Post on 21-Aug-2020
The Future of Energy in the U.S. and CaliforniaVicky HsuIntroduction to GISFall 2012 Final Presentation
Research Questions
1. Where does the U.S./California get its energy today?
2. How much energy are we consuming and what effect does it have on our air quality?
3. What is the solution for the future of energy?
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
State of the Electricity Market
• Power Plants▫ Non-Renewables Coal Oil Natural Gas
▫ Renewables Hydroelectric Solar Wind Nuclear Geothermal
• California more progressive than rest of the country▫ 2007 SB 1368 prevents utilities
from signing long-term contracts with or investing in dirty coal plants
▫ 2011 AB 32 mandates 1990 GHG
levels by 2020 33% GHG reduction
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Coal
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Coal = Non-Renewable Energy Source ³
Legend! Coal Plants
Oil/Gas
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Oil/Gas = Non-Renewable Energy Source ³
Legend! Oil/Gas Plants
Hydroelectric
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Hydroelectric = Renewable Energy Source ³
Legend! Hydroelectric Plants
Nuclear
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Nuclear = Renewable Energy Source ³
Legend! Nuclear Plants
Solar
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Solar = Renewable Energy Source ³
Legend! Solar Plants
Geothermal
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Geothermal = Renewable Energy Source ³
Legend! Geothermal Plants
Wind
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Wind = Renewable Energy Source ³
Legend! Wind Farms
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8
13
223
240
10
72
2
20
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Coal
Oil
Gas
Hydroelectric
Solar
Wind
Nuclear
Geothermal
Total Number of Power Plants in California
1% 1%
63%21%
0%3% 7%
4%
Total Capacity (64,175 MW) Breakdown of Power Plants in California
Coal
Oil
Gas
Hydroelectric
Solar
Wind
Nuclear
Geothermal
CA Power Plants by Type
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Type! Coal
! Gas
! Geothermal
! Hydroelectric
! Nuclear
! Oil
! Solar_PV
! Solar_Thermal
! Wind
0 75 15037.5 Miles
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Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Power Plant Distribution by Size
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Non-Renewable Power PlantsCapacity
! 1 - 50 MW
! 51 - 100 MW
! 101 - 500 MW
! 501 - 1000 MW
! 1001 - 3000 MW
Renewable Power PlantsCapacity
! 1 - 50 MW
! 51 - 100 MW
! 101 - 500 MW
! 501 - 1000 MW
! 1001 - 3000 MW³0 75 15037.5 Miles
Energy Production & ConsumptionVicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Yearly Consumption• Total: 272,645 GWh
Yearly Production• Total Power Plant Capacities: 64,175 MW• Assume plants run at 30-40% capacity.• These plants generated about 190,852 GWh.
<³
TerminologyWatt: unit of power, energy per timeWatt-hour: unit of energy
Energy Production0 - 500 GWh
501 - 1000 GWh
1001 - 5000 GWh
5001 - 10000 GWh
10001 - 100000 GWh
0 100 20050 Miles
Energy Consumption0 - 500 GWh
501 - 1000 GWh
1001 - 5000 GWh
5001 - 10000 GWh
10001 - 100000 GWh
0 100 20050 Miles
Where is California getting its electricity?• “In 2011, California produced 70% of the
electricity it uses; the rest was imported from the Pacific Northwest (10%) and the U.S. Southwest (20%). Natural gas is the main source for electricity generation at 45% of the total in-state electric generation system power.” Source: CA Energy Almanac
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Air Quality Effects
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Particulate Matter (PM)• 2.5 micrometers in diameter
or smaller = PM2.5• PM2.5 24-hr Standard (2006)
= 35 micrograms/cubic meter averaged over 24-hr
• Is the EPA PM2.5 24-hr Standard achieved in each county?
• Do the counties near National Parks achieve the EPA PM2.5 Standard?
0 100 20050 Miles³
Inyo
Kern
San Bernardino
Fresno
Siskiyou
Tulare
Riverside
Lassen
Modoc
Shasta
Mono
Trinity
Imperial
Humboldt
San Diego
Monterey
Tehama
Mendocino
Plumas
Los Angeles
Butte
Madera
Lake
Merced
Ventura
Kings
Yolo
Placer
Tuolumne
Glenn
Sonoma
Santa Barbara
El Dorado
Sierra
San Luis Obispo
Colusa
Mariposa
Napa
Marin
Stanislaus
Del Norte
Solano
NevadaYuba
San Benito
Alpine
Orange
San Joaquin
Santa Clara
Sutter
Calaveras
Alameda
SacramentoAmador
San Mateo
Contra Costa
Santa Cruz
Santa Barbara
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Ventura
San FranciscoSan Francisco
LegendNational Parks
Attained PM 2.5/ Unclassifiable
Partial PM 2.5 Attainment
Non-Attainment
Directional Distribution of CA Power Plants by Type
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Note: Nuclear and Solar PV power plants are missing because there are only 1 and 2 plants for each in California respectively.
LegendSolar_Thermal
Coal
Oil
Wind
Geothermal
Hydro
Gas³0 75 15037.5 Miles
Non-Renewable Power Plant locations vs. Air Quality by County
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
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Non-Renewable Power PlantsCapacity
! 1 - 50 MW
! 51 - 100 MW
! 101 - 500 MW
! 501 - 1000 MW
! 1001 - 3000 MW
Attained PM 2.5/ Unclassifiable
Partial PM 2.5 Attainment
Non-Attainment
0 100 20050 Miles
U.S./CA Energy Future in Natural Gas
• Natural Gas Plants are cleanest among all non-renewables
• More readily accepted than renewable technology
• Improvements in technology▫ Drilling/Fracking▫ Combined Cycle Plants
• Reduce dependency on foreign oil imports
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Huntington Beach Natural Gas Power Plant
Natural Gas
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
212
26 35
137
174
219
0
50
100
150
200
250
1940-1949 1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009
# N
atu
ral G
as P
lan
ts
Year
Total Number of Natural Gas Power Plantsin California
Natural Gas
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
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10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Cap
acit
y (M
W)
Year
Total Capacity of Natural Gas Power Plantsin California
2020: U.S. Net Exporter of Natural Gas
Time SeriesGrowth ofNatural GasPower Plants
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Natural Gas Power PlantsCapacity
$ 1 - 10 MW
$ 11 - 20 MW
$ 21 - 50 MW
$ 51 - 100 MW
$ 101 - 1500 MW
$ 1501 - 3000 MW
³0 75 15037.5 Miles
Input Raster Files for Spatial Analysis
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
National Parks Raster
National Parks Raster
Population by County
Raster
Population by County
Raster
Major Roads Raster
Major Roads Raster
Location for Natural Gas Power
Plant
Location for Natural Gas Power
Plant
Goal: Find the best location for a natural gas power plant based on the following three criteria.
Major Roads Raster
• 25% Weight• Yellow zones preferred▫ Close to roads
• 10 categories• Equal Interval• Source: TIGER data
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
National Parks Raster
• 50% weight• Blue zones preferred▫ Far from parks
• 10 categories• Equal Interval• Source: EPA
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Population by County Raster
• 25% Weight• Light Yellow preferred▫ Counties with low population
• 6 categories• Manual Breaks• Source: Census data
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Preferred Zones for a Natural Gas Power Plant
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
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Fresno, CA
Anaheim, CA
Oakland, CA
San Jose, CA
Santa Ana, CA
San Diego, CA
Sacramento, CA
Long Beach, CA
Los Angeles, CA
San Francisco, CA
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012Natural Gas Power Plant Proximity to Top 10 Largest CA Cities
³Southern California
Northern California
Legend# Major CA Cities
! Existing Natural Gas Plant
• 65 of 223 gas plants are within a 20 mile city buffer
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#Oakland, CA
San Jose, CA
Sacramento, CA
San Francisco, CA
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Anaheim, CASanta Ana, CA
San Diego, CA
Long Beach, CA
Los Angeles, CA
0 30 6015 Miles
0 30 6015 Miles0 100 20050 Miles
List of Skills Used1. KML to Layer2. Join3. Clip4. Buffer
1. Select by Location5. Graduated Symbols6. Aggregate attribute field7. Merge8. Inset Map9. Charts/Images10. Original Data
1. Geocoded top 10 largest cities11. Spatial Statistics
1. Directional Distribution12. Spatial Analysis Tools
1. Feature to Raster2. Euclidean Distance3. Reclassify4. Map Algebra
13. Time based analysis
Sources:www.globalenergyobservatory.orgEPA websiteCA Energy Commission websiteWall Street Journal article on natural gas
Thanks!
Any questions?
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Appendix: Modeling
Vicky Hsu - Fall 2012
Appendix: Geocoded CitiesVicky Hsu - Fall 2012