The Birth of Jim Crow:

Blacks and Whites in the Post-

Reconstruction South

Timeline

1877: Hayes Compromise

1896: Plessy v. Ferguson

1905: “Jim Crow” laws thruout South

Work in South

Per capita income static, 1880-1900

1900: 6% workers in manufacturing

Education

Ad hoc schools; opportunity for black women

Clifton FL Colored School, c. 1900

Violence

1889

KKK other paramilitary

Anti-black political leadership/resistance

3000 lynched 1880-1900

•

Lynching

Lynchings thruout US

White & Black

GA, MS, TX highest

Okemah, OK 1911

Anti-Violence

Ida B. Wells, 1862-1931

"They had made me an exile and threatened my life for hinting at the truth."[8

]

Anti-lynching campaign, 1892

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896

Separate but equal: constitutional

Legal justification for segregation until Brown v. Board, 1954

Homer Plessy, Octoroon

Southern Segregation

Segregated South separate toilets, fountains, pools,

hospitals, parks, schools, ball fields, cabs, libraries.

separate sections of theaters, busses, trains.

interracial marriage prohibited

Segregated South

Served after whites in stores.

Required to address whites as Mr., Mrs. Etc. while called “boy,” “aunty,” etc.

Required to remove hat when greeting, make way on sidewalk, approach back door.

Boon to Black Business

“Negro Wall Street”Durham NC, c. 1900

“Negro Wall Street”Tulsa OK, c. 1920

Black Leadership

First principal, Tuskegee Normal School, 1881

National prominence, 1895

Booker T. Washington, 1856-1915

Black Leadership

First black teacher, DC Schools

Leader, NACWC

Founding member,NAACP

Mary Church Terrell, c. 1900

Black Leadership First black Ph.D. from Harvard

Professor, writer

Founder, NiagaraMovement, 1905 (NAACP)

WEB DuBois, Paris, 1900

Reconstruction Amendments

• 13th – Banned slavery in the U.S. (?)• 14th – gave all blacks same rights –

Bill of Rights• 15th - Black MEN could vote

Homer Plessy’s Grave

Homer Plessy

Also buried near Plessy

Questions?

Calhoun, AL Colored School, c. 1900