Post on 14-Dec-2015
The European Detect and Avoid approach for
UWBby
Dr. Friedbert Berens, FBConsulting S.à r.l.,
Wasserbillig, Luxembourg
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009 1
Tutorial objectives
Questions:o How does the existing UWB regulation and standard
looks like?
o What is “flexible Detect and Avoid (DAA)” for UWB?
o What are the possible detection methods?
o What are the possible avoidance strategies and
techniques?
o How do can the DAA procedures be tested and
certified?
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009 2
Tutorial Focus
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009 3
Initial Remark
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009 4
DON’T PANICThe European flexible DAA approach
is “mostly harmless”!But, if some detail are not clear please ask and initiate a discussion.
This is not a scientific presentation but it should be an interactive tutorial!
Tutorial objectives
5WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
6
The European Regulatory and Standardization Framework
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
European Regulatory
Framework
- CEPT -
7
CEPT (Conférence Européenne des Postes et Télécommunications)• 48 administration members• Electronic Communications
Committee (ECC)• Harmonisation of the use of
radio frequencies in Europe • Implementation of Decisions
and Recommendations on a voluntary basis
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
European Regulatory
Framework
- EU Commission -
8
EU Commission (EC)• Decision n° 676/2002/EC of
the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 (the “Radio Spectrum Decision”)
• EC mandates to CEPT• “Technical implementing
measures” mandatory for EU Member States
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
EU regulation and the
role of ETSIR&TTE Directive (1999/5/CE)o Conditions for the placing on the market of radio equipmento Replaces various national type approval regimes by a
harmonised ex-post control regimeo Article 3.2
• “Radio equipment shall be so constructed that it effectively uses the spectrum allocated to terrestrial/space radio communication and orbital resources so as to avoid harmful interference”
o Harmonised standards• Give presumption of conformity to the essential requirements
referred to in Article 3 of the R&TTE Directive
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)o Responsible for the development of harmonized standards
9WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
10
10
Separated / divided responsibility with formal collaboration
National administrations Industry
MoU
CEPTECC
ETSIEC
47
28
© CEPT / ERO (www.ero.dk)
EuropeanRadiocommunicationsOffice
EuropeanRadiocommunicationsOffice
+47
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
11
© ETSI 2009
11
JEECJEECUser GroupUser Group
SAGESAGE
Special Committees
General AssemblyGeneral Assembly
BoardBoardIMPACTIMPACT
Finance CommitteeFinance Committee
SecretariatSecretariat
Technical Organization
ETSI Technical Committees ETSI Technical Committees
ETSI ProjectsETSI Projects
ETSI Partnership ProjectsETSI Partnership Projects
Director GeneralDeputy DG
Director GeneralDeputy DG
OCGOCG
> 3500 active experts Specialist Task Force (STF)
ETSI Organization
EMTELEMTEL
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
ESTI funding and
Members
12
ETSIs funding is derived from:
Member contributions EC/EFTA Grants Services provided by ETSI Revenue from its assets
© ETSI 2009
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
13
ETSI TC ERM
TG11
Wideband data
systems
TG28
Generic Short-range
devices
TG31A
UWB for tele-communicatio
n
TG34
UHF RFID
TG31B
UWB for automotive
TG31C
UWB Sensor and
Tracking
TG30
Wireless medical devices
TG17
Broadcast and ancillary
equip.
TG-RX
Receiver Paramete
r
TG-TLRP
Level Probing Radar
TG27
Radio Side Engineering
TG37
ITS
TG25
Aeronautical Radio
TG26
Maritime Radio
TG-EMC
TG GSMOBA
TG TFES
TG RM
TG DMR
• Liaison Body to non ETSI Organisation (CEN, CENELEC)• Approval of EN, TR and TS• LS to EC and ECC
TG SRR
UWB applications
TGUWB
radar application
| © Robert Bosch GmbH 2009, Michael Mahler
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
14
The European Generic UWB Regulation and Standards
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Generic UWB
Regulation and
Standards in Europe
Minimum Bandwidth of UWB > 50MHzo FCC: Bandwidth larger than 500MHzoRest of the world similar
Main operational band with -41.3dBm/MHz mean e.i.r.p. is 6.0GHz to 8.5GHzoNo DAA defined/needed in this bando LDC allowed in car as alternative to TPC
15WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Generic UWB
Regulation and
Standards in EuropeRestricted operation possible in the band 3.1GHz to 4.8GHzo Low Duty Cycle operation in the band 3.1GHz to
4.8GHz with -41.3dBm/MHzo Band 4.2GHz to 4.8GHz open (-41.3dBm/MHz) until
the end of 2010
16WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
European generic UWB
Spectrum Mask without
DAA
17
frequency in GHz
UW
B e
.i.r.
p. T
X p
ower
in d
Bm
/MH
z
9.08.07.06.05.04.03.0
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-41.3 dBm/MHz
0.6 GHz 2.5 GHz
With
LD
C
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Mil
itar
y R
adar
Mil
itar
y R
adar
UWB Spectrum map
(EU)
18
2.7 3.1 4.8 6.0 9.0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Pow
er [
dBm
/MH
z]
Frequency [GHz]
Civ
il R
adar
WIM
AX
WL
AN
Mil
itar
y ou
tdoo
r
UWB UWB
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
EU flexible DAA UWB
regulationGoal: Guarantee an equivalent protection of potential victim systems against harmful interference
Approach:o The UWB device with DAA senses the environmento The device estimates the isolation towards a potential victim
devices like WIMAX terminal or Radar Systemso Based on the estimated isolation the DAA device will switch to
the corresponding protection mode (Avoid mode) to guarantee an equivalent protection
o A continues sensing of the spectrum can guarantee a dynamic protection
The active mitigation approach is called flexible detect and avoid
19WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Regulation Status in
Europe towards flexible DAA
ECC decision (amended ECC decision ECC/DEC/(6)12) published
EC decision 2009/343/EC from the 21.04.2009 regulates the deployment of DAA enabled UWB devices in the EU
The main parameters:o LDC in car in the Band 6GHz to 8.5GHzo Power of -41.3dBm/MHz in the band 3.1GHz to 4.8GHz for devices
implementing a flexible DAA technique defined by ETSIo No DAA tests defined in the band 3.8GHz to 4.8GHz, since no BWA
systems to be protected by DAA are allocated to this bands! The test definition is under the responsibility of ETSI
o Threshold level in band 3.1GHz to 3.4GHz: -38dBmo Threshold level in band 3.4GHz to 3.8GHz: -38dBm and -61dBmo Threshold level in band 8.5GHz to 9.0GHz: -61dBm
20WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Standardization Status
in Europe towards flexible
DAAETSI harmonized standard for non DAA devices with and without LDC ready and in place:o HEN 302 065 V1.1.1
Technical Specification on flexible DAA ready and published:o TS 102 754 V1.1.1.
Technical Report on test procedures for DAA enabled UWB devices ready for publication in Q1/2009o TR 102 763 V1.1.1.
ETSI harmonized standard in progress planned release in Q2/2010o ETSI ERM TGUWB responsible for harmonized standardo Supported by ETSI STF 350 on DAA enabled UWB devices o Evaluation measurements needed using real DAA enabled UWB
devices in order to validate the test procedures before inclusion into the updated harmonized standard HEN 302 065
21WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
European DAA
Spectrum Mask
22
Frequency [GHz]
UW
B T
X p
ower
in d
Bm
/MH
z
9.08.07.06.05.04.03.0
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
BW
A D
AA
Rad
io L
ocat
ion
DA
A X
-Ban
d
Rad
io L
ocat
ion
DA
A S
-Ban
d
-41.3 dBm/MHz
No
DA
A t
est
para
met
er d
efin
ed
3.0 GHz1.7 GHz
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Tutorial objectives
23WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Legal basis for flexible
DAA
24
1.2 Appropriate mitigation techniques Equipment using ultra-wideband technology shall also be allowed to use the radio spectrum with higher e.i.r.p. limits than mentioned in the table in section 1.1 when applying additional mitigation techniques as described in the relevant harmonised standards adopted under Directive 1999/5/EC or other mitigation techniques on condition that it achieves at least an equivalent level of protection as provided by the limits in the table in section 1.1. The following mitigation techniques are presumed to provide such protection:
1.2.1: LDC…..1.2.2: DAA…...
EC decision 2009/343/EC, Annex section 1.2:
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
EC DEC 2009/343 Table
1.1 levels
25
frequency in GHz
UW
B e
.i.r.
p. T
X p
ower
in d
Bm
/MH
z
9.08.07.06.05.04.03.0
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Non-Interference Mode
(NIM)Operation mode of the UWB device which guarantees the protection of victim services without additional mitigation techniques
Two basic NIM operations for UBW devices:o TX power reduction to the regulatory limits for non DAA devices
as defined in table 1.1 of EC DEC/2009/343o Low duty cycle operation (LDC) with -41.3dBm/MHz as defined
in 1.2.1 in EC DEC/2009/343
Reference protection for the flexible DAA approach based on the assumption of an equivalent protection of the potential victim services
26WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Example NI mode LDC
LDC Parameter:o Ton_max = 5 ms
o Toff_mean ≥ 38 ms (averaged over 1 sec)
o Σ Toff > 950 ms per second
o Σ Ton < 5% per second and 0.5% per hour
Max Mean e.i.r.p. power: -41.3dBm/MHz
27WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Example NI mode
power levels
3.1GHz to 3.4GHz: -70dBm/MHz
3.4GHz to 3.8GHz: -80dBm/MHz
3.8GHz to 4.8GHz: -70dBm/MHz
8.5GHz to 9.0GHz: -65dBm/MHz
28WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
NI mode in BWA bands
3.4GHz to 3.8GHz:oDefined 36cm mitigation distance 35dB
isolation between victim (BWA system) and UWB device
o Interference power received at victim: -115dBm/MHz < thermal noise at room temperature
29
Victim UWB
UWB
36cm
Isolation: 35dB
TX power: -80dBm/MHzInterference power: -115dBm/MHz
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Idea
If the UWB device would know the value of the isolation to a victim it could adjust its TX power accordinglyo Victim device protection (“UL-detection”)
In contrast to “DL-detection”:o Service area protectiono Independent of relative victim and UWB
device location and thus the isolation
30WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Allowed TX UWB power
versus distance/isolation
31
Victim
36cm
Isolation: 35dB
1 m
Isolation: 44dBUWBUWB
TX power: -80dBm/MHz
UWBUWB
TX power: -70dBm/MHz
UWB
UWB
TX power: -41.3dBm/MHz
31 m
Isolation: 73 dB
Conditions:- Line-of-Sight (LoS)- No fading- No additional attenuation
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
RX power from victim
at UWB
device versus
distance/isolation
32
Victim
36cm
Isolation: 35dB
1 m
Isolation: 44dB
UWB
UWB
RX power: -15dBm
UWB
UWB
RX power: -24dBm
UWB
UWB
RX power: -53dBm
31 m
Isolation: 73 dB
Victim TX power: 20dBm
Conditions:- Line-of-Sight (LoS)- No fading- No additional attenuation
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Full flexible DAA
33
Puwb_free
Allowed UWB TX power
LoS assumption
Distance from Victim
Puwb_NIM
Pow
er
Victim
Victim Signal RX power at UWB device
Allowed UWB TX power
sensing sensing
Allowed UWB TX power
sensing
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Full flexible DAA model
The UWB device evaluates the isolation to the potential victim and adapts its TX power correspondingly in a continuous way
This approach is very complex
Testing almost impossible
But, it would be inline with the EC rules!
CEPT has proposed an simpler version of the flexible DAA using discrete values
34WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Zone Model in flexible
DAA I
35
Puwb_free
Distance from Victim
Puwb_NIM
Pow
er
Victim
Victim Signal RX power at UWB device
Detection threshold Dthresh 1
Zone 1 Zone N, N=2(Basic zone model)
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Zone Model in flexible
DAA II
36
Puwb_free
Distance from Victim
Puwb_NIM
Pow
er
Victim
Victim Signal RX power at UWB device
Dthresh 1
Zone 1 Zone N, N=52 3 4
Dthresh 2 Dthresh 3 Dthresh N-1
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Zone Model in flexible
DAA III
37
1
3
N=4
2
3.5m
9 .5 m
31 m
Victim
1 m
45 dB to 55 dB
55 dB to 65 dB
65 dB to 74 dB
> 74 dB
Dthresh (N-1)
Dthresh 1 Example BWA system
4 Zones in flexible DAA
Victim Noise Sensitivity:- 115dBm/MHz
LoS channel conditions between victim and UWB devices
[distance] = m [isolation] = dB
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Startup considerations
Startup of UWB device:o In secure mode, thus using NIMo If needed sense environment or gets external
infosoMove out of NIM only when not in vicinity of
potential victimo Based on identified zone start non NIM
operationoMinimum scan time is defined in regulation:
“Minimum initial channel availability check time”
38WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
In-operation
considerations
In operation mode no NIMoContinuous update of zone informationoDefined maximum reaction time in case of a
zone changeoOnly zone decreases are regulatory relevanto Zone increases are important for the UWB
performanceoRegulatory parameter “Detect and Avoid
Time” defines the maximum reaction time allowed.
39WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Flexible DAA flow
Diagram
40
UWB DevicePower ON
“Detect” operation
Victim SignalLevel estimation
Victim Signal > Dthresh_1
UWB Operation inZone 1
UWB Operation inZone 2
UWB Operation inZone N
Victim Signal < Dthresh (N-1)
Dthresh 2 < Victim < Dthresh 1 Signal
. . .
Stay in NI mode?
UWB Operation inNon-Interference (NI) mode
Detect and Avoid time
Yes
No
Minimum initial channel availability check time
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
DAA parameter I
DAA threshold levels
Initial Channel Availability Check Time
NIM power level
Detect and avoid time
Default avoidance bandwidth
Initial detection probability
In-operation detection probability
41WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
DAA parameter S-Band
RadarBand: 3.1GHz to 3.4 GHz
NIM power: -70dBm/MHz
LDC allowed
Threshold level: -38dBm (2 Zone model)
Default avoidance bandwidth: 300MHz
Initial Channel availability check time: 14s
Detect and Avoid time: 150s
42WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
DAA parameter BWA
systemsBand: 3.4 GHz to 3.8 GHz
NIM power: -80dBm/MHz
LDC allowed
Threshold level: -38dBm or -61dBm (3 Zones)
Default avoidance bandwidth: 200MHz
Initial Channel availability check time: 5.1s
Detect and Avoid time: 2s, 15s, 60s
43WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
DAA parameter X-Band
radarBand: 8.5GHz to 9.0GHz
NIM power: -65dBm/MHz
No LDC allowed
Threshold level: -61dBm
Default avoidance bandwidth: 500MHz
Initial Channel availability check time: 14s
Detect and Avoid time: 150s
44WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Conclusions
The original EU UWB regulation gave only limited access to the lower band (3.1GHz to 4.8GHz), the new regulation will open the band by introducing additional mitigation techniqueso Flexible DAA
The European “Flexible Detect and Avoid” approach can pave the way towards a worldwide regulation using DAA
Flexible DAA delivers equivalent protection to the potential victim systems combined with a manageable complexity increase at the UWB device site
During the regulation process a close collaboration between the incumbent systems and the new entrance was the key to a successful solution
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009 45
WALTER UWB Workshop
Titel: The WALTER case for UWBo Presentation of project resultso Standard and regulation statuso UWB research in Europe and Worldwide
Date: 6. October to 7.October 2009
Venue: ETSI, Sophia-Antipolis, France
More Infos and registration:o www.etsi.org/ news&events -> events
The participation is free of charge
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009 46
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009 47
Thank you!
FBConsulting S. à r.l.:– European Regulation and Standardization– EU Research Project Consulting– Research in the domain of wireless system and short range device– ETSI Member
Contact: Dr. Friedbert Berens
FBConsulting S. à r.l.21, Route de LuxembourgL-6633 Wasserbillig, Luxembourgfbconsulting@me.comTel: +352 26714319
Additional Slides
Backup Slides with additional information
48WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Tutorial objectives
49WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Detection process
UWB needs to detect a signal
All detected signals need to be identified
Only relevant signals need to be taken into account
Problem: Signal identificationoDiscrimination of Spurious emissionsoNon victim systems emissionso Etc.
50WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Possible Detection
Strategies
Victim signal detection (Non data aided):o Energy detection
o Coherent detection
o Patter identification
Use of external information (intersystem and intra
system information, Data aided detection)o Information available in existing Piconets
o Cognitive Pilot Channel (CPC)
o Geolocation (GPS, etc.)
Combined/Hybrid systems
51WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Victim signal detection
flow
52
Spectrum sensing
Signal identification using stored informationo Patterno Threshold setso Victim Service bands
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Detection using
external
information
53
Collocated devices
Existing piconets
Cognitive pilot channel
Geo-location information like GPS
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Combined/hybrid
detection flow
54
Combine sensing and external information
Most reliable solution
Exchange of information using LDC mode
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Tutorial objectives
55WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Avoidance Strategies
In Timeo LDC, time sharing,
In Spaceo Antenna techniques,
In powero Power control, power reduction, switch off
In frequency o Notching, sub-band switching (two band hopping, FFI), BG
switching
Hybrid solutions
56WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
WIMAX victim RX power > -61dBm avoid with max TX power of -65dBm/MHz
Example for flexible
Avoidance
Methods in frequency
domain
57
3432 MHz 3960 MHz 4488 MHz
TX power
Frequency
- 41.3 dBm/MHz
- 80 dBm/MHz
- 65 dBm/MHz
WIMAX victim RX power > -38 dBm avoid with max TX power of -80dBm/MHz
WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009
Tutorial objectives
58WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009