keg of The Powder Keg of Europe IgnitesEurope Ignites Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Wife Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Wife
assassinatedassassinated
Reaction of Reaction of Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary
Threatens Serbia because they believe Threatens Serbia because they believe that the Serbian Government knew of the that the Serbian Government knew of the plotplot
Need to Need to ““Save FaceSave Face”” and show that they and show that they are an established strength in the are an established strength in the BalkansBalkans This would stop Serbian support for This would stop Serbian support for
nationalism in Bosnianationalism in Bosnia
Austria Receives Austria Receives ““Blank Blank CheckCheck”” from Germany from Germany
Kaiser writes personal letter issuing full Kaiser writes personal letter issuing full supportsupport
Austria now has confidence to wage Austria now has confidence to wage war, war, if necessaryif necessary
An entire month after the incident, An entire month after the incident, on June 28th 1914, Austria on June 28th 1914, Austria declares war on Serbiadeclares war on Serbia
The Dominoes Begin to FallThe Dominoes Begin to Fall Tsar orders a partial mobilization to scare Austria into peaceTsar orders a partial mobilization to scare Austria into peace
Kaiser writes friendly letter to his cousin urging him to stop Kaiser writes friendly letter to his cousin urging him to stop mobilization. mobilization.
Tsar waits then hearing of GermanyTsar waits then hearing of Germany’’s mobilization, orders full s mobilization, orders full mobilizationmobilization Slow, huge, long distancesSlow, huge, long distances UnpreparedUnprepared
Germany Declares War on Russia on August 1Germany Declares War on Russia on August 1 FranceFrance, in following the alliance formed with Russia, begins to , in following the alliance formed with Russia, begins to
mobilize on August 1mobilize on August 1 GermanyGermany
Sends letter to Belgium asking to use Belgium lands to attack Sends letter to Belgium asking to use Belgium lands to attack France; if Belgium refuses, Germany will consider her an enemyFrance; if Belgium refuses, Germany will consider her an enemy
Declares War on France (states that a French aircraft entered Declares War on France (states that a French aircraft entered GermanyGermany’’s airspace) on Aug 4s airspace) on Aug 4
Moves into BelgiumMoves into Belgium EnglandEngland
Declares war on Germany over Belgium Neutrality on Aug 4Declares war on Germany over Belgium Neutrality on Aug 4 Must keep channel Free of German NavyMust keep channel Free of German Navy
So It Begins…So It Begins…
Plans, Opening Moves and the Plans, Opening Moves and the World of 1914World of 1914
The PlansThe Plans
Germany: Schlieffen PlanGermany: Schlieffen Plan France: Plan XVIIFrance: Plan XVII Beligium: Get ready…here comes Germany.Beligium: Get ready…here comes Germany. Britain: Control the seas and send the BEFBritain: Control the seas and send the BEF
Did not believe that they would have to send Did not believe that they would have to send their whole army.their whole army.
Italy: NeutralItaly: Neutral Russia: Get moving…prepared or not!Russia: Get moving…prepared or not!
Two attacks: North and SouthTwo attacks: North and South
Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan
KeysKeys Strong right Strong right
through through Belgium takes Belgium takes ParisParis
Left feints Left feints retreatretreat
Take French Take French PortsPorts
France: Plan XVIIFrance: Plan XVII
Emphasized Emphasized ““elanelan”” and and ““crancran”” – – ““courage and guts.courage and guts.””
Push with Push with ““all forces united to attack all forces united to attack the German armiesthe German armies””
Underestimated strength of German Underestimated strength of German forces going through Belgiumforces going through Belgium
New Weapons UsedNew Weapons Used
Machine GunsMachine Guns – Weapon – Weapon that changed the strategy that changed the strategy of warof war
AirplanesAirplanes Poison GasPoison Gas – though – though
France was the first to use France was the first to use chemical warfare, it was chemical warfare, it was Germany that used Germany that used chemical warfare in the chemical warfare in the form of poison gases form of poison gases (chlorine, phosgene, (chlorine, phosgene, mustard) most extensively. mustard) most extensively.
TankTank – introduced by the – introduced by the British in Sept. 1916, the British in Sept. 1916, the tank did not prove effective tank did not prove effective and reliable until WWIIand reliable until WWII
Country Total Casualties Deaths
Austria-Hungary 100,000 3,000
British Empire 188,706 8,109
France 190,000 8,000
Germany 200,000 9,000
Italy 60,000 4,627
Russia 419,340 56,000
USA 72,807 1,462
Others 10,000 1,000
Casualties and Deaths by Gas
The Red Baron’s (Manfred von Rickthofen) Triplane
United States Gets United States Gets InvolvedInvolved 1916—Wilson reelected with slogan, 1916—Wilson reelected with slogan, ““He He
kept us out of war.kept us out of war.”” Pressure builds to intervenePressure builds to intervene
Shared culture with the British EmpireShared culture with the British Empire JingoismJingoism Tie to the AlliesTie to the Allies
Sold food and materialsSold food and materials From debtor to creditor nation – If Allies lose war From debtor to creditor nation – If Allies lose war
what will happen to loans?what will happen to loans?
Time to ActTime to Act
Unrestricted submarine warfareUnrestricted submarine warfare Germans want to stop US from helping the AlliesGermans want to stop US from helping the Allies Sink any ships in war zoneSink any ships in war zone British passenger liner Lusitania sunk: 1198 drown; British passenger liner Lusitania sunk: 1198 drown;
124 Americans124 Americans Allies in disarrayAllies in disarray
Russia in turmoilRussia in turmoil French troops mutiny and refuse to fightFrench troops mutiny and refuse to fight England down to 6 weeks of food reservesEngland down to 6 weeks of food reserves
Zimmermann LetterZimmermann Letter
The EndThe End
19181918 August: Germans RetreatAugust: Germans Retreat September: Germans ask for Armistice, France September: Germans ask for Armistice, France
and Britain refuse: REVENGE!and Britain refuse: REVENGE! October: Austria-Hungary asks for ArmisticeOctober: Austria-Hungary asks for Armistice Riots in BerlinRiots in Berlin Kaiser abdicates and flees to HollandKaiser abdicates and flees to Holland Armistice BeginsArmistice Begins
Effects: Political ChangeEffects: Political Change Changed the power structure in Europe: Changed the power structure in Europe:
Fall of Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, Fall of Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, German Empire and Austro-Hungarian German Empire and Austro-Hungarian EmpireEmpire
Step towards decolonizationStep towards decolonization Hostilities in the Arab WorldHostilities in the Arab World Communism in RussiaCommunism in Russia Heightened US prestigeHeightened US prestige Women gain more power (suffrage, Women gain more power (suffrage,
workers rights)workers rights)