Post on 30-May-2018
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The Future of
Exercise Science
By Linda Young
And Asaundra Pickett
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A Paradigm Shift
Definition
Changes which occur over time andafter the initial fear of change has
subsided
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Example of a Paradigm Shift
The switch from mechanical Swiss
watches to electronic watches made
by the Japanese and Americans in
the 1970s
The exercise science discipline
The shift is still occurring
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Accounts of human movement have
been highlighted throughout history
Planning and executing movementhave been two of the most basic
survival skills
Movement skills were practiced and
incorporated into competition, tribal
rituals, and war
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Chinese believed that disease couldresult from inactivity
The Greeks became the first to keep
a scholarly account on how humanmovement was accomplished
Leonardo da Vinci studied in detail
human movement and descriedmuscle origins, insertions, andactions throughout a range of motion
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Advancement in the study of human
movement during the 20th century
began in different disciplines:
Physiology
EngineeringPsychology
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Basic Science Effects
Increase in the growth and
development of scientific-based
curricula
Increase in the number of
laboratories studying human
movement
These have led to increased
opportunities for graduate study and
research
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Many technologic advances invarious exercise science subdisciplines
Respiratory gas analysisComputers facilitated data collectionand increased the amount of data
compiledCellular and molecular mechanism forexercise responses and adaptationshave become the principle variables
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Disciplinary Vs. Professional
Concerns
After WWII, people studying human
movement were found in academic
settings (PE departments)
Traditional PE programs focused on
teacher preparation
Undergraduate PE preparation since
the 1970s has changed
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Presently, there is an in-depth
scientific, knowledge-based approach
concerning human movement in
addition to the traditional teachereducation approach
Undergraduate programming
requirements include:
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Calculus
Chemistry
Physics
Biochemistry
Anatomy and Physiology
Exercise Physiology
Biomechanics
Nutrition
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There is little difference between the
general academic course requirements for:
Physical Therapy
Medicine
Exercise Science
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This approach in conjunction with the
increased awareness for the need to
be physically active to improve health
has open many professionalopportunities previously not available
for students in exercise science
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Exercise science is used as pre-
professional training for students
interested in the following
professional careers:
Occupational Therapy
Physical Therapy
Medicine
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Career opportunities in Clinical
exercise settings include:
Cardiac rehabilitation programming
Pulmonary rehabilitationprogramming
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National Associations include:
ACSM American College of Sports
Medicine
AACVPR American Association for
Cardiovascular and Pulmonary
Rehabilitation
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The Paradigm Shift revisited
The transition from a traditionalteacher education approach to ascience based approach reflects a
paradigm shiftA transition from a discipline thatemphasized teacher preparation to anew discipline that emphasizedscience-based preprofessionalpreparation
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This new approach is the discipline of
exercise science
Exists alongside its sister discipline of
physical education
The refinement of exercise science
as an academic discipline effectively
leads to a refocusing of physical
education
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Physical education retains the status
of academic discipline
But
Its activities have taken on the
characteristics of a profession
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Academic disciplines are chiefly
concerned with providing definitions,
descriptions, and cause-effect
relationships of variables
These are research-based activities
that seek t add to the body of
knowledge of the discipline
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Professions are concerned with
objectives, programs, teaching,
learning, and evaluation.
Clinical professions are concerned
with diagnoses, therapies,
prescription, rehabilitation, and
prognoses
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The knowledge derived from thediscipline of exercise science istranslated into practice by the
professionProfessions often function as a guidefor the discipline which may lead thediscipline to alter a theory based onobservations made in the day to daypractice of the profession
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Discipline
Principle function is todevelop a coherentbody of knowledge
that describes,explains, and predictskey phenomena fromthe domain of interestor subject matter
Profession
Professions try toimprove the conditionsof society by providing
a regulated service inwhich practices andeducational/trainingprograms aredeveloped that are in
accordance withknowledge availablefrom one or morerelevant disciplines
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Discipline
Seek to understand
subject matter
Profession
Implement change
based on the
understanding ofsubject matter
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Future Perspective
Future will not be like the past because it will bemore complex
New data that are yet to be established may not
be like current data.
Frames of reference, demographics, science andtechnology, social norms, cultural norms, and
political institutions will all very independently ofone another as well as independently of scienceand technology.
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Future Perspective
Predicting the future courses anddirection has been neglected
Swanson and Massengale states
The process of creating alternative futures,studying them, and then selectively choosingmost appropriate future is not currently beingdone in the field of exercise and sportscience. The leadership of the field needs to
focus attention upon the creation ofalternative futures, the selection of one, thentake the necessary steps to make the futuretrue.
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Future Perspective
Historical development of exercise sciencereveals 2 consistent points
The direction and growth of the profession mustcontinue to be assessed and it must be
determined whether the present curricula aremeeting the this growth
Possibly the most important consideration isthe continued development of a science-basedexercise science curriculum so there iscontinued training of undergraduate andgraduate students in the scientific subdisciplines of human movement andperformance
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Exercise Science in the 21st
Century
The journey that began in the 20thcentury will lead to exciting newdiscoveries
Future Studies
Purpose are to discover or invent:
examine and evaluate and proposepossible, probable and preferablefutures
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Exercise Science in the 21st
Century
Questions AskedHow will exercise science continue to develop?
What will be the relationship between thediscipline of exercise science and new and
existing professions with human movement astheir knowledge base?
Will out understanding of human movementcontinue as rapidly as the pace of technologicadvancement?
For any future to be bright it takeshardworking people with a vision to make ithappen
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Another Paradigm Shift
The next shift may see exercisescience and related movementprofession take on a much more
prominent role in societyGroups such as PT, PE, andgovernment will begin funding aradically new vision of whathealthcare could eventually becomeby 2015.
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Another Paradigm Shift
Market forces that were driving healthcare
policy at the end of the 20th century are
likely to become more intense in the first
decade of the 21st
centuryAs population ages, exercise and physical
activity will play a larger role
The economic burden could drive healthcare
cost up to unforeseen heightsA decision could be made to restructure
healthcare delivery
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Another Paradigm Shift
Medical profession may bejuxtaposed with that of movementprofession in the year 2015 (pg. 416)
Movement profession earning couldmore than double
Practice in private office, clinics, andmedical centers
Future landscape of the movementprofession would mirror that of themodern medical profession
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Future Trends
The middle of the 21st century the world
would consist of 70 million Americans over
65 and 12 million over the age of 85.
The older population will have greaterchance to be healthier than any person of
similar age in previous generations.
Lifestyle interventions being the best
method for optimizing health and reducing
healthcare cost
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Future Trends
Important research directions exercise
science will embark on is to determine the
medical value of exercise for preventing,
managing, and treating disease andrehabilitating patients.
Society will begin to expect individual who
work in some aspect of exercise science to
be knowledgeable, certified, andacademically prepared.
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Future Trends
As more data substantiate the important
roles of exercise and nutrition on health,
exercise science will continue to gain
acceptance in the medical and allied healthprofession
Claude Bouchard and Barry A. Franklin
both were exercise scientist of at the end of
the 20th century made predictions thatshould help students of exercise think
about future direction.
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Future Trends
Claude Bouchard
Daily energy will continue to decrease
Increasing prevalence of overweight and
obesity
Development of the field of molecular
exercise science
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Future Trends
Barry A. Franklin
Courses in exercise and nutrition
counseling will assume an increasingly
important roleThe socioeconomic ramifications of
keeping older adults self-sufficient
through physical activity programs will
represent important opportunities in
gerontology
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Future Trends
In this century exercise science and
those professions relying on the
movement knowledge base will play
an important role in the lives of us all