The European Detect and Avoid approach for UWB by Dr. Friedbert Berens, FBConsulting S.à r.l.,...

The European Detect and Avoid approach for

UWBby

Dr. Friedbert Berens, FBConsulting S.à r.l.,

Wasserbillig, Luxembourg

WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009 1

Tutorial objectives

Questions:o How does the existing UWB regulation and standard

looks like?

o What is “flexible Detect and Avoid (DAA)” for UWB?

o What are the possible detection methods?

o What are the possible avoidance strategies and

techniques?

o How do can the DAA procedures be tested and

certified?


Tutorial Focus


Initial Remark


DON’T PANICThe European flexible DAA approach

is “mostly harmless”!But, if some detail are not clear please ask and initiate a discussion.

This is not a scientific presentation but it should be an interactive tutorial!

Tutorial objectives

5WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009

6

The European Regulatory and Standardization Framework

WALTER/EUWB Tutorial, ICUWB2009, Vancouver, Canada, 11.09.2009

European Regulatory

Framework

- CEPT -

7

CEPT (Conférence Européenne des Postes et Télécommunications)• 48 administration members• Electronic Communications

Committee (ECC)• Harmonisation of the use of

radio frequencies in Europe • Implementation of Decisions

and Recommendations on a voluntary basis


European Regulatory

Framework

- EU Commission -

8

EU Commission (EC)• Decision n° 676/2002/EC of

the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 (the “Radio Spectrum Decision”)

• EC mandates to CEPT• “Technical implementing

measures” mandatory for EU Member States


EU regulation and the

role of ETSIR&TTE Directive (1999/5/CE)o Conditions for the placing on the market of radio equipmento Replaces various national type approval regimes by a

harmonised ex-post control regimeo Article 3.2

• “Radio equipment shall be so constructed that it effectively uses the spectrum allocated to terrestrial/space radio communication and orbital resources so as to avoid harmful interference”

o Harmonised standards• Give presumption of conformity to the essential requirements

referred to in Article 3 of the R&TTE Directive

European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)o Responsible for the development of harmonized standards


10

10

Separated / divided responsibility with formal collaboration

National administrations Industry

MoU

CEPTECC

ETSIEC

47

28

© CEPT / ERO (www.ero.dk)

EuropeanRadiocommunicationsOffice

EuropeanRadiocommunicationsOffice

+47


11

© ETSI 2009

11

JEECJEECUser GroupUser Group

SAGESAGE

Special Committees

General AssemblyGeneral Assembly

BoardBoardIMPACTIMPACT

Finance CommitteeFinance Committee

SecretariatSecretariat

Technical Organization

ETSI Technical Committees ETSI Technical Committees

ETSI ProjectsETSI Projects

ETSI Partnership ProjectsETSI Partnership Projects

Director GeneralDeputy DG

Director GeneralDeputy DG

OCGOCG

> 3500 active experts Specialist Task Force (STF)

ETSI Organization

EMTELEMTEL


ESTI funding and

Members

12

ETSIs funding is derived from:

Member contributions EC/EFTA Grants Services provided by ETSI Revenue from its assets

© ETSI 2009


13

ETSI TC ERM

TG11

Wideband data

systems

TG28

Generic Short-range

devices

TG31A

UWB for tele-communicatio

n

TG34

UHF RFID

TG31B

UWB for automotive

TG31C

UWB Sensor and

Tracking

TG30

Wireless medical devices

TG17

Broadcast and ancillary

equip.

TG-RX

Receiver Paramete

r

TG-TLRP

Level Probing Radar

TG27

Radio Side Engineering

TG37

ITS

TG25

Aeronautical Radio

TG26

Maritime Radio

TG-EMC

TG GSMOBA

TG TFES

TG RM

TG DMR

• Liaison Body to non ETSI Organisation (CEN, CENELEC)• Approval of EN, TR and TS• LS to EC and ECC

TG SRR

UWB applications

TGUWB

radar application

| © Robert Bosch GmbH 2009, Michael Mahler


14

The European Generic UWB Regulation and Standards


Generic UWB

Regulation and

Standards in Europe

Minimum Bandwidth of UWB > 50MHzo FCC: Bandwidth larger than 500MHzoRest of the world similar

Main operational band with -41.3dBm/MHz mean e.i.r.p. is 6.0GHz to 8.5GHzoNo DAA defined/needed in this bando LDC allowed in car as alternative to TPC


Generic UWB

Regulation and

Standards in EuropeRestricted operation possible in the band 3.1GHz to 4.8GHzo Low Duty Cycle operation in the band 3.1GHz to

4.8GHz with -41.3dBm/MHzo Band 4.2GHz to 4.8GHz open (-41.3dBm/MHz) until

the end of 2010


European generic UWB

Spectrum Mask without

DAA

17

frequency in GHz

UW

B e

.i.r.

p. T

X p

ower

in d

Bm

/MH

z

9.08.07.06.05.04.03.0

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-41.3 dBm/MHz

0.6 GHz 2.5 GHz

With

LD

C


Mil

itar

y R

adar

Mil

itar

y R

adar

UWB Spectrum map

(EU)

18

2.7 3.1 4.8 6.0 9.0

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

Pow

er [

dBm

/MH

z]

Frequency [GHz]

Civ

il R

adar

WIM

AX

WL

AN

Mil

itar

y ou

tdoo

r

UWB UWB


EU flexible DAA UWB

regulationGoal: Guarantee an equivalent protection of potential victim systems against harmful interference

Approach:o The UWB device with DAA senses the environmento The device estimates the isolation towards a potential victim

devices like WIMAX terminal or Radar Systemso Based on the estimated isolation the DAA device will switch to

the corresponding protection mode (Avoid mode) to guarantee an equivalent protection

o A continues sensing of the spectrum can guarantee a dynamic protection

The active mitigation approach is called flexible detect and avoid


Regulation Status in

Europe towards flexible DAA

ECC decision (amended ECC decision ECC/DEC/(6)12) published

EC decision 2009/343/EC from the 21.04.2009 regulates the deployment of DAA enabled UWB devices in the EU

The main parameters:o LDC in car in the Band 6GHz to 8.5GHzo Power of -41.3dBm/MHz in the band 3.1GHz to 4.8GHz for devices

implementing a flexible DAA technique defined by ETSIo No DAA tests defined in the band 3.8GHz to 4.8GHz, since no BWA

systems to be protected by DAA are allocated to this bands! The test definition is under the responsibility of ETSI

o Threshold level in band 3.1GHz to 3.4GHz: -38dBmo Threshold level in band 3.4GHz to 3.8GHz: -38dBm and -61dBmo Threshold level in band 8.5GHz to 9.0GHz: -61dBm


Standardization Status

in Europe towards flexible

DAAETSI harmonized standard for non DAA devices with and without LDC ready and in place:o HEN 302 065 V1.1.1

Technical Specification on flexible DAA ready and published:o TS 102 754 V1.1.1.

Technical Report on test procedures for DAA enabled UWB devices ready for publication in Q1/2009o TR 102 763 V1.1.1.

ETSI harmonized standard in progress planned release in Q2/2010o ETSI ERM TGUWB responsible for harmonized standardo Supported by ETSI STF 350 on DAA enabled UWB devices o Evaluation measurements needed using real DAA enabled UWB

devices in order to validate the test procedures before inclusion into the updated harmonized standard HEN 302 065


European DAA

Spectrum Mask

22

Frequency [GHz]

UW

B T

X p

ower

in d

Bm

/MH

z

9.08.07.06.05.04.03.0

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

BW

A D

AA

Rad

io L

ocat

ion

DA

A X

-Ban

d

Rad

io L

ocat

ion

DA

A S

-Ban

d

-41.3 dBm/MHz

No

DA

A t

est

para

met

er d

efin

ed

3.0 GHz1.7 GHz


Tutorial objectives


Legal basis for flexible

DAA

24

1.2 Appropriate mitigation techniques Equipment using ultra-wideband technology shall also be allowed to use the radio spectrum with higher e.i.r.p. limits than mentioned in the table in section 1.1 when applying additional mitigation techniques as described in the relevant harmonised standards adopted under Directive 1999/5/EC or other mitigation techniques on condition that it achieves at least an equivalent level of protection as provided by the limits in the table in section 1.1. The following mitigation techniques are presumed to provide such protection:

1.2.1: LDC…..1.2.2: DAA…...

EC decision 2009/343/EC, Annex section 1.2:


EC DEC 2009/343 Table

1.1 levels

25

frequency in GHz

UW

B e

.i.r.

p. T

X p

ower

in d

Bm

/MH

z

9.08.07.06.05.04.03.0

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40


Non-Interference Mode

(NIM)Operation mode of the UWB device which guarantees the protection of victim services without additional mitigation techniques

Two basic NIM operations for UBW devices:o TX power reduction to the regulatory limits for non DAA devices

as defined in table 1.1 of EC DEC/2009/343o Low duty cycle operation (LDC) with -41.3dBm/MHz as defined

in 1.2.1 in EC DEC/2009/343

Reference protection for the flexible DAA approach based on the assumption of an equivalent protection of the potential victim services


Example NI mode LDC

LDC Parameter:o Ton_max = 5 ms

o Toff_mean ≥ 38 ms (averaged over 1 sec)

o Σ Toff > 950 ms per second

o Σ Ton < 5% per second and 0.5% per hour

Max Mean e.i.r.p. power: -41.3dBm/MHz


Example NI mode

power levels

3.1GHz to 3.4GHz: -70dBm/MHz





NI mode in BWA bands

3.4GHz to 3.8GHz:oDefined 36cm mitigation distance 35dB

isolation between victim (BWA system) and UWB device

o Interference power received at victim: -115dBm/MHz < thermal noise at room temperature

29

Victim UWB

UWB

36cm

Isolation: 35dB

TX power: -80dBm/MHzInterference power: -115dBm/MHz


Idea

If the UWB device would know the value of the isolation to a victim it could adjust its TX power accordinglyo Victim device protection (“UL-detection”)

In contrast to “DL-detection”:o Service area protectiono Independent of relative victim and UWB

device location and thus the isolation


Allowed TX UWB power

versus distance/isolation

31

Victim

36cm

Isolation: 35dB

1 m

Isolation: 44dBUWBUWB

TX power: -80dBm/MHz

UWBUWB

TX power: -70dBm/MHz

UWB

UWB

TX power: -41.3dBm/MHz

31 m

Isolation: 73 dB

Conditions:- Line-of-Sight (LoS)- No fading- No additional attenuation


RX power from victim

at UWB

device versus

distance/isolation

32

Victim

36cm

Isolation: 35dB

1 m

Isolation: 44dB

UWB

UWB

RX power: -15dBm

UWB

UWB

RX power: -24dBm

UWB

UWB

RX power: -53dBm

31 m

Isolation: 73 dB

Victim TX power: 20dBm

Conditions:- Line-of-Sight (LoS)- No fading- No additional attenuation


Full flexible DAA

33

Puwb_free

Allowed UWB TX power

LoS assumption

Distance from Victim

Puwb_NIM

Pow

er

Victim

Victim Signal RX power at UWB device


sensing sensing


sensing


Full flexible DAA model

The UWB device evaluates the isolation to the potential victim and adapts its TX power correspondingly in a continuous way

This approach is very complex

Testing almost impossible

But, it would be inline with the EC rules!

CEPT has proposed an simpler version of the flexible DAA using discrete values


Zone Model in flexible

DAA I

35

Puwb_free


Puwb_NIM

Pow

er

Victim


Detection threshold Dthresh 1

Zone 1 Zone N, N=2(Basic zone model)



DAA II

36

Puwb_free


Puwb_NIM

Pow

er

Victim


Dthresh 1

Zone 1 Zone N, N=52 3 4

Dthresh 2 Dthresh 3 Dthresh N-1



DAA III

37

1

3

N=4

2

3.5m

9 .5 m

31 m

Victim

1 m

45 dB to 55 dB

55 dB to 65 dB

65 dB to 74 dB

> 74 dB

Dthresh (N-1)

Dthresh 1 Example BWA system

4 Zones in flexible DAA

Victim Noise Sensitivity:- 115dBm/MHz

LoS channel conditions between victim and UWB devices

[distance] = m [isolation] = dB


Startup considerations

Startup of UWB device:o In secure mode, thus using NIMo If needed sense environment or gets external

infosoMove out of NIM only when not in vicinity of

potential victimo Based on identified zone start non NIM

operationoMinimum scan time is defined in regulation:

“Minimum initial channel availability check time”


In-operation

considerations

In operation mode no NIMoContinuous update of zone informationoDefined maximum reaction time in case of a

zone changeoOnly zone decreases are regulatory relevanto Zone increases are important for the UWB

performanceoRegulatory parameter “Detect and Avoid

Time” defines the maximum reaction time allowed.


Flexible DAA flow

Diagram

40

UWB DevicePower ON

“Detect” operation

Victim SignalLevel estimation

Victim Signal > Dthresh_1

UWB Operation inZone 1

UWB Operation inZone 2

UWB Operation inZone N

Victim Signal < Dthresh (N-1)

Dthresh 2 < Victim < Dthresh 1 Signal

. . .

Stay in NI mode?

UWB Operation inNon-Interference (NI) mode

Detect and Avoid time

Yes

No

Minimum initial channel availability check time


DAA parameter I

DAA threshold levels

Initial Channel Availability Check Time

NIM power level

Detect and avoid time

Default avoidance bandwidth

Initial detection probability

In-operation detection probability


DAA parameter S-Band

RadarBand: 3.1GHz to 3.4 GHz

NIM power: -70dBm/MHz

LDC allowed

Threshold level: -38dBm (2 Zone model)

Default avoidance bandwidth: 300MHz

Initial Channel availability check time: 14s

Detect and Avoid time: 150s


DAA parameter BWA

systemsBand: 3.4 GHz to 3.8 GHz


LDC allowed

Threshold level: -38dBm or -61dBm (3 Zones)


Initial Channel availability check time: 5.1s

Detect and Avoid time: 2s, 15s, 60s


DAA parameter X-Band

radarBand: 8.5GHz to 9.0GHz


No LDC allowed

Threshold level: -61dBm


Initial Channel availability check time: 14s

Detect and Avoid time: 150s


Conclusions

The original EU UWB regulation gave only limited access to the lower band (3.1GHz to 4.8GHz), the new regulation will open the band by introducing additional mitigation techniqueso Flexible DAA

The European “Flexible Detect and Avoid” approach can pave the way towards a worldwide regulation using DAA

Flexible DAA delivers equivalent protection to the potential victim systems combined with a manageable complexity increase at the UWB device site

During the regulation process a close collaboration between the incumbent systems and the new entrance was the key to a successful solution


WALTER UWB Workshop

Titel: The WALTER case for UWBo Presentation of project resultso Standard and regulation statuso UWB research in Europe and Worldwide

Date: 6. October to 7.October 2009

Venue: ETSI, Sophia-Antipolis, France

More Infos and registration:o www.etsi.org/ news&events -> events

The participation is free of charge


http://www.etsi.org/


Thank you!

FBConsulting S. à r.l.:– European Regulation and Standardization– EU Research Project Consulting– Research in the domain of wireless system and short range device– ETSI Member

Contact: Dr. Friedbert Berens

FBConsulting S. à r.l.21, Route de LuxembourgL-6633 Wasserbillig, [email protected]: +352 26714319

Additional Slides

Backup Slides with additional information


Tutorial objectives


Detection process

UWB needs to detect a signal

All detected signals need to be identified

Only relevant signals need to be taken into account

Problem: Signal identificationoDiscrimination of Spurious emissionsoNon victim systems emissionso Etc.


Possible Detection

Strategies

Victim signal detection (Non data aided):o Energy detection

o Coherent detection

o Patter identification

Use of external information (intersystem and intra

system information, Data aided detection)o Information available in existing Piconets

o Cognitive Pilot Channel (CPC)

o Geolocation (GPS, etc.)

Combined/Hybrid systems


Victim signal detection

flow

52

Spectrum sensing

Signal identification using stored informationo Patterno Threshold setso Victim Service bands


Detection using

external

information

53

Collocated devices

Existing piconets

Cognitive pilot channel

Geo-location information like GPS


Combined/hybrid

detection flow

54

Combine sensing and external information

Most reliable solution

Exchange of information using LDC mode


Tutorial objectives


Avoidance Strategies

In Timeo LDC, time sharing,

In Spaceo Antenna techniques,

In powero Power control, power reduction, switch off

In frequency o Notching, sub-band switching (two band hopping, FFI), BG

switching

Hybrid solutions


WIMAX victim RX power > -61dBm avoid with max TX power of -65dBm/MHz

Example for flexible

Avoidance

Methods in frequency

domain

57

3432 MHz 3960 MHz 4488 MHz

TX power

Frequency

- 41.3 dBm/MHz

- 80 dBm/MHz

- 65 dBm/MHz

WIMAX victim RX power > -38 dBm avoid with max TX power of -80dBm/MHz


Tutorial objectives


The European Detect and Avoid approach for UWB by Dr. Friedbert Berens, FBConsulting S.à r.l.,...

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