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Institutionen for Vattenbyggnad Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola
Department of Hydraulics Chalmers University of Technology
i samarbete med
Institutionen for Byggnadsekonomioch- organisation Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola
Department of Building Economics and Construction Hanagement
STUDIES ON ARTISANAL FISHERY IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
av
Maud Gruneau Mita Sawjani
Examensarbete nr 1983:4 Inst.f. Vattenbyggnad
Examensarbete nr. 1984:15 Inst.f. Byggn.ekonomi och byggn.org.
Chalmers Tekniska Hi:igskola
412 96 Goteborg
81 01 00
Gi:iteborg 1984
.--...:
1.
1.1
1.2
2.
2. 1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5 2.51 2.52
2.6
2.7 2. 71 2. 72
2.8
2.9 2.91 2.92
2.10
2.11
3.
3.1 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16
3.2 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24
3.3 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Problems concerned with fishlanding places in developing countries
The purpose of the report
PRESENT SITUATION
Generally
Seasons and weather conditions
The beach and shoreline
Port conditions
Fishing boats and gears Boats Gears
Facilities on land
Hygienic aspects Landing stages Ice production and plant
Labour
Tradition Food tradition Fishing tradition
Transportation
Summary
INTRODUCTION MODEL
Section one; the size of the catch Season and weather condition Fishing ground Fishing species Fishing gear Fishing vessels Fishing tradition
·section two; the port -Beach and shoreline Harbour dimensions Construction materials Educational level
Section three; processing of the fish Transportation Food tradition Fish species Demand Distance to urban area Fish processing Water and energy Ice plant Hygienic and handling situation
1
1
1
4
4
5
5
6
7 7 7
7
8 8 8
9
9 9
10
10
10
13
14 15 15 15 16 17 18
20 21 21 22 23
24 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28
I
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5. 4
5.5
5.6
6 .
7.
8. ;:·< -
INTRODUCTION ON THE CASE Bi~r ~Ali
Objectives
Fishing seasons
Fishing craft
Fishing gear
Fish handling
Salting and drying of fish
Smoked fish
II
29
29
30
31
31
32
32
32
33
Marketing 33
THE PROJECT 34
Project objectives 34
Increased benefits from improvement of 34 the fish products
Projected fish landings 35
Ice requirements 35
Landings 36
Curing 36
SUMMARY ON THE INVESTMENT COSTS 37
CONCLUSION 38
APPENDIX 1
" 2
" 3 "~ 4
" 5
" 6
" 7
" 8
" 9
" 10
" 11
" 12
" 13
" 14
BIBLIOGRAPHY
III
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We like to thank for all the help we have got to make our
graduate work possible.
Our thanks to:
Prof. Yngve Hammarlund at the Division of Building
Economics and Organization
Prof. Anders Mattsson at the Department of Hydraulics
Scandia-Consult and especially Sten Munthe
Natural board of fishery
Ann-Marie Holmdahl and Gota Bengtsson, the Department
of Hydraulics, who helped us to type this document
Gothenburg December 1983
Mita Sawjani Maud Gruneau.
1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problems concerned with fishlanding places in
developing countries
In most of the developing countries, the existing or poten
tial inshore fishing grounds are in proximity to coastlines
which present tremendous difficulties in the landing and
embarkation of the vessels used in this type of local
fishery operations. The equipment the fishermen use today
is very simple, at many places they do not even use net for
the fishing. The catch that fishermen gets is often just
enough for their own village while people inland has not
enough food.
Quite often the roadconnections are not well developed and
so the possibilities of distributing the fish to the inland
are not so good. To make the fish available inland it is
even necessary to have the right kind of equipment to keep
the fish fresh. It is also important to have in mind how
the tradition to eat fish is in other parts of the country.
The catch has to be handled properly until it reaches the
consumer. Other factors to think of before building landing
places are: if there is an ice plant, storage possibil
ities, meteorological and hydrological data etc.
The factors mentioned above decide the possibilities of
developing and improving a landing place.
1.2 The purpose of the report
By developing the artisanal fishery in the third world some
functional and economical requirements are made. These
requirements are affected by the societies and the peoples
valuation.
The constructive design is affected by factors as top
ography, climate conditions, raw material and so on. Each
2
constructive solution means a sacrifice of the resources.
The value of these resources depends on access and demand.
Access and demand depends on indigenous circumstances which
depends on international circumstances as variation in
trade conditions.
It is impossible to solve the problems by considering all
the affecting factors. While solving problems one must
thing of abstracting the factors which are most sig
nificant from the real situation. All other factors has to
be ignored. All those relevant factors or variables are
combined in a logical way so that they can make a model of
the part of the reality which is connected with the prob
lem.
The purpose of the report has been to structure the arti
sanal fishery in different variables and connect them in a
logical way and make a model of the part of the reality.
These variables can be affectable or not affectable de
pending on the aim of the project.
Controlled experiments are not possible in some cases. In
artisanal fishery it is in that way. In these types of
cases one must make a model of the real system and continue
the experiments on it. A model is constructed by looking at
the main quality of the reality. The condition of the
reality can be showed in the model.
The the above mentioned model is constructed by using the
system in an approach way. A system has got different parts
which are dependent on each other. Those parts which are an
integral part of a certain system can at the same time be
an integral part of another system. Each system has to be
defined. The definition decides what has to be studied.
Parts of a system are made of elements.
The element affects other elements and is also affected
itself by other elements. Quality of a system is decided by
3
the elements qua1ity as well as by the structure of the
system.
We started by acquiring knowledge about artisanal fishery
in developing countries today. We achieved this information
by studying the literature about fishery and feasibility
studies to get a methodology in the report. More informa
tion was achieved by taking with skilled people. By
gathering all this information this report is structured in
the following way:
To begin with we have described the situation today. In the
next part we have made a model by putting together all the
information and structuring the problem in three main fac
tors. In each of these main factors part factors are
studied in detail and how they affect each other.
At last we have tried to use the model and connect it with
a realistic case in Bi~r Ali, a fish landing place in
Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen.
4
2. PRESENT SITUATION
2.1 Generally
The fish landing places in countries in the third world
seldom have port facilities for the boats and for the
handling of the fish. The landing places are often just a
part of a shore where the boats are taken ashore and left
without any protection.
The boats that are used are of canoe type, sometimes with
an outboard motor, and the fishing gears are often of very
primitive type. When the fishermen return from the fishing
tour their families stand on the shore waiting to help with
the unloading. The catch is then taken ashore in baskets
from the boats which are anchored out in the water. When
the catch is taken ashore then the fishermen drag the boat
up on the shore, in many places mancraft is the only help
they have for this job.
Part of the catch gets lost on its way from the sea to the
consumer because it is not handled properly, there is for
example no ice in the boat to chill the fish. The baskets
that are used to carry the fish are often handmade, and
sometimes when the catch is taken ashore from the boats the
baskets gets broken. The fish is just thrown in the sand
without any protection where it can be exposed to flies.
So, the catch is reduced in one way or another. The rest of
the catch will only be enough ·to feed the people in the
village.
Many of the landing places do not have any natural
protections and during the monsoon periods the fishermen
have to stay onshore. Even when the winds are not so strong
the fishermen have problems with the waves, for example
when they have to pass through the zone where the waves
brake and when the catches are taken ashore.
5
2.2 Seasons and weather conditions
The artisanal fishery around the coasts of Africa and Asia
depends on seasonal variations because of the strong winds
that blow part of the year.
The most common wind is the monsoon wind, which changes
direction. In the spring-summer it blows from southwest and
in the autumn-winter it blows from northeast. For example,
in Karnataka, India, the southwest monsoon blows from
May/June until early September. During this period the
fishermen are not able to fish but when the northeast
monsoon blows from October to December the artisanal
fishing can be.done.
The trade wind is not as common as the monsoon wind and it
blows only from one direction. This wind blows especially
on the west coast of Africa.
There are peak periods when the catch increases and if
these peak periods coincide with the strong winds the need
for a harbour increases.
2.3 The beach and shoreline
In areas with archipelago it is not difficult to find'a
landing place with natural protection. But in most places
the shore is open and unprotected, and it is in these areas
the biggest problems occur.
The beaches are of various kinds, some rocky, some stony or
sandy. Rocky beaches are not so good to land on ?S they
destroy the hull of the boats when they are taken on and
off the shore.
A major part of the world-s beaches are composed of sand.
Such beaches cause many problems. Most of these beaches are
located on exposed shores where wave action can be rather
6
heavy. They are generally subjected to tidal action and,
not least, they are exposed to littoral drift.
The littoral drift is one of the problems one has to deal
with on a sandy beach. Littoral drift is the movement of
sedimentary material in the littoral zone by waves and
currents. The littoral zone extends from the shoreline to
just beyond the most seaward breakers. The wind and the
tida-l action causes currents which CCJ.n be dangerous for the
fishermen and causes also littoral drift.
Outside some of the beaches there are organic reefs which
sometimes stabilize the shoreline and affect the naviga
tion. One of the problems is how to pass the reefs. When it
is low water the boats cannot pass and when the water level
is high the waves break and the surfwaves that occurs are
difficult for the boats to ride on.
The biggest problem is the waves caused by the wind and it
is against this the protection has to be built.
2.4 Port conditions
There are few fishing harbours in relation to the require
ments of the existing fishing fleet and the size of the
present catches. Many places do not have a port, only a
simple landing place directly on the beach. Existing ports
are not~always in good condition. Many of the ports have
small basins and short narrow wharves with simple rough
surfacing. The ports are often found to be poorly main
tained and not equipped with facilities on land as ice
plants, repair yards etc. Cleaning of the premises seems to
be done rarely and not always efficiently.
7
2.5 Fishing Boats and Gears
2.51 Boats
Wood is still by far the most commonly used boat building
material. In some places there is a shortage of wood and in
Guinea-Bissau for instance one tries to build canoes of
ferrocement instead.
The artisanal fishermen use outrigged, out hollowed canoes,
raft and vessels made of batten which they paddle or sail.
Motorized vessels are used in some areas.
When the fishermen return from fishing trips they drag the
boats up on the shore. This is very heavy work because they
seldom use appliances.
2.52 Fishing Gears
The catch that fishermen gets depends very much on the
equipment they use. The fishing tackles vary from place to
place and are often simple, in some places they do not even
use net.
Fishing methods can be gill-netting, handlining and fishing
by cash net. At some places, for example the Ethiopian
shoreline, the fishermen use gear that can be operated from
shore because of the poor manoeuvrability of these boats
and their dependence upon wind conditions. In many places
because of adverse wind conditions fish catches are spoiled
before they can be delivered.
2.6 Facilities on land
Facilities on land are not always sufficient.
Electric energy is needed for port operations, ice plants
and chilling rooms. Diesel and lubricants is necessary for
the fishermen-s vessels. Even if the villages are provided
with electricity there can be no provision of lighting on
8
the shore and hence boatmen must return to shore well
before dusk. Most of them return in the fore-noon in order
to ensure disposal of their catch in time.
At most of the fishing centres there is no boat building or
repairing yard. In the absence of a jetty, the boats are
anchored away from the shoreline. For repairs, they are
often dragged up on the open beach.
The combination of shallow inshore water and absence of
appropriate equipment makes dragging the boats ashore heavy
work.
2.7 Hygenic aspects
2. 71 Landing stages
Several of the landing stages on the coastline and in the
rivermouths in most of the developing countries are in
adequate for berthing fishing boats. Many of them are
exposed and without protection from rough seas and adverse
weather conditions. There is little mechanical equipment
and the laborious work of unloading the fish has to be done
by the fishermen themselves and their families. Only with
much, and sometimes unnecessary, work the important and
very valuable catches can be landed. It seems that a con
siderable quantity of the fish is lost due to inefficient
handling, unclean baskets, the heat of the sun and exposure
to flies. The remaining part of the fish is of good
quality. The large number of people available makes it
possible to land the catches quickly.
2. 72 Ice production and plant
Ice production is still inadequate to meet the needs of the
fishing industry, especially in the inland areas. The
quantity of ice, used in the retail fish markets varies and
sanitary conditions at these markets are poor. Fish are
usually left uncovered with the result that flies are
quickly attracted and the spoilage is high.
9
The fishermen should be adviced at least to cover their
fish and keep the hygienic standard better than what it is
today. As it is today the fish is often just layed directly
in the sand.
Prices at inland centres are higher than prices at fishing
centers, reflecting the costs associated with transporting
the fish to inland markets. The fish goes through many
middlemen before reaching the consumer which effects the
price too.
Today, most of the ice is used to preserve prawns and
quality fish during land transport from the district. Ice
is rarely carried on fishing trips. The canoes are not
equipped either to carry ice or for that matter to store
fish under satisfactory conditions.
2. 8 Labour
One of the problems in developing the small scale fishery
in developing countries is the very low educational level
of the people who are involved in the fishing sector. Even
if there is an ice plant and other modern facilities,
knowledge about maintenance is very low. It is hard to keep
the plant working when nobody can take care of it.
The countries in the third world have often a good supply
of low skilled labour.
2.9 Tradition
2.91 Food tradition
In many of the fishing villages in the third world people
are conservative and it is difficult to change their eating
habits. In many places it has not been possible to deliver
the fish inland, so the people there are not used to
consume fish.
10
2.92 Fishing tradition
As the fishermen are conservative it is also difficult to
introduce new types of fishing equipment. Each place has
its own local traditions.
For example at certain places fishermen are not willing to
go fishing for longer trips than one day. They want to come
back home before dusk because they do not want to spend the
night on their boats.
2.10 Transportation
Mostly the road connections are not well developed from the
fish landing places and in many areas the existing roads
are not useable in the monsoon period because of the heavy
rain. That has lead to that the fishing village has been
isolated and the fish they produce has just been for their
own village.
2.11 Summary
There are a number of problems in the small scale fishery.
When planning a harbour or a landing place in developing
countries, one should have those problems in mind and below
are these problems in a nutshell.
The fish is not handled in a right way during its way
from the fishermen to the consumer.
Road connections are not always good. Transportation
inland has to be organized well.
Fresh water is not always available for ice production
By using salt water the ice production machinery corrods
Shortage of fuel for the boats and electricity supply
11
The knowledge of how to use the modern machinery and
equipment is low
People inland does not always prefer to eat fish
None or small possibilities for fish processing
Fishermen~s aversion to spend the nights on their boats
People cannot always afford to pay for the processed
fish
Fishing boats and gears are often simple
Port conditions are not always good. It takes a long
time to unload the catch from the fishing boats
Lack of co-operativ to maintain i.e. their workstores,
distribution, store and repair yards.
12
3. INTRODUCTION MODEL
The factors we have described in the previous chapter tells
how fishing is done today. In this chapter we will try to
show how these factors influence on each other and how they
can be improved. The intention of the improvements
mentioned is to increase the living standard of the fishing
population and to increase protein supply to the poorer
part of the population.
We have tried to make a model where we have studied how
the way of the fish from the sea to the consumer is
effected by a number of factors. These are divided into
three sections. Each section has a main factor, these are:
Size of the Catch
The Port
Processing of the Fish
These main factors are affected by many other factors which
one has to study before taking any further steps in
developing the landing place.
The part factors can in some cases, but not always, be
influenced. It depends on the level of improvements of the
port.
In our model we have tried to develop the port with the
help of small achievements on local level. Factors that we
think cannot be influenced are:
Season and weather conditions
Fishing ground
Availability of fish
Fish species
Fishing tradition
Beach and shore line
Wave, wind, current, seasons, water depth
beach material
Construction material
Educational level
Transportation
Distance to urban area
Demand
Food tradition
13
Big resources are needed to improve these factors and as
the fishermen often are very poor, these factors cannot be
improved.
The factors that can be improved are:
Fishing vessels
Fishing gears
Harbour dimension
Size of available area
Water, energy
Ice plant
Knowledge about processing
Grade of processing
These factors are in our opinion the most important to
consider when the improvements of the port are studied.
In the model below we have first shown how the main factors
are affected by the part factors and then described these
in detail.
14
3.1 Section one. Size of the catch.
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15
3.11 Season and weather condition
The annual winds as the monsoon and trade winds create
difficulties to the artisanal fishery. The fishermen cannot
go out fishing during these periods, a seasonal fishing
arise.
Today~s fishing tradition has arised from the weather
conditions. If the fishermen shall be able to fish during
bad weather the boats and the landing places have to be
improved.
3.12 Fishing ground
The nearness to the fishing ground is of importance when
one has to decide where and how to build the port. It also
influence on the size of the vessels and the equipment to
be used. When the distance increases the vessels have to
be bigger and faster and the catch has to be taken care of
in a better way.
The fishing grounds which are located_near the landing
place are well known by the fishermen but those which are
at distance are unknown, because the vessels are too small
and it is difficult for the fishermen to find the fishing
grounds.
With help of a echo-sounder the fishermen would be able to
find the fishing grounds. With the artisanal fishery it is
not possible to fish on deep water so the fishing ground
has to be near the coast.
3.13 Fishing species
~bout 85 % of the world~s catch comes from the sea. Almost
two-thirds consists of surface-dwelling (pellagic) fish
such as anchoreta, herring, mackerel and tuna. Bottom
living(demersal) fish such as cod, snapper and flunder,
make up the remainder of the marine catch. Because of this
16
the fishing grounds get different kind of species, to catch
these different kind of gears are needed.
During peak period, when the catch increases, the fishermen
ought to be able to fish. As it is today the fishermen are
not able to fish if the bad weather and peak period coin
cides. Bigger vessels and better landing places are needed
when such conditions occur.
Certain kind of species are more valuable than other, this
is something the fishermen ought to have knowledge about.
3.14 Fishing Gear
The catch fishermen get depends on the equipment they use.
The gears they use today in the artisanal fishery are often
very simple, and the catch they get with these gears is
hardly enough for the fishing population.
The gears are in need of improvements but improving or
introducing a new sort of gear can meet difficulties. The
fishermen have to be shown how to use it and that it will
lead to an increase of the catch. Otherwise they probably
will continue to use the traditional gears.
By introducing new material in the traditional gears it is
possible to use the gears for a longer time and it will in
some cases be cheaper to produce. For example, regarding
fishing gear and methods, BBP has conducted tests over a
10-month period to improve the largest drift net, the most
popular in Sri-Lanka for pelagic fishing (surface
dwelling) .
These trials have clearly shown that nylon net of finer
yarn are 25 % cheaper and 20 % more efficient than the
traditional ones used in the country.
If new gears are introduced the demand of new and bigger
vessels will in some cases increase. Before changing the
gears it has to be examined whether the gears that are used
are adjust to the environmental conditions.
17
3.15 Fishing vessels
The construction of the fishing vessels depends on the
tradition. The vessels have always been built in the same
way and since they work the people continue to build them
in the same way.
With a change in the type of vessels, gears and facilities
on board, the fishermen would be able to exploit more
distant fishing grounds and spend more hours fishing.
But the construction of the traditional vessel depends on
the environmental conditions and before changing the vessel
one has to check these conditions.
Traditional vessels can be improved by an outboard motor,
which makes it easier for the fishermen to move. But there
are problems with engines which have to be considered, for
example:
the price of fuel
availability of the fuel both in the country
and at the landing place
repair possibilities
availability of spare parts etc.
In certain cases it could be more advantageous to have a
combination of sail and motor to keep the costs down.
There has to be chilling possibilities on board when the
catch increases and the trips become longer.
If a protecting harbour is not to be built it is necessary
to have other facilities on land for example winches and
outhauler to make it easier to move the boats onshore. If
the shore is rocky there has to be some kind of ramp so the
hull is protected against the rocks.
FAO~s report "Small Harbour and Landing Places on Difficult
Coasts" gives recommendations about vessels and equipment
'.-~-.:--.-
18
that can be used during different weather conditions on
sandy beaches.
(i) Severe surf conditions (surf regu1ary between 1-2 m
high) with storms of short warning.
Artificial protection is likely to be inadequate or
uneconomic for the storm situation, so the boats must be
able to land on heavy surf and be hauled right clear of the
sea. For this purpose the multi-hull of approximately 12 m
length with winch and outhaul appears to be the most likely
solution.
(ii) Moderate surf (below 1 m) but with storm
of short warning
Multi-hull would be suitable for this purpose also but if
the fishing grounds are near to the landing point then
light mono-hulls of 9-10 m could be handled with winches
and outhauls.
Experiments with permeable wave screens should be made to
reduce the storm surf to allow safe landings under these
conditions and thus extend the range of fishing.
(iii) Moderate surf when storm are rare and with good
warning
Mono-hulls as in (ii) are likely to be suitable or
T-jetties for deeper craft in storm shelter is available
within reasonable distances. Multi-hulls could be used if
they were in other respects desirable.
3.16 Fishing Tradition
The tradition and the culture vary from place to place so
it has to be examined whether there are any traditional or
cultural hindrances before improvements are done.
19
For 'example, fishermen in developing countries are very
conservative, therefore it is difficult to introduce new
fishing gears and methods. They have to be convinced that
the catch will increase.
By giving people knowledge, the tradition can bechanged.
20
3.2 Section Two; The Port
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21
3.21 Beachand Shoreline
On a coast with archipelago there are no problems of
finding a landing place. Islands make natural protection
against wind and waves. But most of the coasts have not got
archipelago, they are open and unprotected, wind and waves
can expose the shore, and it is on those shores the biggest
problems occurs.
Sandy Beach
One of the biggest problems one has to deal with on a sandy
beach is the littoral drift. Solid structur.es are therefore
not good unless they can be placed on alignments such as
the T-head of a jetty where they do not disturb the
material transportation to such an extent that shoalings of
large magnitude will result. Accordingly most structures
may have to be provided with open-work design with little
wave protection to be expected.
If the maintenance costs for dredging, because of the
littoral drift, is too high, one ought to think of
improving the boats and equipment instead of building a
protecting harbour.
Rocky Beach
Rocky beaches are not so good for landing on, and where
they occur the landing facilities are tried to be put in
some other place, a gap or a bay or an inlet. If there is
an open rocky beach and there is no other place for
landing, a ramp ought to be built so the boats can be taken
on shore without destroying the hull, or, if the boats are
going to stay in the water, some kind of protection against
wave and currents is needed.
3.22 Harbour Dimensions
When the various stages of vessel and catch development has
been estimated and evaluation·s made, the result will lead
to staged predictions for the dimensions of
22
- approach channel and basin
- landing quay and shore establishments for handling, displaying, selling and sorting the catch
- berthing quays and services
- provisioning quay and supply facilities
- maintenance and repair facilities for vessels, gear and equipment etc.
The factors mentioned above change with the size of the
port.
One also has to think of having available areas for future
developing.
3.23 Construction Materials
To what level the landing place should be developed depends
on the boats and the catches. It also depends on the beach,
as we mentioned before solid structures should not be
placed on a sandy beach. The nearness of fishing grounds
and urban areas are also important and not least the
nearness of construction materials. Too long distance to
the material leads to an increase of transportation costs.
The material must also be resistant to the environmental
conditions.
On sandy beaches it can be very hard to get construction
material, in some cases the sand continues inland and .
creates deserts and the material that is needed has to be
imported.
Availibility of sweet water is of great importance for
construction, e.g. concrete made of sea water is not of
acceptable quality.
23
3.24 Educational level
One of the problems of developing the fishing fleet in
developing countries is the very low educational level of
people who are involved in fishing.
Building a port with modern facilities means that educated
people are needed. Since the fishermen often are
illiterates it will take a long time to educate them.
The fishermen are, as mentioned before, conservative and
therefore it is difficult for them to adapt themselves to
sudden alterations. Changes ought to be step by step and
not as it is done now in some places where a new advanced
port is built and only educated people from industrial
countries can manage to maintain it.
24
3.3 Section Three Processing of the Fish
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25
3.31 Transportation
Possibilities for inland transportation influence among
other things on how the fish is going to be processed and
the demand of fish inland. To build a big rather advanced
port we presume that there already is a road net. If only
the landing place is going to be improved, the road net is
not as necessary as if an advanced port was developed. It
is possible to transport the fish along the coast but then
it is necessary to have a jetty for the boat that comes to
fetch the fish.
If there is not any developed road net inland and no ice
plant to take care of the fish, then one has to process the
fish in some other way, for example drying, salting or
smoking the fish. Sometimes the fish can later be
distributed inland by lorries even if there are no roads.
As the situation is today the processing is in a way
dependent on the tradition of the people and the tradition
has been influenced by the transportation possibilities.
If it is possible to transport the fish to a port nearby
for freezing then it is sufficient with an ice plant which
produces ice to keep the fish fresh until it is transported
further to the port for freezing.
Transportation is also dependent on factors such as the
season. It can be difficult to transport the fish along the
shore when the monsoon winds are blowing and it can be
difficult to drive inland during the heavy monsoon rain as
the roads are in bad condition.
Improving the road net is on national level in our opinion,
so before the landing place is going to be developed there
has to be a working road net.
26
3.32 Food tradition
In many countries in the third world it is difficult to
change the foodculture and the tradition. It is important
to study these things before deciding how the fish will be
processed. After that the decision will be made about the
improvements. To mention, by drying the fish the price will
be kept low.
3.33 Fish species
It is worth to know what kind of species are available in
the area. By knowing that it is easier to decide how to
process the fi'sh. For example there are species which are
only suitable to be sold fresh. The fishermen ought to be
informed about the species and what they shall do with them
to get the best result.
Fish species influence also peoples food culture.
3.34 Demand
The demand is dependent on the peoples standard of living.
One should think of keeping the price low after processing
so that people can afford to buy the fish. The price gets
higher when the fish is transported in land, specially
during the summertime when more ice is needed to keep the
fish fresh.
According to the final report of the Baluchstan fisheries
development project, in some places in Pakistan the
consumption of marine fish is higher during the winter
months than the summer. In order to stay cool during the
summer months less quantities of meat, mutton poultry and
fish are eaten and vegetables are eaten instead.
27
3.35 Distance to urban area
As we have to deal with fresh products nearness to a market
is important. Big fishing harbours need a bigger market so
the nearness to urban areas is important. The existing
landing places have often a market for their catches. By
improving these landing places it will be possible to
provide more people with fish, urbanization will be less
important and it will give more job opportunities.
Capacity of the storage is depending on how far or how
often the fish can be taken away.
3.36 Fish processing
Fish processing depends among other things on possibilities
for transportation, distance to an urban area, fish species,
food tradition, fish processing equipments, availability
for fresh water, energy, freezing plant and so on.
If the communication net is not well developed, if it is
far to urban area, if the equipment is simple, or if fresh
water and energy is not available then perhaps drying the
fish will lead to a better result. It is difficult to
supply fresh fish to people inland if road connections are
bad.
3.37 Water and Energy
Fresh water resources are of importance for the ice making
and for the hygienic aspects. For certain activities
brackish water can be used, e.g. cleaning of boxes and
gutting the fish.
Without fresh water and proper equipment the only way of
processing the fish is drying or smoking it.
Energy is not only needed for the vessels, the facilities
at the port needs it too, e.g. ice plant and winches. As
for the vessels it can be problems of getting fuel
continuously to the port.
28
3.38 Ice Plant
At an ice plant it is necessary to have people who can
handle the mashinery and maintain it. Problems occurs
because the fishermen are low 'educated, at the same time
problems can occur.because of the difficulties to get spare
parts.
One must also.have the problems of corrosion and fuel
availability in mind.
When constructing the plant one can not cast the concrete
with sea water, because then the material will decompose.
after a while. Maintenance should not be overlooked either.
There should even be storage capacity so the fish can be
stored for a while.
As the bacterias in these countries are sensitive to· cold
it is possible to keep the fish fresh for a longer time by
just keeping them in ice. The fish can be fresh for about a
week in that way.
3.39 Hygienic and handling situation
By improving the hygienic and the handling of the fish a
greater part of the catch can be taken care of. It can be
done by bringing ice on boats, by using clean boxes for the
fish and by quick unloading and handling in the port.
By giving the fishermen a higher price for the fish which
has been handled in a better way they will be encouraged to
take better care of their catches.
29
4. INTRODUCTION OF THE CASE
In this chapter we have tried to use our model on a real
case at Bi~r~Ali in People~s Democratic Republic of Yemen.
While developing and improving the fishing village
Bi~r~Ali, the main objectives have been to increase the
living standard of the traditional fishermen and to supply
increased quantities of higher quality fish.
According to the model the catch is the main factor in the
first section. Part factors as season and weather condi
tions, species, fishing tradition, availability of fish and
fishing ground are not affectable. While part factors as
fishing boats and gears can be affected.
In our opinion the boats and gears are in good condition
and regarding to the economic resources no improvements
will be necessary. Instead we have tried to improve other
part factors to achieve our goals.
In the second section, the main factor is the port. Part
factors which can be influenced are the size of the port
and the size of available area. Part factors as shore and
coast line, construction material, transportation,
educational level among port workers, waves, winds, water
depth and seasons are not affectable.
4.1 Bi~r ~Ali
A fisheries project has been proposed at Bi~r ~Ali, situ
ated 500 kms from Aden, the capital city of People~s
Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY). Of the 800 inhabitants
about 160 are engaged in the co-operative organized
fishery. Present fish landings are estimated to 2200 tons.
Of the landings, 90% is traditionally dried and 10% is
marketed fresh. A great deal of the fish is spoiled before
it is dried or chilled.
30
Our aim is not to develope an advanced and big harbour. The
alternative with the jetty was no good either as the costs
would be too high. A suitable solution in our opinion would
be a pier. By building the pier the fishing trips will be
longer as on- and off-loading of the catch will be easier
and take less time for the fishermen. For future develop
ment of the port there is enough area available.
For the third and last section the main factor is the
processing of fish. Demand, food tradition, species,
distance to an urban area and transportation are part
factors which are not affectable. Part factors as water and
energy availability, iceplant, knowledge about processing
and the grade of processing are things that we can do
something about.
To receive the fish of better quality it is in our opinion
necessary with an ice plant. From the two existing wells
enough sweet water will be available for the ice
production. If the demand of sweet water increases it is
possible to dig more wells. For the electricity supply
generators has to be bought.
The way of processing is going to be the same as before.
The difference will be that the fresh fish will be increased
from 10% to 50%. At the same time dried fish will be de
creased from 90% to 50%.
4.2 Objectives
The main objectives of the project are to increase the
living standard of the traditional fishermen and to supply
increased quantities and even better quality of fish.
By developing the port, more people will get employment
which will automatically increase their living standard.
When the living standard will increase people will afford
to spend more money on other things and business of other
branches will develop too. Increased living standard leads
31
to higher educational level. Increased quantity of fish
will make it possible for people inland to buy fish at
reasonable price.
These objectives would be achieved by the establishment of
a pier and the shore facilities will be improved by an ice
plant and a cold store. The salted and dried fish will be
of a better quality by improving the drying area by racks.
Limited fresh water resources are available nearby. If
yields are low the use of fresh water can be reduced by
making ice of sea water.
4.3 Fishing Seasons
Most of the year the coastline of PDRY is subject to
monsoon conditions. Normally the southwest and northeast
monsoon is prevailing from May to September and November to
March respectively. The cycle of the monsoons varies
slightly from year to year. Fishing is particularly good
during the southwest monsoon. Normally three months between
July and October yield the highest landings.
4.4 Fishing Craft
The number of fishing craft amounts to 80 huris, 5 co
operative sambuk, 15 visiting sambuk and 10 sambuk from the
small boats division.
The huris, which are about 5-8 metres long, are basically
dug-out canoes, though they are occasionally constructed of
rough planking on ribs. Very often the huris are supplemen
ted by a collar planking on ribs, allowing a hi~her free
board and better safety. The basic huris are powered by
rowing or sailing, the more supplemented huris are often
driven by outboard engines.
Huris driven by sail or rowing usually conduct daily
fishing trips 1,6 to 2,5 kms off the coast lasting about
4-5 hours. Outboard driven huris and sambuks make fishing
32
trips lasting 10-12 hours. 'The sambu'kS -h·ave an esttmated
length of 13 metres and are powered by inboard diesel
engines.
According to interviews, Bi-r -Ali is chosen as a base by
. the vi.si.ting salllbuks .. and the lillla.ll boats division .because
it is situated close to good fishing grounds and the Bi-r 1Ali bay offers some shelter in periods of bad weather.
4.5 Fishing gear
The main fishing gear employed are handlines, longlines,
-,, - .. gillnets .. , .castnets and beach seines.
4.6 Fish handling
No harbour facilities exist at Bi-r -Ali. Landings of the
fish take place on the beaches, which are mostly unprotec
ted. Natural shelter is found to some extent.
Hygiene, which is the fundamental aspect of fish handling,
is almost totally ignored. The traditional fishing boats do
not take ice on their fishing trips. Landed fish is thrown
.on the .bea.ch and .dirty floors, with very little water usecl
for washing and cleaning. Discards such as fishheads and
illte'Stines are "thrc\om around the. premises ;of .. ·t."le receivin,,
place, causing severe pollution problems.
4.7 Salting and drying of fish
In areas where there are no receiving stations and cold
storages, the surplus fish that cannot be sold fresh is
salted"for subsequent -drying. Very·often the fish is gutted
and split at the water-s edge, sprinkled with salt and
stacked on the ground for a fewdays before it is spread
out to dry in the sun. Some of the fish flesh receives very
little salt in this process, and is rotten long before it
is dry. This was very obvious at Bi-r -Ali, where several
tons of rotten dried fish were treated along the beach. The
33
amount of salt available is far too short of the minimum
required for salting the fish meant for drying.
During the drying process, the fish is spread on the beach,
which explains the large amount of sand found in the
finished product. A major part of the dried product is of
poor quality, due to careless handling, inadequate salting,
contamination with sand and insect attack caused by poor
storage.
4.8 Smoked fish
Smoked fish is a traditional Yemeni product, produced at a
number of fisheries cooperatives. Tuna and similar species
are smoked in round pits that are dug into the ground. Fir.e
is built at the bottom of these pits using firewood.
4.9 Marketing
The dried and salted fish is collected by trucks belonging
to the Ministry of Fish Wealth (MFW) for marketing in the
interior. The MFW transports fresh fish on ice in insulated
truck 2-3 times weekly from Bi~r -Ali to Aden for domestic
marketing. The ice is transported in blocks from Aden to
Bi~r ~Ali by the insulated trucks where the ice is manually
crushed.
34
5. THE PROJECT
In order to utilize the abundant marine resources to a
higher degree, a fishery project located at Bi~r ~Ali has
been proposed. The project is conceived as improvements of
port and shore facilities for the traditional sector.
5.1 Project objectives
The main objectives of the proposed project would be:
to increase the living standard of the traditional
fishermen;
to supply increased quantities of fish for domestic
marketing.
The objectives would be achieved by building a pier and
other facilities on land i.e. ice plant, cold store, drying
yard etc. The project would:
despatch fresh fish on ice for local marketing
serve the local traditional fishing operation
serve as an unloading pier for visiting
sambuks during the peak season.
5.2 Increased benefits from improvement of the
fish products
The utilization of ice in the handling of fish will
increase the quality and reduce the spoilage
By building the pier the landing and receiving
facilities will enable an efficient and hygienic off
loading and thereby reducing the spoilage.
The major beneficiancies are the fishermen themselves as
they will receive a higher price for fresh fish products
than what is presently obtained for dried and salted fish
products. The consumers of the marketed fresh fish will
also benefit as more fish at higher quality will be mar
keted.
35
5.3 Projected fish landings
By building the pier the catch will increase with about
15%. The pier will make it easier for the fishermen to
unload the catch and it will take shorter time. The
spoilage will be less too. The establishment of a pier
leads to that the visiting sambuks will increase.
Because of improved handling, marketing and earning possi
bilities, the fishermen are anticipated to go for the more
valuable species rather than the inexpensive small pelagic
fishes.
5.4 Ice requirements
Ice will be required for:
fishing operations: 0.5 ton of ice per 1 ton of fish
for the sambuk fishery;
re-icing of landed fish intended for cold processing
and marketing as fresh fish: 0.5 ton of ice per
1 ton of fish
The quantity of ice required has been at about 10 tons per
day during the peak season.
Peak season:
to.5.3.o o.~ + ~-5 (30.~.35+8o.o.o7~. o.5 = 9.3 ton say 10.
on board re icing of half of the landed fish
The amount of sambuk is 30 and each sambuk gets about 0.35
ton fish.·There are 80 buries and each of them gets 0.07.
36
5.5 Landings
The fishermen land their catches at a landing pier.The fish
is put into non-iced boxes fetched by the fishermen at a
box store belonging to the co-operative and pulled on small
four wheel trailers to a receiving place. The pier has a 5
m wide traffic lane in the centre and a.5 m unloading ramp
which leans 1:60 along 90 m ramp. The sambuks will be able
to unload on the front part of the pier.
5.6 Curing
The fish for curing is divided into small pelagic shoal
fish and other fish. The curing will be carried out in the
same manners as today, mostly sun-drying.
The small pelagic shoal fish is transported directly after
weighing to an area reserved for drying. This area will be
located close to the access road to the Aden-Mukalla
highway. At the drying area the fish is.put on racks to
prevent contamination of sand and to allow for an even
drying.
37
6. SUMMARY ON THE INVESTMENT COSTS
Appendix
Machinery for the ice plant 354 000 Skr 1
Ice plant 42 000 2
Cold store 95 000 3
Fish boxes 20 000 4
Trailers 10 000 4
Drying racks 10 000 5
Other equipment 15 000 5
Pie]:" 2 500 000 6
Machines + landpreparation 100 000
Contingencies 300 000
7. CONCLUSION
Annual income
Before improvements
After -"-
Net income
Annual cost
First year
Second year
Third year
2 155 000 Skr
2 870 000
715 000 Skr
642 000 Skr
632 000 "
620 000 "
38
7
8
9
As the result shows above it is worth to invest in the
proposed project to achieve the aims. In the authors
opinion it is better· to develop small landing places and
make certain improvements rather than develop advanced
ports.
r------------------------- --
ICE I"LANT
Equipment
- Waler- cooled ~\ice.. -ice.. un~l
CapC!G; ~ __ L:IT J~t; H c. 5 l"Y,...,., -t-hic.l.ne::.s
- Water- cooled conclen~i n_:j _ wn.ll: 3000 kc..c.l/ H
ol -15'/+~u· c. incl eled:ric. ,:,wl"l:;::_h6oord
- A\r cooler
-"Pip~ , volve.s el:c.
!he. (()51:_
LJl"/c4 H
1s 3co.ooo n~<-R
~e. eX:-\:s-6 co5l:
10 . 000 -:!) k.J(.
{or the capc.ci h~ {or 2T/2LJ H i-s obout
\h~ need i~ c6o!Jt lOT/cJ-l /-l ond +he__ CO~t
':I- o' . f. -+ 3-co 1
L..l =
·,5 equcd __ to. 1 , c -::D k.R.
= 3'54 .000 6K~ -for -!-he _ mc.ch.j_ ner_!j
Above · · f1le.n-boned lqure6 [OCjillecrit)~ Con5ull At:lc.~
o.re fetched {ro-r-rl 'J) K. · ~ c.o. lcuJc...t.·o n 5 .
.)
Appencl•x C.
---rhe +:sh hond led will be.. a) consu me.d -fresh
b) dried
h"sh ~Gr consuxY'Ipbon
vto~e. or laqded
further trCt~porb _
wil\ be. ic.e.d , -pvl: 1'1\ cold
direct~ ort --k-w:k..:s -for
Area... requirement jor ice mo\<.er ond re.tro-~e_ro__-holl -planl -15 arout cO no C. {or a {0 -6n Ice.. "'f'tC\rlt_
occordin:J to '' ~lonnin9 alld en9jr,eerin9 datct_ rre~h fi~h hondlif'CJ . Co:5t~ 4o• -the ~~uore. '(Yiek.r INQil C\re~ 1-:;
ao hel6~.-v : ·
. c..oncre..!: e. .
re •r{orcernenl:. Jon·n. .....:ork..: "t 6 I de.~ in.5ubtion
'Lopuu.r bo.n1 er
cro:Pl:::O..r
I nkr-n.ol \; n '"4
{00'.
tOO:
:5:n>
KlCL-
--:{ c.o :- :5 KX.
lhl::s ~1'1ure~ ore. ~f-c..he.d fo-n -:ScC--r'c:Uc. cOY>.5\.Jl::s
'eFO•t: t=Ao - -p'QOSJE..t:..-r-E.'2-I'N6 Ajs I cdru\obonj
--~-----r----------·-·-· --~--~ -----------
0 . 0-=1- - '60
0.'35 . 30
= ~. 6 i:Dn /dQ~ :JO.'S _,_
16. 1 i:.on ~~~(dol(
Al:nul:. 50 1- IS 5tored ==? sfomCj e. co.po. c_; l:J' heeded i~ 0. 'S · 1(:,.1 = Z .o ton/ dcj
StniDCie. 100m din>ef\~ion~ are occord;nj -lo
~inee.rir\9 Con~ull:. A-lla2. :DK
:':l· L-l ~ c.LJ rn
-Cost ~or· c•( 3vY +
the.. Ice.. ~bnt will
_,_ w • -c . 1.,) ~ --rc.o =
be. I ~ c.oao I
------ ---------·- ______ ---....,.______ __ ----------~------ ----
--,_
-- ·-··-
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lh~ co.kh wi\\ be. r-khed ever~duu c\urinc! ~ I __) I
ihe t'icl mod ~ncl hn:spode.d -l-o Aden _ · \n dher cc:oe.. +he cotch ~: .. n!\ be. si-ored ~or about
3 or- Lj cbj.S b~ore {w{.her -h-o.n:s-p:Jr-b-ho'l . In
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nation (FAO). Fisheries policy study mission. NoTA
3296, 1975.
2) FAO; WECAF REPORTS No. 19; Extension training of
artisanal fishermen and other fisheries personnel in
the WCCAF region; 1978
3) FAO; Fisheries Technical Paper no. 123; Fishery
harbour planning, 1973
4) FAO; Fisheries Technical Paper no. 136; Small har
bours and landing places on difficult coasts; 1974
5) FAO; Fisheries Technical Paper no. 142; The
production of fish meal and uil; 1975
6) FAO; Fisheries Technical Paper no. 157; Across-beach
operations in the small-scale fishery, 1976
7) FAO; Technical report 21; Pre-investment survey of
fishing harbours; India. 1972
8) Ulf Wijkstrom; Note on planning for exploitation and
utilization of fishery resources; 1978
9) Report No. PAK; Ap-34; Appraisal of the second mar
ine fisheries development project in Pakistan; 1980
10) Scandiaconsult and Agro-fisheries; T.A No 397, PAK;
Balluchistan fisheries development project; Final
report.
-'/
11) FAO; Fisheries Technical Paper No. 160; The produc
tion of dried fish. 1976
12) Final report from Scandiaconsult; Preparation of
Bi'r 'Ali fishery harbour and shore facilities; 1978
13) Report no. 1 from Scandiaconsult; Preliminary sine
investigations and layout report
14) FAO; Planning and engineering data; Fresh fish
handling; 1981
15) United Nations Industrial Development Organization,
Manual for the preparation of Industrial Feasibility
Studies. 1978
16) Robert M. Krone; Systems analysis and policy
sciences (Theory and Practice) ; 1980
17) DavidS. Clifton, Jr; David E. Fyffe; Project
Feasibility Analysis; 1977.
18) C.West Churchman; System analysis, 1968.