Post on 22-Mar-2016
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Managing Editor : Soe Yu WaiExecutive Editor : Ko HtikeSenior Editor : Aung Pho (Mg Phone-Law) Myint SweEditor : Thein Yu WaiResearch & Development Editor : Tin Maung AyeEnglish Editor : Tun Tun OoEnglish Proof : Tin Arkar MaungConsultant (Chinese) : Stephen LeeChinese Editor : Sai WinChinese Translation : Thein AungR & D Group : Zan Bo Htet Tin Zarni Maung Naw Phu Ngone Ko KoDTP : Mya Thi KhaingMarketing Group : Su Myat MonDistribution Group : Aung Thu, Myint Myat Mon Zarchi Ngwe Ngwe ThuFinance Group : Nan Thuzar (Manager)Reception : Moe SandarPublisher : U Tin Maung AyeGraphic Design : Pwint PhyuColor Separation : Shwe HteePrinter : Shwe HteeCirculation : 1000Price : 1500
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pdwful;,Of wifqufrIudk MunhfcJhMu&onf)
qdkNyD;cJhonfhtwdkif; ½kyf&Sifqdkonfht&m
ay:aygufNyD;aemufydkif; ESpf 20 MumrS ]½kyf&Sif
onf tEkynm&yfwpfckaywum;} [k urÇmu
todtrSwfjyKcJh&onfh 'The Birth of A Nation' qdkaom ½kyf&Sifwpfum; xGufvm
onf/
aemufydkif;rSmawmh Expressionist ½kyf&Sifum;awG? Neo-realism ½kyf&Sifum;awG?
toHxGuf½kyf&Sifum;awG? aq;a&mifpHk ½kyf&Sif
um;awG? crf;em;BuD;us,faom ½kyf&Sifum;BuD;
awG rsm;pGm xGufay:vmcJhonf/
urÇmay:wGif ½kyf&Sifqdkonfht&m ay:ayguf
NyD; ESpftpdwfMumaomtcg jrefrmEkdifiHwGif
½kyf&SifZmwfum; wpfum; pjyEkdifcJhonf/
jrefrmh½kyf&Siftem*wfMunfpdk;xGef;OD;xGef;&Sdef a*smhr,fvD
12
]OD;xGef;&Sdef psmye} owif;½kyf&Sifum;/
aemufrSmawmh ]arwåmESihf ol&m} qdkonfh
Zmwfvrf;½kyf&Sifum;wdkY jzpfMuonf/
vlom;wdkY cHpm;Ekdifaom &oudk;yg;
ay:wGif rSDwnfNyD; ½kyf&Sifum;rsm;pGm jrefrm
EkdifiHwGif ½dkuful;cJh&m NcHKMunhfvkdufvQif
&,fp&m½kyf&Sifum;rsm;ESihf idkcsifp&m ½kyf&Sifum;
rsm;udkom vlBudKufrsm;cJhonf/ BudKMum;-
BudKMum; pwefYZmwfum;? vQKdU0Sufonf;zdkESihf
pkef;ua0½kyf&Sifrsm; acwfpm;cJhjyefonf/
ueOD;qdkcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; ,cktcg
½kyf&Sif\ oGm;&mvrf;aMumif;onf ,cifESihf
uGJjym; jcm;em;vmonf/ wpfcsdefu ½kyf&Sifonf
"mwkypönf;zvifudk tajccH&mrS ,cktcg
tDvufx&Gef;epf? 'D*spfw,fenf;ynmrsm;udk
tajccHjyKvmonf/ ,aeY vlom;tm;vHk;vkdvdk
udkifwG,f toHk;jyKaeMuonf/ ½kyfNidrf"mwfyHk
uifr&mrsm;udkyif MunhfygOD;/ zvifroHk;awmhbJ
'D*spfw,ftajccH uifr&mrsm;udk oHk;pGJvsuf
&SdMuavNyD/ vSonf? vG,fonf? aygonf?
odyfOD;aESmufpm;p&m rvdk/ cvkwfuav;wpfckukd
vufn§dK;ESihf zdwwf½HkrQESihf t½kyfu xifvm
onf/ csufcsif; jrifawGUvmEkdifonf/ aumif;wm
raumif;wm tyxm;/
oDcsif;udk tajccH½dkuful;aom (M.T.V)
t½kyfrsm;? aMumfjimt½kyfrsm;udk MunhfvQif
aES;aES;auG;auG; av;av;yifyif t½kyfrsm;udk
rawGU&awmh/ jrefcsifwdkif;jrefNyD; oGufcsifwdkif;
oGufaeaom t½kyfrsm;udk awGU&onfhenf;wl
av;av;yifyif wdk;wdk;jiifom toHomrsm;udk
vlom;awGu odyfcHpm;csif[ef rwl/ jrefvnf;
jref&rnf/ qlvnf; ql&rnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf
aygufuGJoHpOfESihf aygufuGJt½kyfrsm;udk vlawG
ESpfoufvmMu[efwlonf/
Zmwfvrf;½kyf&SifawGudk Munhfvdkufjyefawmh
xkdenf;wlpGm jzpfvmonf/ [dkwkef;u cPwm
acwfpm;cJhzl;aom o&D;'D (3.D) ½kyf&SifawG
jyefay:vmNyD; y&dowfudk xl;qef;tHhMobeef;
awGESifh zrf;pm;vmMujyefonf/ Georges Melies acwfudk jyefa&mufoGm;NyDvm; rod/
NcHKí qdk&ygvQif oGufvufjrefqefaeaom
t½kyfvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;? qlnH aygufuGJaeaom
toHvdIif;vHk;BuD;rsm;xJwGif ½kyf&SifoabFmBuD;
wvl;vl; wvdrfhvdrfhjzpfaeonf/
pufrIydkif;qdkif&m wkd;wufrI 0JMoC\
qGJ,lpkyfNrdKrIudk cHae&aom y&dowfuvnf;
jrKyfvdkuf ay:vdkuf b0udk auseyfaeMu[ef
wlonf/
jrefrmh½kyf&Siftem*wfonfvnf; urÇmh
½kyf&Sif tem*wfay:wGif rSDwnfaeonf/
urÇmh½kyf&Siftem*wfudk,fwdkifu aqmufwnf
&m &vSonfr[kwf/ olYxufig vlpGrf;aumif;
½kyf&Sifum;rsm;? pdwful;,Of txGwftxdyf
a&muf ½kyf&Sifum;rsm;? '@m&Dqefqef ½kyf&Sif
um;rsm;? &uf&ufpufpuf aygufuGJrI BuD;rm;
aom ½kyf&Sifum;rsm;jzihf ig;yGuf&m ig;pmcsae
Muonf/
urÇm h&GmBuD;xJu jrefrm&yfuGufi,fav;\
½kyf&Siftem*wfonfvnf; xdkenf;wlpGmyif/
olrsm;enf;wl enf;ynmydkif;uvnf;
tm;raumif;ao;? ynmydkif;uvnf; qnf;yl;
&ef rsm;pGm vdktyfaeao;? aiGa&;aMu;a&;
uvnf; vGefpGmenf;onhf t&if;tESD;rQom
wwfEdkifao; wdkY . . . urÇmh½kyf&SifESifh
&ifabmifwef;zdkYonfum; cgcsOfaumifxufyif
taumifao;aeao;onf/ jrefrmh½kyf&Sif
tem*wf awG;Munhfwdkif; tm;i,fpdwfawG
rsm;rsm;vmonf/
BuD;rm;vSpGmaom EkdifiHjcm;½kyf&SifoabFm
BuD;rsm;\ a&pD;aMumif;aemuf vdkufvmcJhaom
jrefrmoabFmi,fav;ay:rS r&Jw&J vSrf;arQmf
Munhfrdonf/
&oudk;yg;xGef;um;aom uRef;odkY qdkuf
a&mufoGm;vQifjzihf vlom;wdkYb0 ydkí
vSyvmvdrfhrnfvm; rajymwwf/ n
Point of View
13
½kyf&Sif pD;yGm;a&;opömeD
½kyf&Sifudk vlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif ay:ayguf
vmaom owårajrmuf tEkynm[k owfrSwf
Muonf/ (olYt&ifu uAsm? pmay? yef;csD?
yef;yk? *DwESifh tuwdkY ay:xGef;cJhonf/)
½kyf&Sifonf vlBudKuftrsm;qHk; tEkynmvnf;
jzpfonf/ ½kyf&Sifudk pmrwwfolrsm;? em;rMum;ol?
qGHUtolrsm;yif Munfh½I cHpm;EdkifMuonf/ aemuf
wpfck ½kyf&SifESifh wjcm;tEkynmrsm; uGmjcm;rIrSm
½kyf&Sifonf BuD;rm;aom pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m
vkyfief;BuD; jzpfaejcif;yif jzpfavonf/ (*Dwu
'kwd,ae&mu vdkufvsuf&Sdygonf/)
]eJAm;&Gef;rS tajrmufBuD;rsm;} vdk
emrnfBuD; Zmwfum;rsm; ½dkuful;cJhonfh
tar&duef'g½dkufwm a*svDoGef;rqrfu ]½kyf&Sif
½dkufw,fqdkwm ½kyf&Sif½HkxJudk vlawG 0if&atmif
vkyfwmyJ}[k qdkcJhonf/ wcsKdU 'g½dkufwmrsm;um;
tEkynmajrmufyg\/ odkYaomf vlr0if/ cGufcGuf
vefatmif ½IH;ojzifh aemif olYudk tvkyftyfrnfhol
r&Sd/ ½kyf&SifukrÜPDrsm;udk þudpötwGuf tjypf
rwifom/ t&if;rS jyefr&Edkifaom um;awG
udkom ½dkufaevQif rMumcif ukrÜPDvnf;
a'0gvDcH&ayrnf/ ,aeYurÇmwpf0Srf;&Sd ½kyf&Sif
aps;uGufudk vuf0g;BuD; tkyfxm;onfrSm
a[mvD;0k'f (tar&duef)yif jzpfonf/ tm&S&Sd
tBuD;qHk;½kyf&Sifvkyfief;rSm *syefvnf; r[kwf?
w½kwfvnf; r[kwf? tdE´d,om jzpfonf/
t"du [dEL½kyf&Sifrsm;tm; xkwfvkyf&ma'orSm
rGefbdkif;NrdKU jzpfonf/ (,cif tac:ta0: bHkabudk
tpGJjyKí aemufajymifum abmvD;0k'f[k ac:qdk
Muonf) udk&D;,m;Zmwfvrf;wGJESifh ½kyf&Sifrsm;
urÇmudk xdk;azmufaeonfqdkaomfvnf;
tdEd,½kyf&Sif rsm;udk rSDzdkY trsm;BuD;vdkygao;onf/
tdE´d, vlrsKd;rSm urÇmtESHY BuJjyefYum aexdkif
aeMujcif;u tdEd,½kyf&Sifaps;uGuf us,fjyefYvm&ef
rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKavonf/
vuf0Jqefaom rif;om; &yf&Sfuyl;wdkY
acwfu tdEd,½kyf&Sifonf qdkAD,uf ½k&Sm;rSmyif
vTrf;rdk;EdkifcJhonf/ ,aeY &Sm&Gwfcef;wdkYacwfwGifrl
tdE´d,½kyf&Sifonf tar&dum;udk vTrf;rdk;rI
&Sdaeonfudk awGU&onf/ rESpfu &Sm&Gwfcef;
yg0ifonfh ]uRefawmfemrnfcef;} Zmwfum;onf
tar&duefwGif xif&Sm; vlBudKufrsm;cJhonf/
(xdkum;rSm pufwifbm 11 ta&;tcif;
aemufydkif; tar&duefae tdEd,vlrsKd; rGwfpvif
bmom0ifrsm; awGU BuHKcHpm;&onfh 'ku©aomu
rsm;udk ay:vGifatmif ½dkuful;jyEdkifcJhonf/
½kyf&Sif Zmwfum; xkwfvkyfaom ta&twGufürl
tdEd,onf ([dEL? w,fvfrD;? b*FvDpum;ajym
½kyf&Sifrsm; tygt0if) tar&dum;xuf rsm;onf
udk awGU&Sd&onf/ 2001 ckESpf pm&if;t& tdEd,
½kyf&Sifum; (1013)xkwfvkyfcJhum? tar&dum;rS
(739)um;om xkwfvkyf cJhonfudk awGU&onf/
abmvD;0k'f\ jynfwGif;vufrSwf a&mif;csaiGrSm
a':vm 3.3bDvQHjzpfí a[mvD0k'f\ jynfwGif;
vufrSwfa&mif;&aiGrSmrl a':vm 2.6 bDvQHom
jzpfojzifh tdE´d,u omonf[k qdkEdkifonf/
odkYaomf urÇmw0Srf;vHk;0ifaiGrSmrl abmvD;0k'fu
14
1.3 bDvQHom&Sdí a[mvD0k'fu 51 bDvQH
&Sdavonf/ abmvD;0k'f ½kyf&Sifum;rsm;\
wpfum;csif; ysrf;rQ ukefusp&dwfrSm 1.5 rDvQH
jzpfí a[mvD0k'fum;wpfum;\ ysrf;rQ ukefus
p&dwfrSmrl 47.7 rDvQHtxd &Sdavonf/
wpfacwfu jrefrm ½kyf&Sifavmuonf
tm&SwGif xdkufoifhaom tqifhtwef;&SdcJhonf
[k qdkEdkifonf/ *syef? tdE´d,wdkYESifh zufpyf
½kyf&Sifrsm; ½dkuful;cJhMuzl;onf/ at0rf;? NAdwdoQ
bm;rm; ponfh ½kyf&SifukrÜPDBuD;wGif udk,fydkif
½dkuful;a&;pufrsm;omru BuD;rm; us,f0ef;
vSaom ½kyf&Sifpwl'D,dkNcHBuD;rsm; &SdcJhMuonf/
wpfESpfudk ysrf;rQ ½kyf&Sifum; wpf&m ywf0ef;usif
½dkuful; xkwfvkyfcJhMuonf/ tjzLtrnf;om
jzpfaomfvnf; ½kyf&SifZmwfum;rsm;rSm t&nf
taoG;jrifhonf/ ,cktcg wpfESpfudk ½kyf&Sif
Zmwfum; q,fum; ywf0ef;usifcefYom
xkwfvkyfEdkifMuawmhonf/ (2010 jynfhESpfu
jrefrmAGD'D,dkum;rsm; 1400 ausmf jzefYcsdcJhonf[k
odcJh&onf/) ½kyf&Sifavmuom; tm;vHk;rSm
AGD'D,dkukd tajcjyK &yfwnfaecJh&onf/ AGD'D,dk
aps;uGuf ,dkifeJYaomtcg ½kyf&Sifavmuvnf;
,dkifeJYvm&avonf/ r.q.vwpfacwfwGif
jynfyrS ½kyf&Sifzvifrsm; r0,fEdkifojzifh AGD'D,dk
um;rsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;cJhMu&jcif; jzpfonf/
½kyf&Sifum;rsm; ½dkuful; ½HkwifrIr&Sdaom
tcg e,f&Sd ½kyf&Sif½Hkrsm; ydwfyif&onfh tajc
taeudk a&muf&SdoGm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh vuf&Sd
jrefrm½kyf&Sifum;rsm;onf &efukefESifh rEÅav;&Sd
½kyf&Sif½HkBuD;rsm;ay:wGifom rSDcdkae&awmhonf/
xdk½Hkrsm;rSm vlr0ifaomf ½IH;awmhonf/ 'DaeY
aq;a&mifpHk jrefrm½kyf&Sif um;wpfum;\
ukefusp&dwfrSm ysrf;rQ odef; 700 ESifh 1000
tMum;wGif &SdMuonf/ ukefusp&dwf odef;
1000 ausmfaomf Zmwfum;rsm;rSm ½IH;zdkY aocsm
aeonf/ Oyrm vlrif;\ ]usefppfom;}?
Zifa,mfarmifarmif\ ]vQKdU0SufaomESif;} wdkYrSm
odef; 1500 ausmf ukefonf[k Mum;&onf/
vl0ifyg aomfvnf; rlvukefusaiGudk jyefvnf
&&ef rvG,fulyg/
wpfacwfu jrefrm½kyf&Sif avmuwGif
0ifaiGpHcsdefwifaom Zmwfum;ESpfum; &SdcJhonf/
&wemyHk (at0rf;wifarmif? MunfMunfaX;?
wifwifrl? at;MuL) onf tom;wif tjrwfaiG
ig;odef;cGJ &&SdcJhonf/ b0oHo&m (aZ,s?
aropf? at;MuL) Zmwfum;onf tom;wif
tjrwfaiG ajcmufodef; &&SdcJhonf/ xdkpOfu
½kyf&Sif½Hk0ifcrsm;rSm NrdKUvnfoHk;rwf (75jym;)?
NrdKU jyif (50jym;) jzpfonf/ aemufqHk;u
tjrifhqHk;wef;rSm ESpfusyf? xdkpOfu ½kyf&Sif
um;wpfum;\ ukefusp&dwfrSm wpfodef;
ywf0ef;usifomjzpfonf/ r*FvmñGefY ½kyf&Sif
ukrÜPDydkif&Sif 'g½dkufwmrif;om; cifarmifñGefYu
qufwif crf;crf;em;em;ESifh aq;a&mifpHk pDeDrm
pukwf (1)tavmif;awmf &mrESifh (2)atmifjcif;
&Spfyg;Zmwfum;rsm; ½dkuful;&m wpfum;udk
ig;odef;ausmf ukefonf/ xdkYaMumifh vl0ifaomf
vnf; ½IH;awmhonf/
,aeYacwfwGif ½kyf&SifZmwfum;wpfum;
aumif;&ef xdkufoifhaom aiGudk oHk;pGJzdkY
vdkonf[k odaomfvnf;? xdkaiGudk jyef&&efrSm
tuefYtowfrsm; &Sdaeojzifh rpGefYpm;&JbJ
&SdMuonf/ Oyrm udk,fu ½dkufonfhwdkifatmif
jzefYcsdjyo&ef jrefrmjynfwpf0Srf;ü ½kyf&Sif½Hkrsm;
aysmufuG,faejcif;/ (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;½kyf&Sif
udkrl a':vmoef; 300 oHk;rnf[k Mum;od&onf/)
xdkYaMumifh ½kyf&SifavmuBuD; NydKvJroGm;ap&ef
qlvG,f eyfvG,f AGD'D,dkZmwfum;rsm; ½dkuful;&if;
usm;uefxm;&onf/ trsm;BudKuf rif;om;udk
tm;jyKae&onf/ rif;om;? rif;orD;rsm;rSm
AGD'D,dkudk (5)&uf? ½kyf&Sifudk &uf (20) ½dkuful;&uf
ay;Muonf/ ukrÜPDawGu (5)&ufESifh wpfum;
NyD;atmif r½dkufEdkifaom 'g½dkufwmrsm;udk tvkyf
rtyfMu/ 'DMum;xJ El&m0JpGJovdk ckd;ul;acG
jyóemu ay:vmjyefonf/
'DaeY ½kyf&SifaumfrwD tzGJUtpnf;opf
ay:vmonf/ qifqmvGwfvyfcGifh ,cifxuf
ydk&vmonf/ ½kyf&Sifudk pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;wpfck
taejzifh pdwf0ifpm;aom &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHcsifaom
olawG &Sdvmonf/ yDjyifaom aps;uGufwpfck
jzpfajrmufvmatmif bmawG vkyfMurnfenf;/
n
Focus
15
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHrSm EdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrI
(Leadership)&JU tcef;u@[m tJ'DEdkifiH
vlvdkolvdk tqifhrDzGHU NzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf
tifrwefta&;BuD;NyD; tc&musw,fqdkwm
jiif;p&mrvdkwJh udpöjzpfygw,f/ jrifhjrwf
xufjrufNyD; vkyf&nfudkif&nf&SdwJh acgif;aqmif
aumif;awG (Good Leader) awG&SdwJh EdkifiH
awGu 'Dtcsufudk oufaojyvsuf&Sdygw,f/
'Dvdkqdk&if acgif;aqmifqdkwm b,fvdkvlrsKd;vJ/
olYrSm bmt&nftaoG;awG&SdaevdkY acgif;aqmif
jzpfvmwmvJ/ olYudk b,ft&m b,ftaMumif;
awGu acgif;aqmifjzpfapwmvJ/ vlYtzGJU
tpnf;wpf&yfrSm acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfOD;
[m b,fvdkarG;zGm; jzpfxGef;vmovJ/
acgif;aqmifrI&JU oabm obm0eJY
acgif;aqmifwpfOD;&JU t&nftcsif;awGudk
oabmayguf em;vnfzdkYtwGuf qdk&if
]acgif;aqmifw,f} (Lead) qdkwJh rlv&if;jrpf
Bud,m&JU teuft"dyÜm,ftrsKd;rsKd;udk o½kyfcGJ
pOf;pm;Munfh&if oifhjrwfr,f xifygw,f/
yxr teuft"dyÜm,feJYajym&&if ]a&SUaqmif
w,f}? ]a&SUuoGm;w,f}qdkwJhoabm&w,f/
a&SUu OD;aqmifoGm;wJh um;? a&SUqHk;u vl?
OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKol pwJht"dyÜm,fjzpfw,f/
'kwd,teuft"dyÜm,ft& ]uRrf;usif
vdr®mpGm jyKrlaqmif&Gufw,f} vdkY &ygw,f/
Oyrmqdk&if aumif;aumif; avhusifhxm;wJh
c&D;oGm;vrf;ñTefwpfOD;[m c&D;tqHk;yef;wdkif
a&mufatmif uRrf;usifvdr®mpGm OD;aqmifoGm;
w,fqdkwJh oabmrsKd;jzpfw,f/
wwd, t"dyÜm,ftm;jzifh qdk&if
]acgif;aqmifw,f}qdkwm wjcm;olrsm;udk
ñTefMum;zdkY? trdefYay;zdkY vkyfydkifcGifhMoZmtmPm
(Authority) &Sdw,fqdkwJh t"dyÜm,frsKd;jzpf
w,f/
yxr t"dyÜm,ft& acgif;aqmifrsKd;udk
uRefawmfwdkY &yf&GmxJu toif;tzGJUawGrSm
trsm;tm;jzifh awGU&wwfw,f/ wu,fht&nf
tcsif;udk rMunfhbJ vlyk*¾dKvft& xifay:rI?
vlodrsm;rIawGudk tajccHNyD; tJ'Dtoif;tzGJU
awGrSm a&SUwef;u jy,k*fxm;zdkY acgif;aqmif
tjzpf wifajr§mufcH&wJhvlrsKd; jzpfygw,f/
'kwd,t"dyÜm,ft& acgif;aqmifuawmh
ynma&;eJY bmoma&; tzGJUtpnf;awGrSm
awGU&rSmjzpfw,f/ ynma&;e,fy,frSmqdk&if
q&m? q&mr[m oifMum; avhvmrIudk
vrf;ñTefjyowJh acgif;aqmifjzpfw,f/ bmoma&;
e,fy,frSmawmh bmoma&;*dkPf;wcsdKU? toif;
tzGJUwcsKdU[m olwdkYtBuD;tuJ *k½kawG? bkef;awmf
BuD;awGudk acgif;aqmiftjzpf (Spiritual
Leader)tjzpf vufcHxm;Muwm jzpfw,f/
wwd,t"dyÜm,ft& acgif;aqmifuawmh
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrIjzpfw,f/ 'Dacgif;aqmif
rIeJY ywfoufwJh pl;prf; aqG;aEG;wmawGudk
a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u ynm&SifBuD;awG
a[majym a&;om;cJhMuygw,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
a&S;acgr 'óe pma&;q&mBuD; yavwdk
(428^427-348^847 bDpD)u ol&nfpl;cJhwJh
pHjyor®wEdkifiHawmf&JU acgif;aqmiftjzpf tusifh
p&P aumif;jrwfrIeJY todÓmPfynm xufjrufrI
ESpfrsKd;pvHk; jynfhpHkwJh ]'óeynm&Sifbk&if}
(Philosopher-King) udk owfrSwfay;cJh
ygw,f/
a&S;acgr EdkifiHa&;oDtdk&DawGrSm tawmfqHk;?
taumif;qHk; vlom;rsm; (The Best Men)
omvQif EdkifiHawmfudk tkyfcsKyfoifhw,f qdkwJh
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifaumif;qdkwmarmifMunfopf
16
toHk;cscJhMuwmaMumifh rif;qdk; rif;npfawG
jzpfcJhMuwmudk awGU&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf;
a&S;acgr awG;ac:&SifBuD; t&pöwdkw,f (384-
322^323 bDpD) vufxufupNyD; EdkifiHa&;
awG;ac:&SifawGu tawmfqHk; taumif;qHk;
vlawG&JU acgif;aqmifrIudk w&m;rJh t"r®tkyfpdk;wJh
rif;qdk;rif;npf tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfqDodkY avQmus
oufqif;roGm;&atmif tajccHOya'eJY uefYowf
NyD; umuG,f apmifha&SmufoGm;zdkY tvGef
vdktyfw,fvdkY ñTefjycJhMuwm jzpfygw,f/
EdkifiHom;trsm;pku b0ifusus oabmwl
csrSwfxm;wJh tajccHOya'&JUcdkifrmwJh txdef;
tuGyfatmufrSmyJ acgif;aqmifawG[m ay:xGef;
vmEdkifNyD; EdkifiHom;awG&JU vGwfvyfrIudkvnf;
xdef;odrf; apmifha&SmufEdkifrSm jzpfw,fvdkY
oifMum;cJhygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm acwfopf 'Drdku&ufwpf
udk,fpm;jyK tpdk;&pepfrSm xl;jcm;wJh jyóem
wpf&yf ay:aygufvmwmudk awGU&ygw,f/
tJ'guawmh jynfolvlxku a&G;cs,f wifajr§muf
vdkufwJh udk,fpm;vS,f trwfrif;awG[m
rJqE´&Sif jynfolvlxk&JU qE´udkom vdkufem
aqmif&Gufay;&r,fh jynfolYtrIxrf;oufouf
rQom jzpf&rSmvm;/ 'grSr[kwf olwdkY[m
vTwfawmfxJ? ygvDrefxJrSm rdrd&JU udk,fydkifqE?
udk,fydkif qHk;jzwfcsuft&om jyKrlaqmif&Guf&
rSmvm; qdkwJh jyóem jzpfygw,f/
]z,f'&,f0g'D} (The Federalist) qdkwJh
EdkifiHa&;? 'óeusrf;udk a&;om;cJhwJh NAdwdoQ
'óeynm&Sif *Refpwl;tyfrD;vf (John Stuart
Mill 1806-73) uawmh 'Dvdk ,lqygw,f/
acgif;aqmifqdkwm omrefvlawGxuf todÓmPf
jrifhrm;NyD; tawGUtBuHK ydkrdk<u,f0wJh olawGudk
a&G;cs,fwm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh acgif;aqmif
awG[m &ifqdkif&wJh EdkifiHa&;&m udpöawG
udk udk,fhqE´? udk,fhqHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif;om
aqmif&Gufoifhw,fvdkY rD;vfu qdkygw,f/
wpfzufuvnf; acgif;aqmifqdkwm rJqE´&Sif
awGudk opömcHoljzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh rJqE´&Sif
trsm;jynfolawG&JU qE oabmxm;wifjycsuf
(Public Opinion) twkdif; vdkufem aqmif&Guf
&r,fvdkY ,lqMuwmvnf; &Sdygw,f/
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;rSm &Sdoifh &Sdtyf
wJh t&nftcsif;eJY ywfoufvdkYuawmh t&if
eJY tck odyfruGmjcm;vSygbl;/ acgif;aqmif
vkyfol[m rdrd&JUudk,fusKd;? twåtusKd;pD;yGm;xuf
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jynfhpHk cdkifrmwJh qHk;jzwfcsufawGudkvnf;
vufawGUusus csrSwfEdkif&r,f/ xifay:
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&r,f/ vdktyfvm&if rdrdtoufudkawmif riJh
uGufbJ vkyfaqmifEdkif&r,f/ ormorwfuswJh
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tjynfh &Sd&rSmjzpfw,f/ 'gawGuawmh acgif;aqmif
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jzpfw,f/
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aumif;awG[m EdkifiHa&; tusyftwnf;awG
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wdkY[m udk,fhEdkifiHawG &ifqdkifcJh&wJh EdkifiHa&;
tusyftwnf;awGuae arG;zGm; ay:xGef;
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w,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf;eJY
acgif;aqmifaumif;[m twlwl ,SOfwGJaew,f
vdkYawmif qdkEdkifygw,f/ n
t,ltq[m vTrf;rdk;xm;ygw,f/ vlYtzGJU
tpnf;udk OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKEdkifwJh acgif;aqmif
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udk,fusifhw&m;t& aumif;jrwf&r,fvdkY cH,l
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acgif;aqmiftjzpf b0ifusus vufcHcJhwmudk
awGU&ygw,f/
'gayr,fh todynm? twwfynmawG
acwfrDwdk;wufvmygw,fqdkwJh ESpfq,f&mpk
xJrSmawmh ]BuD;jrwfaom acgif;aqmifBuD;}
tjzpf rdrdudk,frdrd jyefNyD;cefYtyfwJh tDwvDu
rlqdkvDeD (Mussolini)eJY *smreDu [pfwvm
(Hitler) wdkYvdk tmPm&SifBuD;awG ay:vmwm
udk pdwfroufromjzpfp&m awGU&ygw,f/
tJ'Dvdk olwdkYOD;aqmifcsrSwfxm;wJh Oya'udk
tay:,H Aef;jy toHk;csNyD; udk,fhudk,fudk,f
EdkifiHhacgif;aqmiftjzpf trsKd;rsKd;vkyfBuHzefwD;
xm;wJh tmPm½l;awGaMumifh olwdkYEdkifiHa&m
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qif;&J a&mufcJhMu&w,fqdkwm vufawGU
jrifawGUcJh&NyD; jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DtmPm&Sif
acgif;aqmifawGudk Munfh&if olwdkY[m
]acgif;aqmifrI tajccHoabmxm;} (Leadership
Principle) udk rod em;rvnfcJhMuolawG
r[kwfygbl;/ aMuaMunufnufBuD;udk odjrifcJh
MuolawG jzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh olwdkY[m rdrd
udk,frdrd Oya'txufu vltjzpf cH,lcJhMuNyD;
acgif;aqmifrI tajccHoabmxm;udk wvGJ
Political
17
*lwpf*lwnf; jcaoFhESpfaumif ratmif;
Edkif[laom pum;&Sd\/ xdkYaMumifh jcaoFhu
olU*lrSm olwpfaumifwnf; ae\/ odkYaomf
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wpfaumifwnf; tydkifpm;r&Edkif/
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aom usm;qdkwmvnf; &Sdao;aomaMumifh
jzpf\/
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'def;ceJ wdkufrdNyD;? usm;a&m jcaoFhyg yufvuf
vefusoGm;onf/ tvl;tvJ jyefxvmonfh
tcg olwdkYESpfOD;Mum; n§yfwdkufcHxm;&onfh
orifr xrajy;Edkifao;wm awGU&onf/
csufcsif;NydKifwl0ifcJawmh EIwfcrf;arG;csif;
Nidjyefonf/ ESpfaumifvHk; aemufqkwfum
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jcaoFhESifh usm;tcsif;rsm;Muonfhtcgazjrihf
18
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rpm;awmh cufonf/ a0pk,lvQifvnf; &onfh
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oavmuf wu,fvnf; yg;eyfaom owå0g
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tqHk; oabmaygufonf/ tJ'gaMumifh ,kefudk
rsufapmif;wpfcsufcJum tHBudwfjycJhNyD; tom
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aooGm;r,f[k Budrf;oGm;onfh oabm/
tJ ,kefcrsmrSmu usm;? jcaoFhomru
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a&SUrSm&Sdonfh usm;ESifh jcaoFhudkom uRefawmf
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wpfcsufpD armhMunfhonf/ tJonfrSm jyóemu
usm;ESifh jcaoFhuvnf; taumifBuD;oavmuf
Opinion
onfvdk ab;usyfeHusyftaetxm;rSm a&S;u ,kefq&mBuD;awG
b,fvdk a&SmifxGufMuovJ/aMomf owd&NyD? ESmap;aevdkuf/
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ajy;wmvnf; olwdkYjrifonf/ ,kef bmpOf;pm;
onf qdkwmvnf; olwdkYodonf/ tJ'gaMumifh
aMumifpDpDvkyfaeonfh ,kefudk NydKifwl[def;í
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wdkYu taumifwpfaumifudk ESpfaumif cGJpm;wJh
taumifrsKd;r[kwfbl;/ 'Dorifr ig &xdkuf
ovm;? ol &xdkufovm; rif;tqHk;tjzwfay;}/
aoNyD? ig aoNyD/ ,kef&ifbwfxJu ESvHk;
tjyif aygufxGufvmawmhravmuf ckefaeonf/
'l;awG wqwfqwfwkefaewm vljrifrSm pdk;í
wpfudk,fvHk; usKHUxm;&onf/ odkYaomf
rSifaoatmif avhusifhxm;onfh rsufESmu
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tjzwf cdkif;vmvQifawmh ESmap;wJh enf;eJY
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jcaoFhu t&dyftuJ tukefodw,f/ a0gif;ceJ
wpfcsuf[def;onf/ tJ'gESifh usm;bufMunfh
jyefawmh usm;u xdkenf;vnf;aumif;? ighvnf;
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,kefyufvufvef usefcJhonf/ usm;ESifh
jcaoFhum; . . / n
19
udkat;Edkif (puFmyl) - r*Fvmyg tar a':atmifqef;pkMunfcifAsm;/
uRefawmfuawmh puFmylEdkifiHrSm acwåtvkyfvkyfudkifaewJh at;Edkifyg/
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uRefawmfwkdYjrefrmEdkifiHrSm 'Drdkua&pDeJY vlUtcGifhta&;awGudk bmom&yf
wpfcktaeJY oifMum;cGifh &Edkifygovm;/ NyD;awmh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD
tzGJUcsKyf&JU tzGJU0ifjzpfzkdUtwGuf tvG,fwul tGefvdkif;uaeNyD;awmh
avQmufcGifh&atmifvkdY Website av;wpfckrsm; zGifhzdkY tpDtpOf&Sdyg
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vlxkESifh
20
tJ'gawG uRefawmfhudk wwfEdkifoavmuf ajzMum;ay;ygvdkY tEl;tñGwf
arwåm&yfcHygw,f cifAsm;/ aus;Zl;wifygw,f/
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ajymygw,f/ 'g[m or®wOD;odef;pdeftaeeJY vuf&Sdyuwdtajctaeudk
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pkMunftaeeJY bmrsm; ajymcsifygovJcifAsm;/ aus;Zl;wifygw,f
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n
Ref : RFA (Radio Free Asia)
a':atmifqef;pkMunf (4)The Future
Questions & Answers
21
]0} r&SdolwdkY&JU ]0d} aeY pGJrsm;*suf uGrf;NcHukef;
(wpf)
2012 ckESpfwkef;qDu uREkfyfwdkY jrefrm
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rdef;uav;wdkYonf a&S;uxuf ynmydkwwf
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tysKdBuD;b0jzifh tvdkrD;rsm;udk Nidrf;owfí
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aevmMujcif; jzpfMuacsonfwrHkY/
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tdrfaxmifom;arG;orIudk 'kwd,*½krpdkufqHk;
22
Satire
EdkifiH? jrefrmEdkifiHonf 2050 odkY a&mufaom
tcg r*Fvmaqmifcef;rrsm;udk tm;vHk;ydwfodrf;
vdkufMu&NyD; vufxyfpmcsKyfrsm; tm;vHk;
0,f,lolr&Sd rD;½IdUum zsufqD;vdkufMu&aom
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(ESpf)
w½kwfjynfBuD;wGif 1978 rS pum one child policy [lí wpfarmifESH uav;
wpfa,mufpepfusifhoHk;cJh&m arG;vkvk jyLwpf
jyLwpfuav; oef; 400 avmufudk [efYwm;
EdkifcJhaom [l\/
jyifopfu rdef;uav;wdkYuvnf; uav;
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axmufyhHaMu; xyfay;? wwd,uav;
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uav;arG;a&; pDrHudef;udk qGJMu&avowwf/
arG;aysmfvSavpG/
*smrefvifr,m;wdkYonfum; 1960 ESifh
1967 pyfMum;ü om;orD;r,lol 30 &mcdkifEIef;
&SdNyD; 1972 rSonf 2012 ckESpftxd ESpfaygif;
30 qufwdkuf usqif;vmcJhav&m 2010 odkY
a&mufaomf vlOD;a& 75 oef;rSonf oef;
50 odkY usqif;oGm;vdrfhrnf[k qdk\/ ,if;udk
aMumufaom 0efBuD;csKyf rmu,fu uav;
,laomf vpmtjynfhESifh cGifhwpfESpfay;rnf/
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w½kwfwdkifayonfum; 2011 rS pum
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n
23
awmif;yefyg&ap? rdk;Zvynm&Sif OD;xGef;vGifcsrf;,OfvIdif (AMK Foundation)
owdrrl? *lrjrif? vlnHhwpfOD;\jzpfpOf
uRefawmfonf 1984ckESpfrSpí jynfy
EdkifiHrsm;wGif ynmoifMum;NyD;? tvkyf vkyfudkif
um taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh 1997 ckESpfwGif
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24
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n
Enviromental
25
ra0;awmhaom vmrnfh 2015 ckESpfwGif
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh tmqD,HtvSnfhus Ouú|
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tmqD,Htodkuft0ef;ESifh urÇmuyg pdwf0if
wpm; &SdaeMuygonf/ odkYjzpf&m tmqD,H
pD;yGm;a&; todkuft0ef; 2015 (Asean Economic Community-2015) ESifh tmqD,H
bufpHk &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI oabmwlnDcsuf Asean Comprehensive Investment Agreement (ACIA) wdkY\ a,bk,sjy|mef;csufrsm;tay:
oufqdkif&mtzGJU0ifEdkifiH toD;oD;rS taumif
txnfazmfEdkifrI? em;vnfod&Sd vdkufem
aqmif&GufrIwdkYtay:wGif rlwnfNyD; 2015 ckESpf
wGif &Sdrnfh tmqD,H a'otwGif; bufpHk
pD;yGm;a&; zGHU NzdK; wdk;wufrItwGuf BudKwif
arQmfawG;vsuf vkyfaqmifzG,f &Sdonfrsm;udk
tcsdefuefYowfcsufESifh tajctae awmif;qdkrI
wdkYESifhtnD vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifrnf
jzpfonf/
tmqD,Ha'oBuD; wpfckvHk;tm; wpfck
wnf;aom aps;uGufESifh xkwfvkyfrI tajccH
wpfckwnf;tjzpf ½IjrifoHk;oyfygu aps;uGuf
twGif;üyif NydKifqdkifrI jrifhrm;aeNyD; urÇmh
pD;yGm;a&;twGif;odkY tjynfht0 yl;aygif;yg0if
vsuf&Sdonfudk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/ þudpö
zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufí NyD;ajrmuf atmifjrifap&ef
tcsdef (3)ESpftwGif; AEC onf &nfrSef;csuf
rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfoGm;&rnf jzpfonf/
AEC\ atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnf
azmfEdkifrIrsm;udk avhvmygu 2012 ckESpf? {NyDv
AEC rSwfwrf;rsm;t& &nfrSef;csuf\ 68.2
&mcdkifEIef;tm; taumiftxnfazmfEdkifcJhonf/
tjrifhqHk; pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIrsm; urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;
wGif;odkY 85.7 &mcdkifEIef;? NydKifqdkifrI pD;yGm;a&;
aps;uGufodkY 69.2 &mcdkifEIef;ESifh tcsKd;us
pD;yGm;a&; zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrIodkY 66.7 &mcdkifEIef;
yl;aygif;yg0ifEdkifcJhonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm AEC \ &nfrSef;csufrsm; aygufajrmuf atmifjrifrI
onf tmqD,Ha'owGif yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufa&;
atmifjrifrItay:wGif rsm;pGm rlwnfygonf/
xdkodkY yl;aygif; aqmif&Guf&mwGif tmqD,HA[dk\
csrSwf xm;aom ñTefMum;csufrsm; oabmwlnD
csufrsm;udk vufawGUusus vdkufemaqmif&Guf
Edkif&eftwGuf rdrdtrsKd;om;tqifh zGJUpnf;yHk
tajccHOya'rsm;? wnfqJOya'rsm;ESifh rudkuf
nDrIrsm;udk jyifqifa&;qGJEdkif&ef toifh&Sdae
&rnf jzpfonf/ tvm;wl ul;oef; a&mif;0,f
a&;qdkif&m tjiif;yGm;rI ajz&Sif;jcif;enf;pOfrsm;
ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; tmPmwnfa&;twGuf
aqmif&Guf&ef BudKwifpOf;pm; aqmif&GufMu
&rnf jzpfonf/
AEC ESifh ywfoufqufpyfNyD; tmqD,H
bufpHk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI oabmwlnDcsuf a,bk,s
tajctaersm;udk avhvmEdkif&ef vufurf;
pmapmifyg tcsuftvufrsm;tm; atmufyg
twdkif; azmfjytyfygonf/
tmqD,H bufpHk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI oabm
wlnDcsuf
ACIAtwGuf tajccHtaMumif;&if;
- tmqD,H bufpHk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI pmcsKyf (ACIA) onf tmqD,H\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI oabmwlnDcsuf
topfjzpfonf/
- 4if;onf aygif;pyfzGJUpnf;xm;aom pD;yGm;a&;
tzGJUtpnf;wpfck\ tae txm;wGif vGwfvyfí
yGifhvif;aom &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHrIqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfrIpepf
0ef;usifwpfck zefwD;&ef tmqD,H\ vufeuf
ud&d,mwpfck jzpfonf/
- 4if;onf urÇmvHk;qdkif&m ,SOfNydKifrI wdk;wuf
jcif;tay: tmqD,H\ wkefYjyefrI jzpfonf/
4if;\ tvHk;pHkjzpfrI? omwlnDrQ&SdNyD; zGHU NzdK;
wdk;wufaom oGifjyif vu©Pmrsm;ESifhtwl
4if;onf oD;oefY&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI yef;wdkiftjzpf
tmqD,HpD;yGm;a&;todkuft0ef; 2015? tmqD,HbufpHk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI oabmwlnDcsufESifh jrefrmEdkifiH
armifarmifjrihfoef;
26
tmqD,H\ auseyfaprIudk wkd;wufap&ef
&nf&G,fygonf/
- rSwfcsuf / ACIA tm; tmqD,H &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrI{&d,m (AIA) ESifh tmqD,H &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
tmrcH (IGA) oabmwlnDcsufrsm; (tBudK
oabmwlnDcsufrsm;)wGif tpm;xdk; azmfjy
xm;onf/
pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tusKd;tjrwfrsm;
- ACIA taejzifh atmufazmfjyygwdkYudk
aqmif&Guf&ef arQmfvihfygonf/
- ydkrdkí yg0ifulnDaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;^
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI 0ef;usifwpfckudk zefwD;&ef/
- &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;tm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jyKvkyf&ef
ydkrdk,HkMunfrI&Sdvmatmif taxmuftyHhay;NyD;?
tmqD,HwGif olwdkY\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItm; xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smuf&ef/
- tmqD,HtwGif; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItm; wdk;jr§ifhvmNyD;?
tmqD,HtzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm; tMum; pufrIvkyfief;
qdkif&m NyD;jynfhpHkrIESifh uRrf;usifrI ydkrdk&&Sdvm
atmif wGef;tm;ay;onf/
atmifjrifrI aomhcsuftpdwftydkif;rsm;
- ACIA onf EdkifiHwum taumif;qHk;aom
avhusifrIrsm;tay:wGif tajccHxm;onf/
- 4if;wGif wif;MuyfrIrsm; avsmhenf;apjcif;
ESifh tumtuG,fay;rItay:wGif oifhavsmfaom
jy|mef;csufrsm;&Sdonf/
- tem*wf vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufEdkifrI
wdk;wufjcif;twGuf csrSwfxm;onfh jy|mef;csuf
rsm;tay: wpfckwnf;aom negative list csOf;uyfrIwpfck csrSwfay;&ef/
- rQwaom ½IjrifrIwpf&yf &Sdygap/
- wif;MuyfrIrsm; avsmhenf;vmrI? tum
tuG,fay;rI? wdk;jr§ifhay;rIESifh vG,ful oufom
aprI ponfhrPÖdKifBuD; (4)ck tay: vTrf;rdk;rI
&Sdonf/
- ,cif^a&SUajy; oabmwlnDcsufrsm;tm;
jyefvnfaMujimxm;onfh oabmwlnD csufrsm;
- trsKd;om;a&;qdkif&m usifhoHk;rIESifh touf
omqHk; txl;tcGifhta&;&&Sdonfh EdkifiHrsm;\
wm0ef&SdrIrsm;udk jyefvnf tcdkiftrmajymqdk
jcif;rsm;
- tBudKoabmwlnDcsufrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;ESifh
ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;
ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom jy|mef;csufrsm;
- tkyfcsKyfrIrS uif;vGwfjcif;ESifh umuG,fjcif;
tay: oufqdkif&m jy|mef;csufrsm;\ &Sif;vif;
jywfom;aom jyKrIaqmif&GufrI
- twnfjyKcsufESifh vTJajymif;rIrsm; &&Sdjcif;
twGuf &Sif;vif;jywfom;í vG,fulpGm
em;vnfEdkifaom jy|mef;csufrsm;
- EdkifiHwum &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI oabmwlnDcsuf
rsm;ESifh tqifajyaom tvHk;pHk &Sif;vif;
jywfom;rI&Sdaom t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIrsm;
- &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHol tjiif;yGm;rI ajz&Sif;enf;
jzpfpOftay: ydkrdkNyD;jynfhpHkaom jy|mef;csuf
- wdk;yGm;vmaom tcGifhtvrf;ESifh toHkk;csrI
vTrf;rdk;onfh {&d,m
- t0ef;t0dkif;onf wdkuf½dkufESifh twdkif;
twmwpfck&Sdaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIudk vTrf;NcHK
rdonf/
- vuf&Sd tusKd;tjrwfonf tmqD,HESifh
tmqD,H tajcjyK &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;tm;
toHk;0ifaponf/
- ,cktcg ASEAN tajcpdkuf &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHolrsm;onf cGJjcm;rIr&Sdaom qufqHrI\
tusKd;tjrwfudk cHpm;Edkifonf/
- tkyfcsKyfrIrS uif;vGwfjcif; pum;&yfwGif
u@qdkif&m vTrf;rdk;onfh {&d,monf ukef
ypönf;rsm; jyKvkyfjcif;? pdkufysKd;a&;? ig;zrf;
vkyfief;? opfawmvkyfief;? owåK wl;azmfjcif;?
ausmufwl;azmfjcif;ESifh þu@rsm;udk ½kwfw&wf
jzpfay:vmaom 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk vTrf;rdk;onf/
- ACIA\ umuG,fay;rI jy|mef;csufrsm;
onf u@tm;vHk;udk tusKd;oufa&mufrI
&Sdonf/
tmPmoufa&mufrI&Sdjcif;
- 4if;\ Z,m; (pmcsKyfyg tcsuftvufrsm;
pm&if;) ESifhtwl ACIAonf 2012 ckESpf?
rwfv (29)&ufaeYwGif tusKd;oufa&mufrI
&Sdonf/
- tmqD,H twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfESifhtwl
tmqD,H q,fEdkifiH tzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm;rS vufrSwf
a&;xdk;xm;aom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; pkpnf;rI(odkY)
aemufqufwGJ trdefYaMunmpmwdkYtm; vdkufem
aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfonf/
- tmqD,H q,fEdkifiH tzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm;\
wpfOD;csif;pD pmcsKyfygtcsuftvufrsm; pm&if;
yg0ifaom ACIAZ,m;\ tmqD,H &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
{&d,m AIA aumifpDrSxyfqifh vufrSwfa&;xdk;rI
tBudKoabmwlnDcsufrsm;ESifh ywfouf
qufEG,frI
- ACIAtm; ASEAN IGA ESifh AIA oabmwlnDcsufESifh 4if;\ tusKd;qufrSwfwrf;
rsm;wGif tpm;xdk; aqmif&Gufxm;onf/
- ACIA\ tmPm oufa&mufrItay:
ASEAN IGA ESifh AIA oabmwlnDcsuf
rsm;tm; &yfpJvdkufonf/
- tul;tajymif;umvESifh a&G;cs,frIrsm;onf
ASEAN IGA ESifh AIA oabmwlnDcsuf\
uefYowfe,fy,ftwGif;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
jyKvkyfaom &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHolrsm;udk tusKd;
oufa&mufaponf/
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh rdrdEdkifiHonf tmqD,H
tzGJU0ifEdkifiHwpfckjzpfonfESifhtnD AEC ESifh
ACIA wdkY\ &nfrSef;csufwdkYudk od&Sdvdkufem
taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef BudK;pm;&rnfhtjyif
wpfzufüvnf; tmqD,H tzGJU BuD;\tvSnfhus
Ouú| wm0ef xrf;aqmif&mwGif tmqD,HwpfckvHk;
twGif; rdwfzufEdkifiHrsm; urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;
tvSnfhtajymif;wdkYESifh qufpyfNyD; a'owGif;
tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf pOf;pm;qifjcif oHk;oyf
aqmif&GufoGm;&ef jzpfygonf/ n
Business
27
udk;av;vHk;ESihf wdkufqkdifonfh 0efBuD;tajymif;tvJtpdk;&oufwrf; wpfESpfausmfumvtwGif; yxrqHk;tBudrftjzpf tpdk;&xdyfwef; 0efBuD;ESifh 'kwd,0efBuD;rsm; ajymif;vJ wm0ef
ay;tyfrIudk EdkifiHawmfor®w OD;odef;pdefrS vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD; Mo*kwfv (27) &ufaeYwGif EdkifiHawmfor®½Hk;u xkwfjyef aMunmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
xdkuJhodkY xkwfjyefaMunm&mwGif 0efBuD;ta&twGuf udk;OD;? aMunmonfh aeY&ufESihf tcsdefwdkYrSm (27 &uf? 18 em&D? 45 rdepf) udk;av;vHk;
jzpfaeonfudk wdkufqdkifpGm awGU&SdcJh&onf/
pOf trnf ,cif&mxl; ,ck&mxl;
1 OD;pdk;odef; pufrI0efBuD; or®w ½Hk;0efBuD;
2 OD;atmifrif; &xm;ydkYaqmifa&;0efBuD; or®w ½Hk;0efBuD;
3 OD;vSxGef; b@ma&;ESifh tcGef0efBuD; or®w ½Hk;0efBuD;
4 OD;wifEdkifodef; trsKd;om; pDrHudef;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrI0efBuD; or®w ½Hk;0efBuD;
5 OD;atmifMunf tvkyform;0efBuD;XmeESifh vlrI0efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESifh
jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&; 0efBuD;
jyefMum;a&; 0efBuD;
6 OD;ausmfqef; jyefMum;a&;0efBuD; or0g,r0efBuD;
7 OD;tkef;jrifh or0g,r0efBuD;XmeESifh arG;jrLa&;ESifh a&vkyfief;0efBuD; arG;jrLa&;ESifh a&vkyfief;0efBuD;
8 OD;at;jrifh odyÜHESifh enf;ynm0efBuD; pufrI0efBuD;
9 OD;wifhqef; tm;upm;0efBuD;XmeESifh [dkw,fESifh c&D;oGm;vma&;vkyfief;0efBuD; tm;upm;0efBuD;
ajymif;vJwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onfh jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;rsm;pm&if;
2012 ckESpf? pufwifbmv (7) &ufaeYwGif 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfBuD; odef;aX;tm; e,fpyfa&;&m0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
OD;cifarmifpdk;tm; vQyfppfpGrf;tm;0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; 8-9-2012 xkwf EdkifiHydkifowif;pmrsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onf/
28
pOf trnf 0efBuD;Xme
1 OD;at;jrihfMuL ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme
2 AdkvfcsKyfaZ,smatmif &xm;ydkYaqmifa&;0efBuD;Xme
3 a'gufwmjrihfatmif owåKwGif;0efBuD;Xme
4 OD;ausmfvGif aqmufvkyfa&;0efBuD;Xme
5 OD;0if;&Sdef b@ma&;ESihf tcGef0efBuD;Xme
6 a'gufwmuHaZmf trsKd;om;pDrHudef;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrI0efBuD;Xme
7 OD;armifjrihf tvkyform;0efBuD;Xme
8 a'gufwm
a':jrwfjrwftkef;cif
vlrI0efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESihf jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;
0efBuD;Xme
9 a'gufwmudkudkOD; odyÜHESifh enf;ynm0efBuD;Xme
10 OD;aX;atmif [dkw,fESihf c&D;oGm;vma&;vkyfief;0efBuD;Xme
11 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfBuD;
a0vGif
umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme
pOf trnf 0efBuD;Xme
1 &JcsKyf ausmfausmfxGef; jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme
2 OD;ydkufaxG; jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme
3 OD;oef;aqG ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme
4 OD;atmifodrf; or®w½Hk;0efBuD;Xme
5 a'gufwmvif;atmif b@ma&;ESifh tcGef0efBuD;Xme
6 OD;qufatmif trsKd;om; pDrHudef;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;
zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrI0efBuD;Xme
7 a'gufwm a':cifpef;&D trsKd;om; pDrHudef;ESifh zGHU NzdK;
wdk;wufrI 0efBuD;Xme
8 a':pkpkvIdif vlrI0efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESifh
jyefvnf ae&mcsxm;a&; 0efBuD;Xme
'kwd,0efBuD;rsm; cefYtyfpm&if;
jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;rsm; cefYtyfwm0efay;
pOf trnf 0efBuD;Xme
9 OD;aomif;wif qufoG,fa&;? pmwdkufESifh
aMu;eef;0efBuD;Xme
10 OD;xifatmif pGrf;tif0efBuD;Xme
11 AdkvfrSL;csKyf0if;jrifh vl0ifrI BuD;Muyfa&;ESifh jynfolY
tiftm;0efBuD;Xme
12 OD;at;jrifharmif ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;ESifh
opfawma&;&m 0efBuD;Xme
13 a'gufwm a':oufoufZif ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;ESifh
jynfolUtiftm;0efBuD;Xme
14 OD;aomif;xdkuf tm;upm;0efBuD;Xme
15 a'gufwm a':odef;odef;aX; usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme
EdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;yHk tajccH Oya'qdkif&m cHk½Hk; Ouú| OD;odef;pdk; tygt0if cHk½Hk;tzGJU0ifrsm;tm;
&mxl;rS EkwfxGufcGifhjyK
jynfaxmifpkor®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmf
EdkifiHawmfor®w½Hk;rS trdefYtrSwf (29^2012)
udk 2012 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 6 &ufaeYu
EdkifiHawmf or®w OD;odef;pdefu vufrSwf
a&;xdk;í ,ckuJhodkY EkwfxGufcGifhjyKvdkufjcif;
jzpfonf/ EkwfxGufcGifhjyKvdkufonfh EdkifiHawmf
zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'qdkif&m Ouú|ESifh cHk½Hk;
tzGJU0ifrsm;rSm
(1) OD;odef;pdk; Ouú|
(2) a'gufwmwifatmifat; tzGJU0if
(3) a':cifvSjrifh tzGJU0if
(4) OD;xGef;Munf tzGJU0if
(5) OD;pdk;odef; tzGJU0if
(6) OD;cifxGef; tzGJU0if
(7) OD;qef;jrifh tzGJU0if
(8) OD;jrifhBudKif tzGJU0if
(9) a':rdrd&D tzGJU0if
wdkY jzpfonf/ n
News
29
EdkifiHawmf w&m;pD&ifa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;
qdkif&m yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ESifh
ydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk wefzdk;ESifhwuG pm&if;jyKpkNyD;
EdkifiHawmfor®wxH ay;ydkY&rnf jzpfaMumif;
EdkifiHawmfor®w½Hk;u ñTefMum;xm;aMumif;
owif;&&Sdonf/
vTwfawmf\twnfjyKcsufjzifh EdkifiHawmf
or®wu cefYtyfaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf
wpfpD;yGm;wnf;jzpfaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ESifh
ydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk wefzdk;ESifhwuG pm&if;jyKpkNyD;
EdkifiHawmfor®wxH ay;ydkY&rnf[k 2010
jynfh ESpf atmufwdkbmv 21 &ufaeY&ufpGJjzifh
jy|mef;cJhonfh jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJU Oya'
yk'fr 101wGif azmfjyxm;onf/
vTwfawmf\ twnfjyKcsufjzifh EdkifiHawmf
or®wu cefYtyfaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm ](u)
jynfaxmifpk w&m;olBuD;csKyfESifh jynfaxmifpk
w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf? w&m;olBuD;rsm;? (c)
EdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;yHktajccH Oya'qdkif&m cHk½Hk;
Ouú|ESifh tzGJU0ifrsm; (*) jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;
rsm;? (C) jynfaxmifpk a&SUaecsKyf? (i) jynf
axmifpk pm&if;ppfcsKyf? (p) wkdif;a'oBuD;
odkYr[kwf jynfe,f tpdk;&tzGJU 0efBuD;csKyfESifh
0efBuD;rsm;? (q) wdkif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf
jynfe,f Oya'csKyfrsm;? w&m;olBuD;csKyfrsm;?
w&m;olBuD;rsm;}wdkY jzpfaMumif; od&onf/
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ESifh ydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk
yl;wGJygyHkpH (7)rsKd;wGif jznfhpGufí vufrSwf
a&;xdk;NyD; EdkifiHawmf or®wxH trnfazmfjy
vdyfrlí 2012 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 1 &ufaeY
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1984 - rSwfyHkwifa&SUae Register Lawyer (R.L)atmifjrif/
1987 - tar&duef jynfaxmifpk wuúqyf
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1 vQyfppfpGrf;tm; 19067.498
2 a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGU 14181.972
3 owåKwl;azmfa&; 2814.360
4 ukefxkwfvkyfrI 1826.282
5 [dkw,fESifh
c&D;oGm;vma&;1064.811
6 tdrf? NcH? ajr 1056.453
7 arG;^a& 324.358
8 o,f,lykYdaqmifa&; 313.906
9 pufrI 193.113
10 pdkufysKd;a&; 182.751
11 aqmufvkyfa&; 37.767
12 tjcm; 23.686
pkpkaygif; 41086.957
pOf trsKd;tpm;ta&twGuf
(9-7-12)
ta&twGuf
(13-8-12)
yrmP
(9-7-12)
yrmP
(13-8-12)
wpfvtwGif;
wdk;vmonfh yrmP
1 ukefxkwfvkyfrI 588 594 490631.74 537467.74 46836.00
2 o,f,lydkYaqmifa&; 18 19 71937.62 163937.62 92000.00
3 a&xGufukef 56 57 15353.00 16553.00 1200.00
wpfvtwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIusyfoef; 140000 ausmf xyfrHwdk;vm
u@tvdkuf EdkifiHom;&if;ESD;jr§KyfEHSrIyrmP (usyf? oef;)
31-7-2012 txd u@tvdkuf
EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI yrmP
34
&Srf;jynfe,fESifh rEÅav;wdkif; a'oBuD;twGif;&Sd owåKwGif; av;wGif;ü 0efBuD;XmerS yk*¾vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufrnf
owåKwGif;0efBuD;Xme trSwf(3) owåKwGif;
vkyfief; vufatmuf&Sd &Srf;jynfe,fESifh rEÅav;
wdkif;a'oBuD;twGif;rS owåKwGif;av;wGif;ü
owåKwl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;tm;
yk*¾vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh tusKd;wlyl;aygif;
aqmif&GufrnfjzpfaMumif; owåKwGif;0efBuD;
XmerS od&onf/
tqkdyg owåKwGif;av;wGif;rSm &Srf;jynf
e,f(ajrmufydkif;) oDaygNrdKUe,f&Sd a*g'efausmuf
owåKwGif;? &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; [J[dk;
NrdKUe,f&Sd b½dkufwD ausmufowåKwGif;?
&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; uavmNrdKUe,f&Sd
'dkvdkrdk'fxkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;ESifh rEÅav;wdkif;
a'oBuD; ompnfNrdKUe,f&Sd b½dkufwDausmuf
trIefYBudwfpuf½HkwdkY jzpfonf/
4if;xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; xkwfvkyf
rItay: cGJa0cHpm;onfhpepfjzifh tusKd;wl
yl;aygif; aqmif&GufoGm;rnfjzpfNyD; 2012 ckESpf
pufwifbmv 21 &ufaeY aemufqHk;xm;um
xkwfvkyfa&;XmecGJ owåKwGif;0efBuD;XmeodkY
ay;ydkY&rnfjzpfaMumif;vnf; od&onf/
jynfwGif;owåKwl;azmfa&; vkyfief;rsm;
wGif EdkifiHjcm;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rS tar&duefa':vm
oef; 2814 'or 360 jr§KyfESHxm;NyD; EdkifiHom;
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u usyf oef; 11007 'or
92 jr§KyfESHxm;aMumif; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh ukrÜPD
rsm; ñTefMum;rIOD;pD;XmerS xkwfjyefcsufrsm;t&
od&onf/
trsKd;om;pDrHudef;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;zGHU NzdK;
wdk;wufrI 0efBuD;Xme xkwfjyefcsufrsm;t&
2011-2012 b@mESpftwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHrS
jynfyodkY t"duydkYukeftaeESifh obm0"mwfaiGU
trsm;qHk;wifydkYNyD; tar&duefa':vm oef;
3500 ausmf &&SdcJhaMumif;? ausmufpdrf; wifydkYrI
rSm 'kwd,trsm;qHk;jzpfNyD; tar&duefa':vm
oef; 780 ausmf wifydkYcJhaMumif;? owåKESifh
owåK½dkif;rSm wifydkYrI tenf;qHk;jzpfNyD; tar&duef
a':vmoef; 82 'or 59 oef;om wifydkY
EdkifcJhaMumif;vnf; od&Sd&onf/
n
jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumfr&SifrS 2 vtwGif; jynfwGif;ukrÜPD 7 ckodkY
vkyfief;8 ck vkyfudkifcGifhay;
jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumfr&SifrS 2v
twGif; jynfwGif; ukrÜPD 7 ckrS wifjyvmonfh
vkyfief; 8cktm; vkyfudkifcGifh jyKcJhaMumif;
od&onf/ cGifhjyKay;cJhonfh vkyfief;rsm;rSm
ausmufrD;aoG;oHk; "mwftm;ay;puf½Hktm;
BOT pepfjzifh vQyfppf"mwftm; xkwfvkyf
jzefYjzL;jcif;vkyfief;? ukefxkwfvkyfief;? pD;u&uf?
bD,m? tcsKd&nfxkwfvkyfjcif;vkyfief;? vufcpm;
pepfjzifh txnfcsKyfvkyfief;? a&xGufypönf;
vufcpm;pepfjzifh xkwfvkyfjcif;vkyfief;?
qdyfurf;vkyfief; 0efaqmifrIay;rnfh qdyfcH
wHwm;wnfaqmufjcif;vkyfief;wdkY jzpfaMumif;
od&onf/
Than Lwin Aye Yar Industrial Prodcution & Construction Co.,Ltd wpfck
wnf;rS bD,mESifh tcsKd&nfvkyfief; ESpfrsKd;tm;
vkyfudkifcGifh&&SdoGm;NyD; a&ToHvGif pufrIZkef
twGif; vkyfudkifrnfjzpfonf/ Globel Alliance Industrial Co.,Ltd rS pD;u&uf
xkwfvkyfief;udk vkyfudkifcGifh&&SdoGm;NyD; a&ToHvGif
pufrIZkefüyif vkyfudkifrnf[k od&onf/
ausmufrD;aoG;oHk; vQyfppf"mwftm;ay;
puf½HkvkyfudkifcGifhtm; Than Phyo Thu Mining Co., Ltd rS &&SdNyD; aumhaomif;NrdKUwGif vkyfudkif
vsuf&SdaMumif; xkwfjyefxm;onf/
qdyfcHwHwm;wnfaqmufNyD; taxGaxG
ukefpnfwifoabFmrsm; qdkufuyfí ukefwif
ukefcs qdyfurf;0efaqmifrIvkyfief; vkyfudkif
cGifhudk Royal Hi-Tech Group Co., Ltd rS rEÅav;wdkif; jrif;NcHc½dkiftwGif;&Sd ajr{u 380
ay:wGif vkyfudkifrnf[k od&onf/
tjcm;vkyfudkifcGifh &&SdonfhukrÜPDrsm;rSm
Myanmar Tokiwa Corporation Ltd, True Faith Co.,Ltd ESifh U Ni & Daw Phyu Family Co.,Ltd wdkYjzpfaMumif; od&onf/
n
35
(1)
jynfaxmifpkor®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif
wdkif;&if;om;vlrdsK;aygif; wpf&mausmf aexdkif
vQuf&Sd&m u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;vnf; tyg
t0if jzpfonf/ u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf
rdrdudk,fudk,f ]urf;,H} [laom rGef*dkvGdKuf
rsdK;EG,frS qif;oufvmonfh u&iftpki,f
tkyfpkrS jzpfonf[k ,HkMunfMuonf/ jrefrm
(7)rsKd;wGif oufESifh&cdkif EIdif;NydKifawmifol
ysLurf;,H a,mxm;0,faemu rsKd;owå[k
zGifhqdkxm;&m urf;,HrsKd;EG,f u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;
onf jrefrmvlrsKd;yifjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif 0wfpm;
qif,ifrIESifh "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;rSmrl uGJjym;í
oD;jcm;pD&Sdonf/
u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;wdkY tajccs aexdkif
onfh ae&ma'oonf &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;
uavmNrdKUe,ftwGif;&Sd jrif;rxdawmifwef;
rStp ajrmufbufrS awmifbufodkY oG,fwef;
vsuf&Sdaom e,fy,f0ef;usiftxd &Sdonf/
jrif;rxdawmifonf yifavmif;? z,fcHkNrdKUe,f
wdkUudk ausmfjzwfNyD; u,m;jynfe,f? u&if
jynfe,fwdkYtxd qufpyfaeaom awmifwef;
jzpfonf/ u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;wdkY ajymqdkaom
pum;onf u&iftkyfpki,f pum;tkyfpkwGif
yg0ifNyD; u&if tkyfpki,f0if u,m;?ua,m(y&J)
ESifh ytdk0f;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ pum;ESifh teD;pyf
qHk; qifwlonf/
(2)
u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;xJwGif u,ef;
v[DG (u,ef;ya'gif)? u,ef;vxm (Z,drf)?
u,ef;uief (,if;abmf)? u,ef;a*cdk (awmif
jrefrmvlrsKd; u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;ndKarmif
ay:u&if)[lí cGJjcm;owfrSwf ac:a0:Muaomf
vnf; ae&ma'orSmrl wpfqufpyfwnf;
jzpfonf/ ajymqdkonfh pum;? "avhxHk;wrf;ESifh
½dk;&m,Ofaus;rI"avhrsm; tvGefeD;pyfaomfvnf;
0wfpm;qif,ifrIrSmrl uGJjym; jcm;em;Muonf/
u,ef;ya'gifeSifh u,ef;Z,drf trsKd;orD;rsm;\
0wfpm;qif,ifrIrSm rnfonfh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;
ESifhrQ qifwljcif;r&SdbJ oD;jcm;pD &Sdaeonf/
u,ef;,if;abmfonf u,m;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;
ESifh taeeD;ojzifh 0wfpm;qif,ifrI tpdwftydkif;
tcsKdUonf u,m;trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh qifwlrI
&Sdovdk u,ef;a*cdk? a*;bm;wdkY\ 0wfpm;
qif,ifrIonfvnf; u&ifwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh
eD;pyfonfudk awGU&onf/
u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ aq;rSifaMumif
xdk;jcif;? aMu;acGywfjcif;? em;aygufazmufjcif;?
qHyifwdkxm;jcif;? oGm;teufa&mifqdk;jcif;wdkYrSm
½dk;&m *Dwwl&d,mtaejzifh Armtac: zm;pnfudk u,ef;vlrsKd;wdkYonf
wefzdk;t&SdqHk;t&mtjzpf txGwftjrwfxm;Muonf/ zm;pnfudk u,ef;tac:rSm uvkrfjzpfonf/ zm;pnfudk
ac:a0:&mwGif r*Fvmzm;pnf? tr*Fvmzm;pnf [lí cGJjcm;
ac:qdkMuao;onf/
36
"avhxHk;wrf;rsm; jzpfonf/ aq;rSifaMumif
xdk;jcif;rSm vlrsKd;pkrsm; ra&m,Sufap&ef vlrsKd;
trSwftom;tjzpf tBuD;tuJ\ owfrSwfay;
rIjzifh aq;rSifaMumifxdk;&onf[k qdkonf/
u,ef;Z,drfwGif vnfyif;ü aq;rSifaMumif
xdk;&NyD; u,ef;ya'gifwdkYwGif ausmukef;ü
aq;rSifaMumif xdk;&onf/
aMu;acGywfjcif;onf rnfonfhtaMumif;
aMumifh ywf&onfudk taxmuftxm; cdkifcdkif
rmrm rawGU&ouJhodkY aq;rSifaMumifxdk;jcif;
onfvnf; rnfonfhtcdsefu pwifxdk;onf
udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;rI r&Sd[k qdkonf/ odkY&mwGif
u,ef;trsKd;om;wdkYtMum; vlrsKd; uGJjym;ap&ef
aq;rSifaMumif xdk;&ouJhodkY trsKd;orD;rsm;
rSmvnf; vlrsKd;uGJ owfrSwf&ef aMu;acGywfjcif;
jzpfEdkifonf[k ,lqMuonf/ xdkYtjyif aMu;acG
ywfjcif;onf a,musfm;ysKdrsm;\ pdwf0ifpm;rI
ydk&onf? vSonf[k xifjrifaponf[k u,ef;
trsKd;orD;rsm;u xifjrifMuonf/ xdkYtjyif
aMu;acGywfyHk ywfenf;rSmvnf; u,ef;ya'gifeSifh
u,ef;Z,drfwdkYwGif rwlnDonfudkvnf;
awGU&onf/ u,ef;ya'gif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf
vnfyif;? 'l;acgif;atmufESifh ajcovHk;rsm;wGif
qif,ifaomfvnf; u,ef;Z,drfurl vuf
wpfawmifqpfrS vufaumuf0wftxd tjynfh
qif,ifMuonf/
u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf qefudk
t"du pm;oHk;Muonf/ ajymif;zl;? ESHpm;ajymif;
rsm;udkvnf; qefESifha&mí csufpm;Muonf/
wpfaeYvQif xrif;oHk;eyf pm;avh&Sdonf/
wGJzuf pm;oHk;onfhtcg [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;udk
trsm;qHk; wGJpm;Muonf/
jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkYwGif vufzuf&nfMurf;udk
rdrd tdrfom;twGufa&m {nfhonftwGufyg
aomufoHk;&ef rd½dk;zvm wnfcif;ouJhodkY
u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ acgif&nfaomufjcif;
onf ½dk;&m"avhjzpfonf/ qif;&Jcsrf;omra&G;
eHeufrdk;vif;vQif acgif&nfwpftdk;azmufNyD;
rD;zdkab; (odkY) {nfhcef;wGif xm;&onf/
aemufxyf vdktyfonfh acgif&nfudk xyfjznfh&ef
a&aEG;"mwfbl;wpfvHk;yg xm;ay;&onf/
rdom;pk0if EdkYpdkYuav;t½G,frSpí tzdk;tzGm;
t&G,ftxd acgif&nfaomufMuonf/ ntdyf
nae {nfhonfvmygu oD;jcm;acgiftdk;jzifh
azmufay;&onf/ aeYpOf oHk;aqmifaom tpm;
taomuftjzpfomru oma&; ema&;trIudpö
rsm;twGufvnf; wnfcif;&onf/acgif&nfudk
qef? ajymif;zl;? ESHpm;ajymif;wdkYjzifh csufvkyfNyD;
a&S;acwfumvu ajrtdk;rsm;ESifhcsufum ,ck
acwfwGifrl 'eftdk;rsm;jzifh xrif;csufovdk
csufMuonf/ acgif&nfudk ,cifu ½kd;&m"avh
tjzpf rdom;pkaomufoHk;&efom &nf&G,faomf
vnf; ,cktcg pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfcktjzpf
csufvkyf a&mif;csMuonf/
(3)
u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;wdkYonf vGefcJhonfh
ESpfaygif;axmifcsDuwnf;u ewftrsKd;rsKd;udk
udk;uG,fcJhMuaomfvnf; ,cktcgwGif ewf
udk;uG,frI tenf;i,fom usefawmhNyD; Ak'¨
bmomESifh c&pf,mefbmomudk udk;uG,fol
trsm;pk jzpfvmMuonf/ odkY&mwGif ewfudk;uG,f
,HkMunfrIudk vHk;0 ypfy,fjcif;r&SdbJ ewf
udk;uG,f ylaZmfyojcif;ESifh tjcm;"avhxHk;wrf;
rsm;udk ,aeYtxd xdef;odrf; usifhoHk;aeqJ
jzpfonf/
ewftrsKd;rsKd; udk;uG,frIwGif ewfq&monf
t"dujzpfonf/ ewfq&mwGifvnf; ½dk;&m
ewfaumif;udk wm0ef,l ylaZmfyo&onfh
ewfq&mESifh raumif;qdk;0g; ewfqdk;? ewfrdpäm
rsm;udk wm0ef,l ESifyxkwf&onfh ewfq&m
[lí eSpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ ewfaumif;rsm; ylaZmfyo
&mwGif tdrfwGif;ewf? vl'dkewf? (urf;cGrf) wHcGef
Culture
37
wdkifewf? (urf;'kef;) &Gmapmifhewf? (uef;axmifh)
pdkufysKd;a&;ewf? (uef;[G) rdk;ac:ewf? (uef;[l)
e,fajrydkifewf[lí &Sdonf/ ewfqdk;rsm; ESify
xkwfjcif;wGif uwDavmif;&yfa0; ewfESifjcif;?
(wtdkif;) wd&pämefrsm;ESifhqdkifaom ewfESifjcif;?
(w½dkif;) ul;pufa&m*gESifh qdkifaom ewfESifjcif;?
(arrdk;) rD;ESifhqdkifaom ewfESifjcif;[lí &Sdonf/
(4)
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wdkif;wGif ½dk;&myHkjyifrSm
udk,fpD&SdouJhodkY u,ef; wdkif;&if;om;rsm;
wGifvnf; urÇmajrBuD;jzpfay:vmyHk? vlom;
jzpfay:vmyHk? vlwdkYxH pyg;rdsK;aph a&muf&SdvmyHk?
xrif;ESifh ig;&HUyHkjyif? acgif&nfaomufjcif;"avh
yHkjyif? u,ef;-ytdk0f;?-csif;-v½Idif; yHkjyif?
ytdk0f;-u,ef;ESifh crDyHkjyifrsm;onf ½dk;&m
yHkjyifrsm; jzpfMuonf/
u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ ,aeYxufwdkif
&SifoefvQuf&Sdaeonfh ½dk;&m"avhwpfckrSm vlysKd
vSnfhjcif; "avhjzpfonf/ vlysKdvSnfhenf;rSm
tysKd&Sdaom tdrfodkY vlysKdrsm;u ntcdsefwGif
vma&muf vnfywf pum;ajymMuonfudk
rdbrsm;udk,füu cGifhjyKxm;MuNyD; vlysKdvSnfh
ol\tusifhpm&dwå? tvkyfBudK;pm;rI pojzifh
rdrdwdkY\ orD;ysKdESifh oifh roifhudk rdbrsm;u
avhvm tuJcwfMuonfh "avhjzpfonf/
xdkYtjyif "avhxHk;wrf;ESihftnD r*FvmaMu;
wifawmif;NyD; vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;udk tvGef
wefzdk;xm;aomvlrsKd;jzpfNyD; vufxyf r*FvmyGJ
wGif aiG'*Fg;onfvnf; rygrjzpf yg&onf/
(5)
u,ef; wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ t"du
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rSm pdkufysKd;a&;jzpfonf/ tedrfh
tjrifh rnDaom awmifapmif; awmifukef;rsm;wGif
pdkufysKd;aom avSum;xpfpdkufysKd;a&;? ajrBuD;udk
rD;ESifhzkwfNyD; pdkufysKd;&onfh y&pfzkwfpdkufysKd;a&;?
a&TUajymif;awmif,m pdkufysKd;a&;wdkYtjyif pdkufysKd;
NyD;onfrsm;udk pDrH jyKvkyf&onfh awmif,mpyg;
pdkuf awmif,mpyg;odrf;? pyg;usDxnfhjcif;
zGifhjcif;? aumufOD;pm;jcif; ponfh "avhxHk;pH
rsm;udk ,aeYtxd xdef;odrf;usifhoHk;aeqJ
jzpfonf/
½dk;&m *Dwwl&d,mtaejzifh Armtac:
zm;pnfudk u,ef;vlrsKd;wdkYonf wefzdk;t&SdqHk;
t&mtjzpf txGwftjrwfxm;Muonf/ zm;pnf
udk u,ef;tac:rSm uvkrfjzpfonf/ zm;pnfudk
ac:a0:&mwGif r*Fvmzm;pnf? tr*Fvmzm;pnf
[lí cGJjcm; ac:qdkMuonf/ odkY&mwGif z,fcHk
NrdKUe,ftwGif; aexdkifaeMuaom u,ef;
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;wGifrl xdkt,ltq r&SdMuacs/
zm;pnfudk ydkifqdkifxm;jcif;onf MoZmwduúr
&Sdonf? xifay: ausmfMum;onf? trsm;u
av;pm;jcif;cH&onf? csrf;om<u,f0rIudk jyo
onf[laom t,ltqvnf;&Sdonf/ toHk;jyK
&mwGif tdrfopfwufyGJ? atmifyGJcHyGJESifh oufBuD;
½G,ftdk *kPfoa&&Sd vlBuD;rsm; uG,fvGefonfh
tcgwGifom trsm;qHk; wD;cwfMuonf/wD;cwf
&mwGifrl uGJjym;jcm;em;atmif wD;cwfMuonf/
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wdkif;wGif ½dk;&myGJawmfrsm;
toD;oD;&SdMu&m u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;wdkY wHcGef
wdkifyGJawmfrSm emrnfausmf yGJawmfwpfckjzpfonf/
xdkyGJawmfudk u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;wdkUu ½dk;&m
,HkMunfrI ewfylaZmfyGJtjzpf usif;yMuonf/
yGJawmfusif;yonfh &moDrsm;rSm aEGOD;waygif;v
jzpfonf/ wHcGefwdkifpdkufxljcif; wHcGefwdkifyGJawmf
usif;yjcif;"avhudk &Srf;jynfe,f awmifydkif;ESifh
u,m;jynfe,fwGif tajccsaexdkifonfh u,ef;
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh u,m;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;wGif
om awGU&Sd&onf/ odkY&mwGif rnfonfhtcsdeftcg
wGif pwif usif;ycJhonfudkrl twdtusrod&bJ
a&S;acwf oufBuD;&G,ftdkrsm;\ qifhuJajymqdkrI
jzifhom ,aeYwdkifusif;yaeqJ jzpfonf/
(6)
wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkaygif; wpf&mausmf
twlwuG aexdkifvsuf&Sdonfh jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlodenf;aom u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;
wdkYonf &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;? u,m;jynfe,f?
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Voices
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