Post on 03-Jun-2020
The concep
tual fram
ework for transbo
unda
ry
water m
anagem
ent
«Erasm
us+»
Project
5617
75‐ЕPP
‐1‐1‐201
5‐1‐DE‐EP
PKA2
‐CBH
E‐JP
Tran
s‐Re
gion
alEn
vironm
entalA
waren
essfor
Sustaina
bleUsage
ofWater
Resources/TR
EASU
RE‐W
ATER
Spea
kerA
kbae
vaL
HK
azak
hsta
nA
stan
a.L
NG
umily
ovE
uras
ian
Nat
iona
lUni
vers
ity
Bar
naul
2017
Mos
tof
the
wor
ld's
popu
latio
nan
dec
osys
tem
sde
pend
onw
ater
reso
urce
sth
atcr
oss
natio
nalb
orde
rs,m
akin
gth
isa
glob
alis
sue.
Wat
ersc
arci
tyis
part
icul
arly
stro
ngly
felt
inC
entr
alA
sia.
Wat
erpr
oble
msi
nth
ere
gion
:
-W
ater
res
ourc
es in
Cen
tral
Asi
a ar
e lim
ited,
als
o th
ey a
re u
neve
nly
dist
ribu
ted
-Pa
rtic
ular
ly d
isas
trou
s man
ifest
them
selv
es g
loba
l clim
ate
chan
ge-
Chr
onic
ove
rspe
ndin
g av
aila
ble
rese
rves
-W
ater
reso
urce
sdi
ffer
ently
used
inA
sian
coun
trie
s.W
hile
upst
ream
larg
eri
vers
loca
ted
inw
ater
-ric
hco
untr
ies
(Taj
ikis
tan
and
Kyr
gyzs
tan)
SyrD
arya
and
Am
udar
ya’s
wat
eris
used
mai
nly
toge
nera
teel
ectr
icity
inth
ew
inte
rtim
e,th
edo
wns
trea
mco
untr
ies
(Kaz
akhs
tan,
Turk
men
ista
n,U
zbek
ista
n)us
ew
ater
for
irri
gatio
nof
agri
cultu
rall
and
inth
esu
mm
er.
-W
ater
user
sar
em
akin
ga
lot
ofm
ista
kes
inw
ater
man
agem
ent
(wat
erw
aste
ful
cons
umpt
ion
and
inef
ficie
ntir
riga
tion
usin
gol
dir
riga
tion
syst
ems)
.-C
onfli
ctsi
tuat
ions
Tran
sbou
ndary water m
anagem
ent is a
major fo
cus o
f the
Globa
l Water
Partne
rship (GWP), estab
lishe
d in 199
6, is an internationa
l network op
en to
all
organizatio
ns involved
in water m
anagem
ent:
‐Governm
ent institutions in
develop
ed and
develop
ing coun
tries,
‐United Nations agencies,
‐Bilateral and
multilateral develop
men
t ban
ks,
‐Professiona
l associatio
ns,
‐Resea
rch institu
tions,
‐Non
‐governm
ental o
rgan
izatio
ns‐T
he priv
ate sector.
Ensurin
g access to
water fo
r drin
king
and
hou
seho
ld purpo
ses it is d
efined
as the
top priority in m
ost n
ationa
l legislations. Thu
s, com
petition be
twee
n sectors takes
place on
the water fo
r foo
d, water, e
cosystem
s, and
water fo
r ene
rgy an
d othe
r indu
stria
l customers
An
impo
rtant
conc
ept
intra
nsbo
unda
ryw
ater
man
agem
ent
isan
inte
grat
edap
proa
chto
wat
erre
sour
ces
man
agem
ent,
whi
chsh
ould
take
into
acco
untt
hedi
ffere
ntle
vels
ofse
vera
lasp
ects
ofth
ere
latio
nshi
p.
Water
man
agem
ent
Sustaina
ble
Environm
ent
Social stab
ility
and strategic
goals
Food
indu
stry
Energetic
sEm
ploy
men
t
The econ
omic
grow
th
Water re
sources a
ssessm
ent;
Inform
ation exchan
ge;
Socio‐econ
omic and
regu
latory docum
ents;
IWRM
plans
The favorable po
litical enviro
nmen
tRe
gulatory base;
The structure of fina
ncing an
d incentives;
Institu
tiona
l roles
Central ‐
local;
River b
asin;
Public‐priv
ate;
Capa
city building
Globa
l Water Partnership unites s
ome directions fo
r implem
entatio
n of
integrated
water re
sources m
anagem
ent
Eff
ectiv
e w
ater
man
agem
ent
Goo
dgo
vern
ance
isa
prer
equi
site
for
effe
ctiv
eim
plem
enta
tion
ofIW
RM
.W
ater
reso
urce
sm
anag
emen
tse
tsth
eru
les
(bot
hfo
rmal
and
info
rmal
)cr
eatin
gin
stitu
tions
and
invo
lve
stak
ehol
ders
inde
cisi
on-m
akin
gon
wat
eris
sues
deci
sion
stra
nspa
rent
,in
clus
ive,
fair,
cohe
rent
and
inte
grat
ive
way
.M
echa
nism
sof
gove
rnan
ceac
ross
coun
tries
and
even
inth
eve
rtica
lhie
rarc
hyw
ithin
the
coun
try.
Руко
водс
тво и уп
равл
ение
вод
ой •‐ •Water sup
ply (hyd
rograp
hic bo
unda
ries)
pool, can
al sy
stem
, water users associatio
ns (W
UAs),
water users
Ope
ratio
nal plann
ing, delivery an
d accoun
ting of
water, o
peratio
n an
d mainten
ance of infrastructure,
redu
cing
the risk of emergencies
‐water re
quire
men
ts (a
dministrative bo
unda
ries)
The tran
sport layer, a nationa
l level, region, distric
t, WUA water user
Setting no
rms o
f water con
sumption, flow
mea
suremen
t, consultin
g, clim
ate inform
ation, best
practic
e irrigation, ecosystem
requ
iremen
ts
•Strategy / Plan
ning
Institu
tions
Law
Fina
nce
Participation of stakeh
olde
rsEthics
•Hum
an develop
men
tProfessio
nal D
evelop
men
tEvalua
tion / Ind
icators /
Inform
ation
Social m
obilizatio
nScientific an
d technical p
oten
tial
Know
ledg
e an
d inno
vatio
n. Partnership
Practic
e
•Safety for h
ouseho
lds
Food
safety
nature Safety
Indu
stry and
Ene
rgy Security
Water se
curity
Capa
city building an
d hu
man
resources
The process o
f water
man
agem
ent
Water governa
nceIntegrated
Water
Resources
Man
agem
ent
Environm
ental req
uiremen
ts and
ada
ptation to clim
ate chan
geEn
vironm
ental req
uiremen
ts and
ada
ptation to clim
ate chan
ge
‐Con
trol of w
ater protection zone
s alon
g the water delivery ne
tworks and
hydrau
lic structures.
‐Hydro‐ecological m
onito
ring of water re
sources (hydroche
mical, h
ydro‐
biolog
ical, h
ydrological).
‐Hydrogeolog
ical re
clam
ation works of irrigated
land
in order to
prevent
degrad
ation.
Long
‐term plann
ing an
d strategy develop
men
t
The ne
ed to
develop
a re
gion
al strategy with
clear and
tang
ible
indicators of implem
entatio
n. Such a strategy sh
ould in
clud
e:
‐Ind
icators o
f surface water intakes, groun
dwater, and
return water
sources for each coun
try an
d ea
ch area for spe
cific periods of tim
e;‐flow con
trol param
eters a
nd th
e main bo
dies of w
ater, respe
ctively,
mon
thly re
leases,
‐the rang
e of possib
le cha
nges in
key param
eters, especially fo
r dry
years;
‐an en
tire water sa
ving
s in ea
ch cou
ntry fo
r a sp
ecific pe
riod
joint a
ction on
ada
ptation to clim
ate chan
ge, including
extreme
cond
ition
s‐M
anagem
ent o
f risk
s‐req
uiremen
ts fo
r san
itary and
enviro
nmen
tal w
ater re
leases
‐the
role of IWRM
in achieving
these go
als.
Improv
ing the legal and
institu
tiona
l framew
ork
Regu
latory base is a set o
f docum
ents ‐code
s, laws a
nd re
gulatio
ns th
at determine the
rules a
nd procedu
res. The
implem
entatio
n of existing laws a
nd re
gulatio
ns dep
ends on
well‐fun
ctioning
institu
tiona
l framew
ork with
a clear und
erstan
ding
of legal re
gulatio
ns
and effective de
vice m
anagem
ent a
nd app
lication of th
e law. The
refore, it is impo
rtan
t to
have goo
d laws o
n IW
RM, b
ut m
ore im
portan
tly ‐to work on
their implem
entatio
n.In Cen
tral Asia
, cou
ntrie
s have taken diffe
rent app
roache
s, but th
ey are com
mitted
to
the im
plem
entatio
n of in
stitu
tiona
l and
legal reforms ba
sed on
IWRM
prin
ciples. The
most n
otab
le of the
m new
laws a
bout water ‐Water Cod
e of th
e Re
public of Tajikistan
, ad
opted in 200
0, th
e Water Cod
e of th
e Re
public of K
azakhstan, ado
pted
in 200
3, th
e Water Cod
e of Turkm
enistan
from
200
4, and
the Water Cod
e of Kyrgyzstan of 200
5. In
Uzbekistan
, the
Law
"On Water and
Water use" (199
3), w
as re
newed
in 200
9 with
the
additio
n of elemen
ts of IWRM
. Amon
g these water cod
es, cod
es of K
azakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan
and
Uzbekistan
are th
e most p
rogressiv
e.
Water
Code
ofKa
zakh
stan
(200
3)includ
esprovision
srelatin
gto
the
basin
man
agem
entof
water
resourcesan
dthecreatio
nof
Basin
Coun
cila
san
advisory
body,which
includ
esallstakeh
olde
rs.It
introd
uces
ane
wconcep
tof
environm
entalflo
wsin
orde
rto
achieveaba
lance
betw
een
ecosystem
stab
ility
andthecompe
titivede
man
dforw
ater.
Nationa
lPlanforIWRM
andwater
efficiencyfor2
009‐20
25yearsw
hich
outline
sasetof
legal,fin
ancial,institu
tiona
lan
dtechnicalmea
suresto
create
favorablecond
ition
sfortheim
plem
entatio
nof
IWRM
was
desig
ned
andcompleted
in20
09On
this
basis
,the
Globa
lWater
Partne
rship
(GWP)
hassupp
orted
the
process,an
din
2014
theStatewater
resourcesman
agem
entprog
ram
was
approved
bythego
vernmen
t.
Fina
ncial and
econo
mic m
echa
nism
sFor
stab
leop
eration
ofthe
entire
water
supp
lyinfrastructure
isim
portan
tto
the
governmen
tand
water
usersno
tonlycoverthe
operatingcosts,bu
talso
covere
xpen
sesfor
depreciatio
nan
dmod
ernizatio
n.Salarie
sof
mostwater
specialists
aresign
ificantly
lower
than
professio
nals
inothe
rsectors,
such
asen
ergy
and
telecommun
ications.
With
outp
rope
rfin
ancing
ofthewater
sector
they
canno
tfulfillthe
irrespon
sibilitie
sfor
operationan
dmainten
ance,up
grad
einfrastructure
andim
plem
entmea
suresto
mitigate
risks.K
eymea
surestoen
sure
thefin
ancialsustaina
bilityof
IWRM
institu
tions
includ
e:
‐the
introd
uctio
n of volum
etric
paymen
t for water su
pply se
rvices, as w
ell as w
ater as a
resource
‐Paymen
ts differen
tiatio
n de
pend
ing on
the type
of w
ater usage. For example, fo
r irrigated
agric
ulture ‐no
t less tha
n 5 pe
rcen
t of farm in
come
‐introdu
ction of th
e principle "polluter p
ays" water con
servation is fully covered
by the user;
‐social justic
e is achieved
by cross‐subsidy
‐the
introd
uctio
n of awards fo
r saving water fo
r water users and
water m
anagem
ent o
rgan
izatio
ns,
as well as to preven
t bud
get cuts in dry years
‐the
introd
uctio
n of pen
altie
s for excessiv
e use of th
e bu
dget
‐Fine
s for violatio
n of enviro
nmen
tal flows
‐Paymen
t rules fo
r enviro
nmen
tal services.
Stakeh
olde
rinteractio
nsan
dwater
ethics
Enha
ncing
the
participation
ofdiffe
rent
subjects
can
ensure
that
water
resources
man
agem
entp
rocesses
andtheirresultsaremoreinclusivean
deffective.
Publicpa
rticipation
canchan
getheinefficient
administrativ
eproced
ures,forexam
ple,
whe
nthede
man
dfor
water
iscontrolledin
accordan
cewith
theinterestsinthefram
eworkof
certainad
ministrativ
ebo
unda
riesor
intheinterestsof
theindu
stry.S
takeho
lder
participationcanen
sure
that
the
principles
ofjustice,
equa
lityan
dstab
ility
inthesupp
lyan
duseof
water
areob
served
inpractic
e.Th
emostprofita
bleis
theestablish
men
tof
jointwater
man
agem
entinstitu
tions,to
increase
unde
rstand
ing
and
supp
ortforthese
institu
tions
from
the
water
man
agem
ent
organizatio
nsan
dwater
users,pu
blicaw
aren
ess,an
dprom
otinglead
ershipan
daccoun
tability
atthelocallevel.
There
have
been
attempts
tocreate
ana
tiona
lwater
boards
asplatform
sfor
coordina
tionam
ongthevario
usministrie
s,de
partmen
tsan
dothe
rorgan
izatio
nson
issue
sof
water
resourcesat
thena
tiona
llevel.B
utthegu
aran
teethat
allstakeho
ldersarerepresen
ted,
andinde
edthat
theCo
uncilisw
orking
onaregu
larb
asis,
isno
taneasy
task.For
exam
ple,
the
Nationa
lWater
Coun
cilinKyrgyzstan
(foun
dedin
2003
)ha
sceased
tofunctio
nin
2009
and
resumed
itsworkinFebrua
ry20
13.
Cap
acity
dev
elop
men
t
IWR
Mis
am
ulti-
laye
red
and
mul
ti-fa
cete
dsy
stem
,th
esu
cces
sful
impl
emen
tatio
nof
whi
chde
pend
son
the
capa
city
ofbo
thm
anag
emen
tan
dw
ater
reso
urce
sm
anag
emen
t.Po
tent
ialh
asfiv
eco
mpo
nent
s:-i
ndiv
idua
ls(k
now
ledg
e,sk
ills,
and
attit
udes
)-
orga
niza
tion
(man
agem
ent,
labo
rpr
oduc
tivity
and
hum
an,
finan
cial
and
info
rmat
ion
reso
urce
s)-f
avor
able
cond
ition
s(po
litic
al,l
egal
and
econ
omic
cond
ition
sand
fisca
linc
entiv
es)
-pa
rtne
rshi
ps(b
etw
een
diff
eren
tor
gani
zatio
nsan
din
the
broa
der
cont
ext)
and
com
mun
ity(lo
cal
com
mun
ities
,co
mm
uniti
esof
prac
tice,
prof
essi
onal
asso
ciat
ions
and
netw
orks
,-p
latf
orm
ofva
riou
sst
akeh
olde
rs,o
nlin
egr
oups
,and
othe
rfo
rms
ofkn
owle
dge
shar
ing)
(Lin
klae
nA
rrie
nsan
dVe
nde
Mon
talv
o,20
13).
Cap
acity
deve
lopm
ent
inits
broa
dest
sens
e-
isth
ein
trod
uctio
nof
IWR
Min
prac
tice
ofre
gion
alan
dna
tiona
lor
gani
zatio
nson
wat
erre
sour
ces
man
agem
ent
and
thei
rin
tern
atio
nalp
artn
ers.
Tofu
rthe
rin
crea
seth
eca
paci
tyin
our
coun
try
focu
sed
onde
velo
pmen
tof
hum
anre
sour
ces;
impr
oved
com
pute
riza
tion,
com
mun
icat
ion
and
acce
ssto
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems;
soci
alm
obili
zatio
nan
dtr
ansp
aren
cyof
info
rmat
ion;
stre
ngth
enin
gsc
ient
ific
and
tech
nolo
gica
lcap
abili
ties
inor
der
toim
prov
ew
ater
man
agem
enta
ndco
ntro
lsys
tem
s;th
epr
actic
eof
shar
ing
know
ledg
ean
din
nova
tion,
and
part
ners
hip.
Hum
an R
esou
rce
Dev
elop
men
t
Cur
rent
ly,t
heto
taln
umbe
rof
empl
oyee
son
Wat
erR
esou
rces
Man
agem
enti
nC
entr
alA
sia,
with
the
exce
ptio
nof
the
Wat
erU
sage
Age
ncy
(WU
A),
isab
out
7000
0pe
ople
.A
nnua
llyse
ctor
mus
tre
crui
tab
out
2,00
0yo
ung
prof
essi
onal
s,pl
usan
othe
r1,
500
isne
cess
ary
for
serv
icin
gW
UA
.E
duca
tiona
lin
stitu
tions
and
univ
ersi
ties
ofhu
man
deve
lopm
ent
reso
urce
sco
ver
thes
ene
eds,
but
the
prob
lem
is,i
nth
ese
ctor
ison
ly10
to15
perc
ent
ofgr
adua
tes;
othe
rsar
elo
okin
gfo
ra
bett
erjo
bel
sew
here
.E
mpl
oym
ent
inth
ew
ater
sect
oris
not
cons
ider
edpr
estig
ious
orw
ell-p
aid.
Toat
trac
tsp
ecia
lists
,it
isne
cess
ary
toin
crea
seth
ew
ages
ofop
erat
ing
pers
onne
l.T
hew
ater
sect
oris
also
face
dw
ithth
epr
oble
mof
agin
gw
orkf
orce
.Wat
erse
ctor
does
n’ta
ttra
cten
ough
grad
uate
san
dhi
ghly
skill
edex
pert
sha
vere
ache
dre
tirem
enta
ge,
that
’sw
hyth
epo
tent
ial
loss
ofin
stitu
tiona
lkn
owle
dge
deem
edto
besi
gnifi
cant
.In
addi
tion,
curr
ent
appr
oach
esto
wat
erm
anag
emen
tar
eno
tal
way
sea
syto
take
the
old
staf
ftha
treq
uire
cont
inuo
usle
arni
ngan
dkn
owle
dge
shar
ing.
Bas
iced
ucat
ion
isim
port
ant,
but
the
curr
ent
chal
leng
esre
quir
epr
ofes
sion
als
and
orga
niza
tions
onw
ater
reso
urce
sha
vebe
enad
apte
dto
the
cons
tant
lych
angi
ngci
rcum
stan
ces.
Thi
sin
turn
requ
ires
the
flexi
bilit
yan
dad
apta
bilit
yw
ithin
trai
ning
orga
niza
tions
.Acc
ordi
ngto
som
ees
timat
es,t
rain
ing
for
engi
neer
ssh
ould
beca
rrie
dou
tw
ithan
inte
rval
of7
to10
year
s.T
his
was
the
mai
nre
ason
for
esta
blis
hing
are
gion
altr
aini
ngce
nter
in20
10in
orde
rto
prov
ide
prof
essi
onal
sin
the
field
ofw
ater
reso
urce
san
dth
ehi
gher
seco
ndar
yle
vel.
Thi
sw
asfo
llow
edby
the
crea
tion
ofse
vera
lnat
iona
ltra
inin
gun
itsun
der
the
ausp
ices
ofth
ena
tiona
lwat
erm
anag
emen
tor
gani
zatio
nsin
Kaz
akhs
tan
(Alm
aty)
,Kyr
gyzs
tan
(Bis
hkek
and
Osh
),Ta
jikis
tan
(Khu
jand
)an
dU
zbek
ista
n(U
rgen
ch,
And
ijan,
Ferg
ana
and
Akb
arab
ad).
Impr
oved
com
pute
riza
tion,
com
mun
icat
ion
and
acce
ss to
info
rmat
ion
The
deve
lopm
ento
fthe
wat
erse
ctor
capa
city
-bui
ldin
gin
volv
escr
eatin
ga
user
-fri
endl
y-d
atab
ases
(reg
iona
l,na
tiona
l,ba
sin
and
loca
l)-
know
ledg
eba
ses
(cur
ricu
la,g
uide
lines
and
othe
rpr
actic
alan
din
form
atio
nal
mat
eria
ls),
anal
ytic
alto
olsa
ndm
odel
s.T
hisw
ork
was
carr
ied
outb
yna
tiona
lwat
erau
thor
ities
,bas
inw
ater
orga
niza
tions
(BW
O)
"Am
udar
ya"
and
"Syr
dary
a"un
der
the
coor
dina
tion
ofSI
Can
dth
efin
anci
alsu
ppor
t.W
ww
.gw
p.or
gpo
rtal
cont
ains
aw
ealth
ofin
form
atio
n,in
clud
ing
the
know
ledg
eba
sean
dth
ere
gion
alU
NE
SCO
-IH
EIS
DC
CAW
ater
Info
ww
wca
wat
erin
fone
t.-I
mpr
oved
Com
pute
riza
tion,
com
mun
icat
ion
and
acce
ssto
info
rmat
ion
syst
em.
The
mai
nob
ject
ive
ofth
ein
form
atio
nsy
stem
isto
crea
tea
unifi
edsy
stem
ofre
gist
ratio
nof
land
and
wat
erre
sour
ces
with
the
abili
tyto
eval
uate
the
effe
ctiv
enes
sof
thei
rus
ean
dfo
reca
stin
g.T
hus,
this
syst
emal
low
syo
uto
regu
larl
yas
sess
the
effic
ienc
yof
wat
erus
e,an
dal
low
sman
ager
sto
dete
ctun
prod
uctiv
elo
sses
.U
nfor
tuna
tely
,com
pute
rte
chno
logy
and
deci
sion
supp
ort
syst
ems
inth
ere
gion
are
not
wid
ely
used
,par
ticul
arly
inth
eba
sin
and
loca
llev
els.
Eve
nth
ece
ntra
loff
ice
ofth
ena
tiona
lw
ater
auth
oriti
esco
uld
bene
fitfr
oma
mor
ead
vanc
edus
eof
mod
ern
tool
ssu
chas
geog
raph
icin
form
atio
nsy
stem
s(G
IS),
rem
ote
sens
ing,
asw
ella
sana
lytic
alm
odel
s.T
here
shou
ldbe
mor
ew
ork
done
toes
tabl
ish
and
impr
ove
com
mun
icat
ion,
info
rmat
ion
and
anal
ytic
alto
ols
atlo
cal,
basi
nan
dna
tiona
llev
els.
Soci
al m
obili
zatio
n an
d tr
ansp
aren
cy o
f inf
orm
atio
n
Tost
reng
then
the
capa
city
inth
ew
ater
sect
orsh
ould
bea
syst
emof
soci
alm
obili
zatio
nan
ddi
ssem
inat
ion
ofin
form
atio
nre
late
dto
wat
er.
Thi
ssy
stem
will
impr
ove
the
tran
spar
ency
ofde
cisi
on-m
akin
gon
wat
eran
dfa
cilit
ate
the
adop
tion
ofin
nova
tions
key
stak
ehol
ders
and
the
publ
ic.
Thr
ough
soci
alm
obili
zatio
nof
key
stak
ehol
ders
and
the
publ
icca
nbe
gin
tow
ork
colle
ctiv
ely
with
inth
efr
amew
ork
ofth
ene
wly
esta
blis
hed
bodi
essu
chas
the
WU
Aor
basi
nco
unci
ls,
inor
der
tode
velo
pth
eir
own
deve
lopm
ent
plan
san
dst
rate
gies
,ra
ther
than
impo
sed
from
outs
ide.
Thr
ough
the
diss
emin
atio
nof
info
rmat
ion,
wat
erm
anag
emen
tor
gani
zatio
nsca
nbe
aler
ted
tone
wpr
oble
ms,
prop
ose
mea
sure
sto
addr
ess
them
and
topr
omot
ebe
stpr
actic
em
anag
emen
tofw
ater
reso
urce
s.T
hus,
you
mus
thav
esk
illed
pers
onne
lwho
can
deal
with
the
soci
alm
obili
zatio
nin
the
wat
erm
anag
emen
torg
aniz
atio
nsto
basi
nle
vela
ndsu
b-ba
sins
.
Bui
ldin
g sc
ient
ific
and
tech
nica
l cap
acity
to im
prov
e th
e us
e an
d m
anag
emen
t of w
ater
res
ourc
es
IWR
Mre
quir
esth
ein
tegr
atio
nof
scie
nce
and
indu
stry
inth
epu
rsui
tof
mor
ead
vanc
edte
chno
logi
esan
dlo
cally
test
edan
dad
apte
dso
lutio
ns.
Itis
nece
ssar
yto
stre
ngth
enth
elin
kbe
twee
ned
ucat
ion,
appl
ied
rese
arch
and
best
prac
tices
inth
ere
gion
and
arou
ndth
ew
orld
thro
ugh
inte
rnsh
ips,
invi
ted
inte
rnat
iona
llec
ture
rs,j
oint
regi
onal
and
inte
rnat
iona
ltra
inin
gan
dle
arni
ngfr
ompr
ojec
tsan
dpr
omot
ion
ofbe
stpr
actic
esad
apte
dto
loca
lcon
ditio
ns.
Cap
acity
build
ing
shou
ldbe
usin
gth
ere
sults
ofre
sear
chan
dfie
ldtr
ials
.
It is
mpo
rtant
the
prac
tice
of
shar
ing
know
ledg
e an
d in
nova
tion
partn
ersh
ips
It is
nec
essa
ry th
at v
ario
us w
ater
or
gani
zatio
ns -
natio
nal a
nd
regi
onal
inst
itutio
ns fo
r wat
er
reso
urce
s man
agem
ent,
educ
atio
n an
d re
sear
ch in
stitu
tions
, de
velo
pmen
t age
ncie
s and
in
tern
atio
nal o
rgan
izat
ions
wor
k in
pa
rtner
ship
to c
reat
e op
portu
nitie
s fo
r tra
inin
g an
d as
sist
ance
.
Stim
ulat
ing
IWR
M su
stai
nabi
lity
fact
ors
Wat
erm
anag
emen
tca
nno
tbe
conf
ined
only
with
inth
eim
med
iate
orga
niza
tiona
l,ad
min
istr
ativ
ean
dec
onom
icas
pect
sof
wat
erm
anag
emen
tan
dir
riga
ted
agri
cultu
re.W
ater
reso
urce
sde
term
ine
orat
leas
tinf
luen
ceto
the
way
offu
nctio
ning
polit
ical
,eco
nom
ic,s
ocia
l,ec
onom
ican
dna
tura
lsys
tem
s.C
onve
rsel
y,th
ese
syst
ems
crea
tefa
vora
ble
cond
ition
sfo
rth
epr
oper
man
agem
ent
ofw
ater
reso
urce
s.W
ater
prof
essi
onal
san
dde
cisi
on-m
aker
ssh
ould
take
into
acco
unt
the
rela
tions
hip
and
mut
ual
influ
ence
and
they
impa
irw
ater
reso
urce
sm
anag
emen
t.T
hesu
cces
san
dsu
stai
nabi
lity
ofIW
RM
depe
nds
onth
eco
mpl
exdy
nam
icso
fint
erna
land
exte
rnal
forc
es
Des
tabi
lizin
g fo
rces
The
aver
age
annu
alra
teof
popu
latio
ngr
owth
inC
entr
alA
sia
rang
esfr
om1.
2to
2pe
rce
nt,d
espi
teth
efa
ctth
ata
larg
epa
rtof
the
popu
latio
nliv
esin
rura
lare
as(e
xcep
tfor
Kaz
akhs
tan)
and
ala
rge
part
ofth
eru
ral
popu
latio
n-
mor
eth
an4
mill
ion
peop
le,
unfo
rtun
atel
y,ar
em
igra
ntw
orke
rs.S
uch
indi
cato
rsin
rura
lare
ascr
eate
spr
essu
reon
the
who
leso
cial
situ
atio
nan
don
wat
erre
sour
ces
inpa
rtic
ular
.Inc
reas
edde
man
dfo
rw
ater
due
toth
ela
rge
com
mun
alne
eds,
asw
ella
sfr
oma
desi
reto
mai
ntai
nth
eru
ral
popu
latio
nsh
are
ofir
riga
ted
land
.Wat
eris
insh
orts
uppl
y.C
hang
ing
ofth
ecl
imat
eC
limat
ech
ange
has
two
effe
cts:
1.th
ene
edfo
rw
ater
will
incr
ease
due
toth
eex
pect
edri
sein
tem
pera
ture
,2.
and
wat
erav
aila
bilit
yw
illde
crea
seas
are
sult
ofm
eltin
ggl
acie
rs.
Urb
aniz
atio
nT
heru
ralp
opul
atio
nis
cons
tant
lym
ovin
gto
the
city
,and
this
can
lead
toa
decr
ease
inth
ear
eaun
der
irri
gatio
nas
urba
ngr
owth
.T
heec
onom
icgr
owth
The
need
for
econ
omic
grow
this
expl
aine
d.It
prov
ides
empl
oym
ent
and
wel
l-bei
ngof
indi
vidu
alsa
ndpe
ople
s,bu
titm
ustb
eac
hiev
edon
asu
stai
nabl
eba
sis.
The
stab
ilizi
ng fo
rce
The
mai
nst
abili
zing
forc
esin
clud
eth
ere
spon
sibl
eat
titud
eof
natio
nalg
over
nmen
tsan
dlo
cal
adm
inis
tratio
ns,b
alan
ced
econ
omic
grow
th,i
mpr
ovem
ento
ffin
anci
alan
dec
onom
icm
echa
nism
sfo
rwat
eran
dag
ricul
ture
sect
ors,
favo
rabl
eso
cial
envi
ronm
ent,
asw
ella
ssc
ient
ific,
educ
atio
nal
and
tech
nolo
gica
lpot
entia
l.T
hepo
litic
alan
dpu
blic
circ
les
face
dw
ithan
urge
ntne
edto
asse
ssth
efu
ture
chal
leng
esof
wat
erre
sour
ces
and
tode
velo
pap
prop
riate
natio
nals
trate
gies
inth
ein
tere
sts
ofm
anan
dna
ture
,tak
ing
into
acco
untt
hein
tere
sts
ofco
asta
lst
ates
.Cro
ss-b
orde
rre
sour
ces
shou
ldno
tbe
seen
asa
limiti
ngfa
ctor
,as
wel
las
anin
cent
ive
forr
egio
nalc
oope
ratio
n.A
dmin
istr
ativ
eau
thor
ities
shou
lden
sure
impl
emen
tatio
nof
the
wat
erpo
licy
and
stra
tegy
thro
ugh
anu
mbe
rofm
echa
nism
s,in
clud
ing
incr
ease
dde
cent
raliz
atio
nan
dsu
ppor
t.Th
eex
istin
gbu
reau
crat
icba
rrie
rsan
dre
allo
catio
nof
the
wat
erse
ctor
inot
hera
reas
shou
ldbe
elim
inat
ed.E
spec
ially
itis
unac
cept
able
dive
rsio
nof
capi
tal
inve
stm
ents
aim
edat
the
wat
er,
land
recl
amat
ion
and
reco
nstru
ctio
n.Fo
ref
fect
ive
man
agem
ento
fwat
erre
sour
cesn
eed
toin
stal
lthe
join
tlia
bilit
yre
gim
e.E
cono
mic
deve
lopm
ent
Itw
illde
pend
onth
elo
ng-te
rmas
sess
men
tof
wat
eran
dla
ndre
sour
ces.
Like
wis
e,th
ew
ater
sect
orha
sto
adap
tto
new
dest
inat
ions
and
redi
strib
utio
nof
prod
uctiv
efo
rces
.
Impr
ovin
g th
e fin
anci
al a
nd e
cono
mic
mec
hani
sms f
or th
e w
ater
sect
or a
nd a
gric
ultu
re
Such
arr
ange
men
ts h
ave
yet t
o de
velo
p in
Cen
tral A
sia,
but
they
can
enc
oura
ge fa
rmer
s and
oth
er
mor
e ef
ficie
nt u
se o
f ava
ilabl
e w
ater
reso
urce
s. Th
e in
trodu
ctio
n of
fina
ncia
l and
eco
nom
ic m
easu
res
requ
ires s
trict
dis
cipl
ine
and
cont
rol o
n th
e pa
rt of
ban
ks, l
ocal
aut
horit
ies,
wat
er c
ompa
nies
and
w
ater
use
rs.
Soci
al e
nvir
onm
ent
dete
rmin
es th
e le
vels
of e
mpl
oym
ent a
nd p
over
ty, a
s wel
l as a
cces
s to
drin
king
wat
er a
nd d
omes
tic
wat
er su
pply
. Loc
al c
omm
uniti
es, w
ith th
e pa
rtici
patio
n of
men
and
wom
en, c
an h
elp
to e
nsur
e th
at
the
orga
niza
tiona
l stru
ctur
e of
IWR
M to
fit i
nto
the
fram
ewor
k of
loca
lly e
stab
lishe
d tra
ditio
ns a
nd
acce
pted
. Onl
y in
clo
se c
oope
ratio
n w
ith th
e lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es to
re-e
stab
lish
the
auth
oriti
es w
ith
publ
ic p
artic
ipat
ion,
such
as W
UA
s and
cha
nnel
tips
to a
chie
ve tr
ue re
cogn
ition
and
acc
epta
nce.
Th
us, t
he n
eces
sary
pub
lic o
pini
on p
olls
for n
on-g
over
nmen
tal o
rgan
izat
ions
, as w
ell a
s wat
er
man
agem
ent a
utho
ritie
s at a
ll le
vels
.Sc
ient
ific,
edu
catio
nal a
nd te
chno
logi
cal p
oten
tial
This
-th
e ke
y po
tent
ial i
nteg
ratio
n of
aca
dem
ic k
now
ledg
e an
d pr
actic
es th
roug
h tra
inin
g an
d ad
apta
tion
of k
now
ledg
e an
d ex
perie
nce
to lo
cal n
eeds
, as w
ell a
s pro
mot
ing
inno
vatio
n. T
he o
rigin
al
conc
ept o
f the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
IWR
M in
the
Ferg
ana
Valle
y w
as e
ssen
tially
dev
elop
ed w
ith th
e in
volv
emen
t of r
esea
rch
orga
niza
tions
and
aca
dem
ia. T
he w
ork
of st
akeh
olde
r mee
tings
in th
e co
urse
of
the
proj
ect,
the
loca
l pro
vinc
ial u
nive
rsiti
es w
ere
invo
lved
. The
se in
stitu
tions
als
o re
com
men
ded
met
hods
for i
mpr
ovin
g w
ater
and
land
pro
duct
ivity
whi
ch h
ave
been
test
ed a
nd a
dapt
ed to
loca
l co
nditi
ons.
Issues of coo
peratio
n on
tran
sbou
ndary water m
anagem
ent
Itis
necessaryto
sepa
rate
agreem
entwith
thede
finition
oflong
‐term
obligations
unde
rregimes
ofriv
ersan
ddistrib
utionof
agreem
ents,which
prov
ide
commercial
commitm
ents,
which
are
based
onconjun
ctural
fluctua
tions
ofprices
forthevario
usfund
san
dmaterialg
oods
may
bepu
t.Re
gion
alorganizatio
nsprovideaplatform
forinstitu
tiona
linteractions
ontran
sbou
ndarywatersin
theba
sin,bu
ttheexistinginstitu
tiona
lstructures
shou
ldbe
streng
then
edto
ensure
better
coordina
tionbe
twee
nsectorsan
dpu
blicpa
rticipation.
Forregion
alprojects
asacond
ition
ofaidrequ
iresthat
allc
ountrie
sin
theregion
agreed
implem
entatio
n.In
conn
ectio
nwith
therecent
tren
dof
dono
rassis
tanceit
isto
moveaw
ayfrom
theim
plem
entatio
nof
region
alprojects
onmajor
rivers,
locala
ndbilateralp
rojectson
smallrivers,
such
astheCh
u,Talas,Kh
odjaba
kirgan
andIsfar.
The
conseq
uence
ofthis
isan
obstacle
toregion
alcoop
eration
and
collabo
ratio
nacross
natio
nalb
orde
rs.
Add
ress
ing
cros
s-bo
rder
issu
es
Law
supr
emac
y.M
ostc
oast
alco
untri
esev
alua
teth
eir
own
unila
tera
lact
ion,
asfa
iran
dre
ason
able
,w
ithou
tdu
eco
nsid
erat
ion
ofth
ecl
aim
san
dco
ncer
nsof
othe
rco
asta
lSt
ates
. Inte
rnat
iona
lwat
erla
wha
sth
epo
tent
ialt
obe
aus
eful
mec
hani
smfo
rstre
ngth
enin
gpe
ace
and
coop
erat
ion
ontra
nsbo
unda
ryw
ater
s.Jo
intc
ompl
ianc
e3
prin
cipl
es"e
quita
ble
and
reas
onab
leut
iliza
tion"
,"no
tcau
sing
appr
ecia
ble
harm
"an
d"o
blig
atio
nto
coop
erat
e"D
rinki
ngw
ater
atth
egl
obal
leve
lsho
uld
bede
fined
mor
ecl
early
with
the
spec
ific
mec
hani
sms
ofad
dres
sing
wat
erse
curit
y.St
reng
then
inte
rnat
iona
lwat
erla
w,i
nor
der
toav
oid
clas
hes
betw
een
the
natio
nali
nter
ests
ofw
ater
and
food
secu
rity
and
com
mer
cial
expl
oita
tion.
Muc
hof
the
succ
ess
ofth
epr
actic
alim
plem
enta
tion
ofIW
RM
inC
entra
lAsi
aha
sbe
enac
hiev
eddu
eto
lack
ofw
ater
and
long
-term
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
the
cond
ucto
rsne
edfo
rmor
eef
ficie
ntus
eof
avai
labl
ew
ater
reso
urce
s.Po
litic
alsu
ppor
tis
anim
porta
ntel
emen
t,as
offic
ials
are
awar
eof
the
obvi
ous
bene
fits
ofIW
RM
refo
rms.
Lead
ers
inth
efie
ldof
wat
erm
anag
emen
tsho
uld
bea
key
succ
essf
acto
r.
REFERE
NCE
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