The 14th CenturyCataclysm

Events of the 14th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the 

Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire, early expansion into the

early Balkans : Osman I, 1st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire The Avignon papacy transfers the seat of the Popes

from Italy to France The Great Famine of 1315-1317 kills millions of people

in Europe The death of the Ilkhan Abu Said in 1335, causing the

disintegration of the Mongol rule in Persia. The Hundred Years' War begins when Edward

III of England lays claim to the French throne in 1337.  Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans 1431

Black Death kills around a third of the population of Europe. (1347–1351).

Black Death: Bubonic Plague

One of the deadliest pandemics in human history,

peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. Started in Central Asia, it reached the Crimea by

1346 From there, it spread throughout

the Mediterranean and Europe -- probably from black

rats on merchant ships, Estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe's

population World population fell from about 450 million to

between 350 and 375 million in 1400. It took 150 years for Europe's population to recover. The plague returned at various times, resulting in a larger

number of deaths, until it left Europe in the 19th century.

Pieter Breughel, The Triumph of Death

The Dance of Death

Boccaccio’s Decameron

Collection of 100 novelle with a frame tale

Frame tale realistically details the Black Death in Italy

Novelle: short tales based set in realistic settings with a variety of characters from all social classes

Ten young people leave Florence during the Plague

to find respite in the countryside. They decide to

pass the time by telling stories to each other:

Ten storiesfor

Ten days:The Decameron

Geoffrey Chaucer

First great English poet

Early works reflect courtly concerns and ideals

Influenced by French and Italian models

The Canterbury Tales

Chaucer’s masterpiece Frame: Pilgrimage from

London to Canterbury Brilliant portraits of

English characters Tales include many

genres: romance, sermon, fabilaux, lai, etc.

From Christine de Pisan, 'Works'. Copyright ©, The British Library

Christine de Pisan 1364-ca. 1430

First European professional female author

Prominent in the “Debate about Women”

Works include courtesy books, military treatises, dream visions and The Book of the City of Ladies

                                                             

                       

The end of Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty (1368)

The heresy of Lollardy rises in England The Great Schism of the West begins in 1378, eventually

leading to 3 simultaneous popes. Peasants' Revolt in England in 1381. The Mali Empire expands westward and conquers Tekrur

(West Africa). The poet Petrarch coins the term Dark Ages to describe the

preceding 900 years in Europe, beginning with the fall of Rome in 476 through to the renewal embodied in the Renaissance.

Beginning of the Renaissance in Italy

More Events of the 14th Century

The Renaissance

Aspects of Renaissance Art

chiaroscuro

modeling figures by means of gradations of light and shade

Cimabuec. 1280-90

Giottoc.1310Madonna Enthroned

Giotto1266-1337

A shepherd boy who became the painter Cimabue’s apprentice

Based his figures on observation rather than painterly or iconic traditions

Employed chiaroscuoro to create dimensional figures

Figures display intense emotions Narrative fresco seriesHerald of the Renaissance

GiottoThe Raising of

Lazarusc. 1304-06

Fresco cycle in Cappella degli Scrovegni in

Padua.

devotional realism

detailed pictorial emphasis on the human nature and suffering of Christ with details drawn from everyday life

and nature

GiottoSt. Francis of Assisi

Preaching to the Birds1297-99

 San Francesco, Upper Church, Assisi, Italy

Fra Filippo LippiMadonna and Child

1459

GiottoLamentation

c. 1305Fresco cycle in Cappella degli Scrovegni in

Padua.

Michelangelo, Pietas

1498-991547-55

narrative painting

painting that tells a story

MassacioThe Tribute Money

1420sBrancacci Chapel

24. And when they were come to Capernaum, they that received tribute money came to Peter, and said, Doth not your master pay tribute? 25. He saith, Yes. And when he was come into the house, Jesus prevented him, saying, What thinkest thou, Simon? of whom do the kings of the earth take custom or tribute? of their own children, or of strangers? 26. Peter saith unto him, Of strangers. Jesus saith unto him, Then are the children free. 27. Notwithstanding, lest we should offend them, go thou to the sea, and cast an hook, and take up the fish that first cometh up; and when thou hast opened his mouth, thou shalt find a piece of money: that take, and give unto them for me and thee.— Matthew 17:24–27

urbanity

interest in the life and governance of cities

Lorenzetti, The Effects of Good Government in the City, 1338

Lorenzetti, The Allegory of Bad Government in the City, 1338

Avarice

Pride

Vanity

Tyrant

classical humanism

recovery and study of Greek and Latin texts, art and architecture with an

emphasis on the role of the individual

Botticelli, Primavera, c. 1482

Mercury Three Graces Venus Flora Chloris Zephyrus

Botticelli, The Birth of Venus, c. 1486

Raphael, The School of Athens, 1509-10

Raphael, The Parnassus, 1509-10

linear perspective

the illusion of space and distance on a flat surface

linear perspective

System originated in Florence, Italy in the early 1400s. The artist and architect Brunelleschi demonstrated its

principles but The architect and writer, Leon Battista Alberti was

first to write down its rules An artist must first imagine the picture surface as an

"open window" through which to see the painted world.

Straight lines are then drawn on the canvas to represent the horizon and "visual rays" connecting the viewer's eye to a point in the distance

linear perspective

The horizon line runs across the canvas at the eye level of the viewer. The horizon line is where the sky appears to meet the ground.

The vanishing point should be located near the center of the horizon line. The vanishing point is where all parallel lines (orthogonals) that run towards the horizon line appear to come together like train tracks in the distance.

Orthogonal lines are "visual rays" helping the viewer's eye to connect points around the edges of the canvas to the vanishing point. An artist uses them to align the edges of walls and paving stones.

MassacioThe Tribute Money

1420sBrancacci Chapel

Widely believed to be the first painting, since the fall of Rome (ca. 476 A.D.), to use Scientific Linear One Point Perspective, or, all the orthogonals point to one vanishing point, in this case, Christ. Also, it is one of the first paintings that does away with the use of a head-cluster. If you were to walk into the painting, you could walk around Jesus Christ, in the semicircle created, and back out the painting again with ease.

horizon line vanishing point orthogonal lines

aerial perspective

 the effect the atmosphere has on the appearance of an object as it is

viewed from a distance

aerial perspective

As the distance between an object and a viewer increases, the contrast between the object and its background decreases.

The colors of the object become less saturated and shift towards the background color.

Leonardo da Vinci. He called it ‘the perspective of disappearance.’

Leonardo da VinciThe Virgin and Child with St. Anne

(c. 1510)Louvre Museum

aerial perspective

sfumato

 Leonardo da Vinci described sfumato as "without lines or borders, in the manner

of smoke or beyond the focus plane."

Leonardo da VinciMona Lisa or La Gioconda 

(1503–1505/1507)Louvre, Paris, France

sfumato

Leonardo da VinciVirgin of the Rocks1843-46Louvre,

anatomy

scientific observation and study of the human body

Leonardo da VinciVitruvian Man

1487

DavidsDonatello, 1432 Michelangelo, 1504

tondo

a circular painting or sculpture

Michelangelo, The Taddei Tondo(The Virgin and Child with the Infant St. John)

1504-06

Botticelli, Madonna of the Pomegranate1487

fresco

mural painting on walls or ceilings

fresco

Fresco comes from the Italian word affresco which derives from the Latin word for "fresh”

Buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh plaster

A secco painting is done on dry plaster (secco is "dry" in Italian). The pigments thus require a binding medium, such as egg (tempera), glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall

Michelangelo, The Sistine Chapel, 1508-12

Michelangelo, The Sistine Chapel, 1508-12

The Creation of Adam

Adam and Eve

The Flood

portraits and self-portraits

hallmarks of a new self-consciousnesscoupled with the desire for fame and

immortality

1: Zeno of Citium – 2: Epicurus – 3: unknown (believed to be Raphael or Federico II of Mantua?) – 4: Boethius or Anaximander or Empedocles? – 5: Averroes – 6: Pythagoras – 7: Alcibiades or Alexander the Great? – 8: Antisthenes or Xenophon or Timon? – 9: Hypatia, or Raphael, or Fornarina as a personification of Love[ or Francesco Maria della Rovere? – 10: Aeschines or Xenophon? – 11: Parmenides? (Leonardo da Vinci) – 12: Socrates – 13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo) – 14: Plato (Leonardo da Vinci) – 15: Aristotle (Giuliano da Sangallo) – 16: Diogenes of Sinope – 17: Plotinus (Donatello?) – 18: Euclid or Archimedes with students (Bramante?) – 19: Strabo or Zoroaster? (Baldassare Castiglione) – 20: Ptolemy? – R: Apelles (Raphael) – 21: Protogenes (Il Sodoma, Perugino, or Timoteo Viti)

proposed identities and models in Raphael’s The School of Athens

donor portraits

Andrea Mantegna, Madonna Della Vittoria1495-96

Commissioned by Francesco II Gonzaga to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Fornova

family portraits

Andrea MantegnaThe Court of

Mantua(the Gonzaga

family)c. 1474

Jan van Eyck, The Arnolfini Portrait,1434

reflection of the artist

Hans Holbein the YoungerSelf-Portrait

1542

The Tudors by Hans Holbein

Princess MaryPrincess Elizabeth

Prince Edward

Henry VIII

Hans Holbein the YoungerPortrait of Desiderius Erasmus of

Rotterdam with Renaissance Pilaster,1523

Albrecht Dürer, Self-Portrait,1500

Albrecht Dürer, Erasmus1526

Sofonisba Anguisola, Self-Portrait, c. 1554

Sofonisba Anguisola, Portrait of Queen Anne

of Austria, 1570

Lavinia Fontana, Self-Portrait, 1577

Lavinia Fontana, Newborn Baby in a Crib, 1583

Artemesia Gentileschi, Pittura, 1630

Artemesia Gentileschi, Portrait of a Condottiere

Judith Leyster Self-Portrait,

1635